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Using Gamma Spectroscopy to Calculate Radioactive Contaminants in Foreign and Local Tobacco Samples

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西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报

第 55 卷 第 2 期

2020 年 4 月

JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY

Vol. 55 No. 2

Apr. 2020

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI:10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.2.31

Research article

Environmental Sciences

U

SING

G

AMMA

S

PECTROSCOPY TO

C

ALCULATE

R

ADIOACTIVE

C

ONTAMINANTS IN

F

OREIGN AND

L

OCAL

T

OBACCO

S

AMPLES

使用伽马能谱法计算外来和本地烟草样品中的放射性污染物

Ahmed F. Mkhaiber a, Auday T. Al-Bayati a, Enas A. Jawad a, Khalid H. Mahdi b a Physics Department, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Baghdad

Ibn-Al Haitham, Baghdad, Iraq, ahmfad27@gmail.com

b Physics Department, Fin Faculty, Karabuk University

Karabük, Turkey

Received: January 10, 2020 ▪ Review: February 20, 2020 ▪ Accepted: April 11, 2020

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract

The normal radioactivity levels of Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40 were calculated for ten types of foreign and local cigarettes available on the Iraqi market using a gamma-ray spectroscopy technique employing the germanium detector system. The results of this study showed that the average specific activity for each of Uranium-238, Thorium-232 and Potassium-40 were 21.689± 4.596, 18.906 ± 4.148, and 430.094 ± 19.449 (Bq/Kg) respectively. The annual effective dose, radium equivalent activity and excess lifetime cancer risk for the studied samples were also calculated, and their rates were 11.582 μsv/y, 81.841 Bq/Kg, and 40.538 people per million per year respectively. The outcomes indicate that the rate of concentration of uranium and thorium is lower than the permissible values, whereas the average concentration of potassium was slightly higher than the permissible values. This research is important because it warns against several types of cigarettes that contain high concentrations of radionuclides, which can lead to infection cancer and then lead to the death of the person who has used it profusely. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the radiological risks of radionuclides in tobacco cigarette smoke by evaluating their natural radionuclide concentrations.

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摘要 使用采用锗探测器系统的伽马射线光谱技术,针对伊拉克市场上出售的十种外国和本地卷烟, 计算了铀238,雷神232和钾40的正常放射性水平。这项研究的结果表明,铀238,雷神232和钾40的平 均比活分别为21.689±4.596、18.906±4.148和430.094±19.449(桶/千克)。还计算了研究样本的 年有效剂量,镭当量活性和终身癌症风险,其比率分别为每年每百万人11.582μsv/ y,81.841 桶/千克和40.538人。结果表明,铀和or的浓度速率低于允许值,而钾的平均浓度则略高于允许值。 这项研究很重要,因为它警告几种包含高浓度放射性核素的香烟,这可能导致癌症感染,然后导致大 量使用香烟的人死亡。因此,当前研究的目的是通过评估烟草中天然放射性核素的浓度来评估烟草烟 雾中放射性核素的放射风险。 关键词: 放射性,光谱学,烟草,有效剂量,锗探测器

I. I

NTRODUCTION

As is well known, natural terrestrial radiation consists mainly of radioisotopes produced by uranium, thorium, and other radioisotopes that result from them within their radioactive decay chains, in addition to some other radioisotopes, the most important of these being Potassium-40 and Cesium-137 [1]. The great increase in the use of radioactive isotopes and ionizing radiation in different areas of life, whether for peaceful or non-peaceful purposes, has increased opportunities for environmental pollution by radiation, both externally and internally. Therefore, there is a need to know the levels of each radioactive element present to determine the extent of pollution affecting the environment. As is also well known, radioactive environmental contamination can occur through contamination of the basic elements that make it up, such as soil, air, and water, and thus be transmitted to other elements that may find their way into plants and animals, and from there to humans through the food chain [2], [3].

