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(1)

Why borrow verbs when you can borrow

participles?: Turkic participles in the

Iranian languages

著者 井土 愼二

(2)

References and sources: Doerfer, Gerhard. 1963-7. Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. / Doerfer, Gerhard. 1967. Türkische Lehnwörter un Tadschikischen. Wiesbaden: DMG. / Doerfer, Gerhard. Turkish-Iranian language contacts. IN Yarshater, Ehsan ed. Encyclopaedia Iranica. New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica and Internet Server Connections, Inc. 226-235. / Gao, Erqiang. 1985. Tajikeyu jianzhi. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. / Osmanov, Mirsultan. 1990. Hazirqi zaman uyg'ur tili dialektliri. Ürümchi: Shinjang yashlar-o'smürlaer naeshriyati. / Rastorgueva, V. S. / Bakaev, C. X. / Isaev, M. I. / Kerimova, A. A. / Pirejko, L. A. 1970. Different types of bilingualism among Iranian peoples of the USSR. IN 1970. International congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences (7th, 1964, Moskva). Moskva: Nauka. 715-721. [the English of Rastorgueva et al. (1964)] / Soper, John, 1996. Loan syntax in turkic and iranian. Bloomington, Indiana: Eurolingua. (Revised. and edited by Andras JE Bodrogligeti.) / Tekin, Talat. 2003. Orhon Türkçesi Grameri. İstanbul: Mehmet Ölmez.

Iranian in contact with Turkic

Azerbaijani Uzbek

Turkish Zaza Tajik Uyghur

Kurdish Tati Sariqul Talysh

Tajik (northern)

tušunmiš kardanrdan

understand.ptpl do.inf ‘to understand’

The existence of -miš in the Iranian languages can be ascribed to borrowing. However, it is not clear why Iranian languages of wide geographical and genealogical divergence utilize the same strategy for borrowing Turkic verbs. This is particularly puzzling because, at least in some of the Iranian languages from which the examples above are taken, there exist other seemingly 'simpler' strategies (e.g. 'verb stem+light verb' in Bukharan Tajik

o‘yla kardan ‘to think’ < Uzbek o‘yla- ‘think’) for borrowing Turkic verbs.

This may hint at a cognitive and/or syntactic reason for participle-borrowing (e.g. 'verb stems are less readily identifiable than participles').

Why borrow verbs when you can borrow participles?

Turkic

Turkic participles in the IranianIranian languages Shinji Ido(Tohoku U., U. of Sydney)

Kurdish(Kurmanji) bašlamiš kïrïn start.ptpl do.inf ‘to start’ Kurdish ermiš kïrïn reach.ptpl do.inf ‘to reach’

Geographically and genealogically divergent Iranian languages such as Tajik, Talysh, Kurdish, Zaza, Tati, and Sariqul all have verbs in the form of:

Turkic participle in -miš + Iranian light verb

Sariqul

bošlamiš tšeig

start.ptpl do.inf ‘to start’

Tati & Zaza also have '-miš+light verb's

Talysh

tanïštïrmiš karde

meet.ptpl do.inf ‘to meet’

© Jost Gippert

See, however, Osmanov 1990: 128, 130, 166-167, and 156-157.

Doerfer (232) and Soper (1996: 60) © J. Gippert http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/iran/iranste5.jpg

© J. Gippert http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/iran/iranlga.jpg

zOrkhon Turkic (8 C) had gerunds/participles in -miš.

zThe productivity of -miš was in decline in Chaghatay (14 C~).

zTajik northern dialects have a number of verbs in the form of '-miš kardan'. zSariqul also has verbs with -miš.

z-miš is not productive in Modern Uzbek and Modern Uyghur.

Î Was -miš borrowed into Iranian from Turkic many centuries ago?

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