尼崎運河における藻類を用いた栄養塩除去施設の実用規模の検討

Development of Water Quality

Improvement Channel with Citizen

in Amagasaki Canal, Japan

Ryoichi YAMANAKA1_{, Yasunori KOZUKI}1_{, Keisuke ISSHIKI}2_,

Sayaka MORI1_{, Mari MAEDA}1_{, Hironori Okegawa}1_,

Hiroshi KAWAI3_{, Mamoru ISHIGAKI}4_{, Takashi NAKANISHI}5_,

Hideki UESHIMA4 _{and Sumio HIRAI}6

1 The University of Tokushima 2 KOBELCO Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd 3 Kobe University

4 Hiroshima Institute of Technology 5 Osaka City University

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Method

 New System of Water Quality Improvement

3. Results and Discussion

 Effect of Water Quality Improvement Channel

 Water Quality Improvement Activity with

Citizen

Background

~Amagasaki Canal~

● Location of Amagasaki Canal

 Closed by two water gates  Industrial area

 This coastal area is surrounded by vertical seawalls.

⇒Water pollution problem !!

Osaka Bay Pacific Ocean Japan 30㎞ Osaka Bay 1km Lockage (Ama Lock) Water gate (Kitahori) Amagasaki Canal

Environmental Conditions

Water quality of Amagasaki Canal is one of the pollution area in the world !!

High concentration of suspended solids Eutrophication Suspended Solids Phytoplankton Deteriorated sediment Anoxic oxygen Deteriorated sediment Damage of Blue tide Industrial waste water

The Sea Blue Project of Amagasaki

~The Sea Blue Project of Amagasaki ~

●Purpose : Water quality improvement

for recreation demand

●Requirement : Low cost, Low environmental load,

Sustainability

⇒Biological reduction function, Civic collaboration

New System of Water Quality Improvement

Objectives

1. Applicability evaluation for new water quality improvement technique in Amagasaki canal

2. Beginning new nutrient removal activity with children and evaluation of the educational effect for parents

New System of

Water Quality Improvement

SS Removal

Aquarium

1

Dissolved N&P

Removal Channel

2

Composting

3

Bivalve Algae

Material Flow of New System

Surface seawater in canal POC

【Phy.pla】 【Phy.pla】PN 【Phy.pla】PP

1 Catch Transform ＆ Rejection 2 DIN PO4-P Assimilation 3 Algae Pick up the algae and bivalve in the channel with local

people, after composting. Bivalve

Experimental Equipment

6600 300 4600 9200 【Unit : mm】

Measurement items Period

Water Quality Temperature Salinity DO In September 2007, Once a month Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) ＆ phosphorus (PO4-P)

Algae Contained carbon and nitrogen October 2009 and August 2010 Experimental condition Length 120 m Width 0.3 m Depth Ave. 0.12 m Flow rate 25 L/min Residence time 2.7 hr

Results

Change in DIN and PO

4

-P concentration

in the channel in summer daytime

St.1 St.5

St.4

St.3 St.2

Inflow Outflow

⇒Concentration of nutrients decreased drastically from St.1 to St.3. Therefore, we consider that efficient length of the

channel is only 60 meters in Amagasaki canal.

DIN

PO

4

-P

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 PO 4 -P ( m g/L ) Inflow O utflow 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 N H 4-N N O 2-N N O 3-N D IN ( m g/L ) Inflow O utflow

Reduction function of DIN and PO

4

-P in daytime

St.1

St.3

R : Amount of reduction (mg/day)

CSt.1,3 : DIN and PO4-P concentration (mg/L)

Q : Flow rate (L/day)

Results

Summer time 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 D IN P O4-P R em ov al r at e　 （%） 【m onth】 2008 2009 2010 0 4 8 12 16 0 1 2 3 4 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 D IN P O4-P D IN (g N /da y) PO 4 -P (g P /d ay ) 2008 2009 2010 【m onth】

Amount of reduction

Removal rate

Design for Restoration Plant ①

⇒Twenty-nine 60m-channels are required for total industrial

waste water to meet environmental standards of Japan

(0.09 mg/L) for PO4-P.

Canal

Industrial waste water

Restoration Plant

C

I

N

/

N : The number of channels (60m-channels)

I : Concentration of nutrients in

industrial waste water (mg/day)

C : Collecting algae in summer (mg/day)

Case1

Collecting algae in summer

⇒Five 60m-channels are required for total industrial waste water to meet environmental standards of Japan (0.09 mg/L)

for PO4-P.