Tobacco consists of in excess of 300 substances known to date, including nicotine, pyridine, ammonia compounds, tar materials and carbon monoxide, in addition to radioisotopes and other materials, such as arsenic, cadmium, methane gas and ethyl alcohol [4]. Tobacco leaves contain certain amounts of radioisotopes, such as those present in uranium and thorium chains (212Pb,

210

Po, 226Ra),

which are causes of

cancer in the body, where these isotopes are present in the smoke from burning tobacco [5]. Isotopes of polonium are one of the most toxic radionuclides to humans. The concentration of 210Po in tobacco cigarettes varies between 2.8 Bq/kg and 37 Bq/kg, depending on the type of cigarettes, possibly due to the use of different types of tobacco and manufacturing procedures [6]. Tobacco plants

absorb radioactive isotopes from the soils in which they grow. In addition, tobacco plants naturally collect radon (222Rn) from the surrounding air. The large area of tobacco leaves leads to the deposition of radioactive isotopes on the leaves during the life of the plant [7], [8]. The widespread illicit use of tobacco and cigarettes leads to major risks to human health due to nicotine and tar in addition to radioactivity; many research studies published in various countries of the world, including Iraq, have indicated that tobacco contains natural radioactive isotopes from soil. Many researchers have measured radioactivity in tobacco cigarettes in addition to the effects of cigarette smoke on humans in general and particularly on the respiratory tract, such as Farhan [5], who studied, using gamma-ray spectrophotometry, natural radioactive isotopes in ten tobacco leaf samples presented in different cigarettes imported to Iraq from unknown origins. Her results show that the maximum specific activity (SA) of 212Pb, 214Bi,

212

Bi, 228Ac and Potassium-40 (40K) radionuclides were 9.13, 59.08, 17.15, 3.1 and 102.61 Bq/kg, respectively, detected in Bisnuse club, Grip, Bisnuse club, Najema, and pine cigarettes. From these data, we can conclude that Iraqi cigarettes are heavily contaminated with several radioactive isotopes. Yebpella and others [9] selected models of cigarettes present in the Nigerian market to detect radioactive elements using the neutron activation technique. Ali A. Ridha and Hasan A. Hasan [10] studied the cancer hazards resulting from the natural radiation found in tobacco cigarettes for 31 species using gamma-ray spectroscopy using a high-purity germanium detector.

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II. C

ALCULATION OF

R

ADIATION

P

ARAMETERS

A. Annual Effective Dose (AED)

The annual effective dose was calculated in units (Sv / y) as a result of smokers inhaling cigarette smoke through the following formula [10]:

AED= 0.75 * M * Ai * F (1)

where:

(0.75) or (75%) represents the ratio of the concentration of radionuclide activity recovered from cigarette tobacco to cigarette smoke, as rate, nearby 75% of the radioisotope present intobacco is found in cigarette smoke, where it is inhaled and deposited in the lung [10].

M: amount of annual tobacco consumption represented by cigarettes and can be estimated as follows assuming that (0.82 ± 0.1) grams of tobacco per cigarette, and if the tobacco users smoked 20 cigarettes (one pack only) per day, therefore the amount of tobacco consumed by the smoker per day is (16.4) grams, and on this basis, the annual consumption of tobacco by cigarettes is (5.986) kg per year.

Ai: the SA of the ithradionuclides in tobacco

(Bq / kg).

F: the dose conversion factor in a unit (Sv / Bq) the dose conversion factors for inhaled radionuclides for adults (smokers) were mentioned in Table 1 [10].

Table 1.

Dose conversion factors for inhalation of adults Radionuclide Sv / Bq [11] 212 Pb 1.7 x 10-7 214 Pb 1.4 x 10-8 214 Bi 1.4 x 10-8 228 Ac 1.7 x 10-8 40 K 2.1 x 10-9

B. Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq)

The radium equivalent activity is an index using to show how natural radionuclides are distributed (Uranium-238 (238U), Thorium-232 (232Th), and 40K), from following equation, can be calculated it [12]:

Raeq= AU + 1.43 ATh + 0.077 AK (2)

where AU,ATh and AK are the SA concentrations

(Bq/kg) of 238U, 232Th, and 40Kconsecutive. The allowed values of Raeq is less than 370 Bq/kg [12].

C. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR)

The calculations of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were done using equation (3): ELCR = AED x DL x RF (3), where AED is Annual

Effective Dose , DL is life period(predestined to be

70 years as the average life duration for a human being) and RF is factor of risk (Sv−1) (A value of

0.05 is usually used for general exposure) [12].

III. M

ATERIALS AND

M

ETHODS

Ten samples of various cigarettes were assembled from the Iraqi market, with five packets of each type (100 cigarettes).

Cigarette samples were prepared by removing the paper and filters to get only the tobacco. The tobacco cigarettes were ground using a hand mill and an electric mill made of porcelain to get the tobacco powder. The tobacco powder was passed through a special, German-made 300 µm sieve. The sifted samples filled a Petri dish and were left for 30 days to achieve secular equilibrium between the radionuclides after measuring their net weight.

The process of measuring radionuclides includes both quantitative and qualitative measurements since radionuclides are described using the energy calibration method, then quantified using the relative method by comparing standard sources where the measurement process was carried out by a 40% efficiency germanium detector system and a high-purity germanium detector (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Gamma-ray spectroscopy system

Energy and efficiency calibration was accomplished using the source of 152EU. It includes a wide range of gamma-ray energies. See Figure 2

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for the measurement system’s efficiency calibration curve.

Figure 2. Efficiency calibration curve for the gamma-ray spectroscopy system

The radiation background spectrum was determined in the laboratory using an empty Petri dish placed in front of the detector for the same measurement time period. The sample’s specific activity was evaluated using the equation [13]:

SA = (4) where Netsa= the net peak area for spectrum of

sample at energy Eγ, NetB.G = the net peak area for

a spectrum of background at energy Eγ, Ɛ= the detection efficiency at energy Eγ, T= the time period of Measurement (seconds), Iγ (Eγ) = the abundance at energy Eγ, and W = weight of samples (kg).

IV. R

ESULTS

A

NALYSIS

To determine the tobacco samples’ radioactivity level, the specific activity of the isotope 214Pb at energies (351.9, 295.2 keV) and the isotope 214Bi at energies (1120.2, 609.3 keV) were adopted as the equivalent for the specific activity of the 238U series by selecting the higher-value activity, either the specific activity of the 232Th series based on the

specific activity of the 212Pb isotope at energy (238.6 keV) and the isotope 228Ac at energies (969, 911.2, 338.3 keV) by selecting the highest value, while the specific activity of the 40K element was depended on the energy (1460.8) keV.

Table 2 shows the specific activity calculations for 238U, 232Th, and 40K for ten types of cigarettes available in the Iraqi market. This table shows the specific activity of 238U was a range from the sample value (8.205 ± 2.864Bq/kg; Affair slims) to the sample value (33.685 ± 5.804Bq/kg; Rovale club) with an average of (21.689 ± 4.596Bq/kg). The specific activity of the 232Th was a range from the sample value (4.833 ± 2.198Bq/kg; Mac) to the sample value (36.025 ± 6.002Bq/kg; Rovale club) with an average of (18.906 ± 4.148Bq/kg). The specific activity of 40K was a range from the sample value (23.968 ± 4.896Bq/kg; Esse) to the sample value (733.814 ± 27.089Bq/kg; Aspen) and with a rate of (430.094 ± 19.449Bq/kg).

The results of this search show the specific activity of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 is less than the permissible limits of (30, 35 Bq/kg) respectively, except for sample 1, where Thorium’s specific activity was higher than the allowed values. The specific activity of Potassium-40 in all samples was higher than the permissible value (400 Bq/kg), except for in pine, Esse, West.

Using equations 1, 2, and 3, the AED, Raeq, and

ELCR were evaluated respectively (Table 3). The annual effective dose sample ranges from (1.870 μsv/y; Esse) to (35.396 μsv/y; Rovale club) with an average of (11.582 μsv/y). Raeq value sample

ranges from (29.127 Bq/kg; Esse) to (132.442 Bq/kg; Rovale club) with an average of (81.841 Bq/kg). The default limits for this factor are (370 Bq/kg), while the ELCR value sample ranges from (6.544; Esse) to (123,886; Rovale club) with an average of (40,538).

Table 2.

Type, origin, and results of the specific activity for the cigarettes samples No. Sample Origin Specific activity (Bq/kg) 238

U (Bq/Kg) 232Th (Bq/Kg) 40K (Bq/Kg)

1 Rovale club France 33.685 ± 5.804 36.025 ± 6.002 613.530 ± 24.770

2 Affair slims Emirates 8.205 ± 2.864 27.876 ± 5.280 695.152 ± 26.366

3 Sumer Iraq 28.892 ± 5.375 25.155 ± 5.016 560.941 ± 23.684 4 Master Armenia 16.918 ± 4.113 17.395 ± 4.171 486.386 ± 22.054 5 Aspen Turkish 23.065 ± 4.803 11.839± 3.441 733.814 ± 27.089 6 Mac Emirates 19.170 ± 4.378 4.833± 2.198 408.436 ± 20.210 7 Oscar Emirates 20.162 ± 4.490 8.310 ± 2.883 499.433 ± 22.348 8 Pine Korea 25.513 ± 5.051 22.243 ± 4.716 198.843 ± 14.101

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9 Esse Korea 19.805 ± 4.450 5.228 ± 2.286 23.968 ± 4.896 10 West USA 21.472 ± 4.634 30.156 ± 5.491 80.437 ± 8.969 Average 21.689± 4.596 18.906 ± 4.148 430.094 ± 19.449 Min 8.205 ± 2.864 4.833± 2.198 23.968 ± 4.896 Max 33.685 ± 5.804 36.025 ± 6.002 733.814 ± 27.089 Permissible values [14] 35 30 400 Table 3.

Results of the AED, Raeq, and ELCR for the studied samples

Sample Annual effective dose (μsv/y) Raeq

)Bq/kg( ELCR person permillion person per year

238U 232Th 40K Total Rovale club 2.117 27.495 5.784 35.396 132.442 123.886 Affair slims 0.516 21.275 6.554 28.345 101.594 99.207 Sumer 1.816 1.920 5.289 9.024 108.057 31.585 Master 1.063 1.328 4.586 6.977 79.245 24.418 Aspen 1.450 0.904 6.918 9.272 96.498 32.451 Mac 1.205 3.688 3.851 8.744 57.531 30.604 Oscar 1.267 0.634 4.709 6.610 70.501 23.135 Pine 1.604 1.698 1.875 5.176 72.631 18.115 Esse 1.245 0.399 0.226 1.870 29.127 6.544 West 1.350 2.302 0.758 4.409 70.789 15.433 Average 1.363 6.164 4.055 11.582 81.841 40.538 Min 0.516 0.399 0.226 1.870 29.127 6.544 Max 2.117 27.495 6.918 35.396 132.442 123.886

V. C

ONCLUSIONS

A Germanium detector system was used to calculate the specific activities of 238U, 232Th, and

40

K in the examined samples of different types of foreign and local tobaccos. The specific activity values of the 238U and 232Th are regularly within the recommended levels, except Rovale club, made on France with levels of radioactivity higher than the internationally recommended limits. As for 40K, the values were high for the Aspen sample. The values of radioisotope concentrations were used in calculating several radiological quantities like AED, Raeq, and ELCR. The values of these

calculated radioactive quantities are normal and within the internationally recommended levels except for a sample (Rovale club) with higher values than other samples. Cigarettes with the highest concentration of radioactive elements indicated in this study should not be imported or used.

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Figure 2. Efficiency calibration curve for the gamma-ray  spectroscopy system

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