Design for Restoration Plant ②

N : The number of channels (60m-channels)

I : Concentration of nutrients in

industrial waste water (mg/day)

R : A maximum amount of reduction (mg/day)

R

I

N

/

Canal

Restoration Plant

Case2

Continue the best summer daytime removal _{capability (Without collection of algae)}

1.Algae cleaning in the channel with Junior high

school students

2.Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)

for elementary school

Water Quality Improvement

Activity with Citizen

Date ： August 18, 2010

Number of participants ： 10 Cleaning time ： 30min.

Picked up amount of algae : 13 wet.kg Impressions ：

① It was a work worth doing ② Very tired !!

③ I feel like I improved water quality. ④ I enjoyed a lot!

⑤ I want to do this again !

Algae cleaning in the channel and composting

with local junior high-school students

Algae Cleaning in the Channel

Present for Bury algae in the ground Picked up algae Composting Potato Raspberry

ESD

The Restoration Plant can be used as a place

learning education for sustainable development

 Age : 9 years old

 Total number of participants

in 2010 : 440

 Result of a questionnaire for

parents :

“Do you change in environmental

problems attitudes” (N=116)

興味・関心が向上 興味・関心が低下 変化なし 53.0% 9.1% 37.9% Increase awareness of the problems Decrease awareness of the problems Not changes

興味・関心が向上

興味・関心が低下

変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%

興味・関心が向上

_{興味・関心が低下}

変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%

興味・

_興味・

関心が向上

_{関心が低下}

変化なし

43.1%

51.7%

18/21

Water Quality Improvement with

Citizen in Amagasaki Canal

Citizens

Hyogo Pref.

and Amagasaki City

Company University

New Water Quality Improvement Plant

Elementary School, Junior High School and High School

Tidal flat SS Removal Aquarium Dissolved N＆P Removal Channel Compostin g ESD

First plant will be completed in this winter !!

10m

New Plant of Water Quality

Improvement

March, 2011 Construction started

in December, 2010

4. Conclusions

Applicability of the water restoration plant using primary production of autogenetic algae to the Amagasaki Canal is confirmed by long-term field experiment. And beginning new nutrient removal activity with children and evaluation of the educational effect for parents

1.We found the effect of water quality improvement channel. (5 to 29 60m-channels need total industrial waste water to

meet environmental standards of Japan for PO4-P.)

2.It's necessary that someone to cleanup decomposed sea algae. We created a cooperative framework with a local junior high-school and students, and composted algae.

This achievement means that new social-based water quality restoration is starting at the Amagasaki Canal.

Thank you for your

attention

-3 -2 -1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 8/6 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 8/7 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9:00 -3 -2 -1 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 8/6 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 8/7 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9:00 DO(mg/L) supersaturated hypoxia Chl.a( g/L)

Water Quality of Amagasaki Canal in Summer

Results of investigation for 24 hours(Chl.a,DO) in summer

Chl.a was high in surface, and red tide occurred. DO was below 1mg/L at the bottom in summer. Bottom water was chronic hypoxia. The stratification was kept through the

0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 2 0 0 8 .8 .6 表 層 P N D O N N O 3 - N N O 2 - N N H 4 - N 0. 39 4 0. 93 1. 41 0. 57 4 0. 81 4 0. 60 4 0. 42 6 0. 82 2 0. 43 6 1. 32 1. 77 2. 7 0. 53 0. 00 6 0. 06 6 0. 01 6 0. 07 6 0. 07 2 0. 09 0. 07 0. 01 8 0. 05 6 0. 00 4 0. 11 4 0. 04 0. 04 6 0. 00 4 0. 06 8 0. 00 3 0.68 7 0. 09 1 0. 56 6 0. 72 9 0. 74 1 0. 98 5 0. 79 0. 18 7 0. 08 9 0. 22 0. 34 0. 93 1 N (m g/ L ) 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 2 0 0 8 .8 .6 表 層 P N D O N N O 3 - N N O 2 - N N H 4 - N 0. 06 6 0. 19 2 0. 02 2 0. 11 4 0. 07 8 0. 07 6 _0.09 8 0. 09 8 0. 09 4 0.09 2 0. 13 6 0. 06 4 _0.1 0. 09 8 0. 12 8 0. 11 8 0. 12 6 0. 00 6 0. 09 4 0. 02 4 0. 02 8 0. 21 4 0. 04 0. 02 8 0. 62 4 1. 17 1. 31 0. 46 2 0. 19 1 0. 54 4 0. 61 1 0. 6 0. 17 1 _0.35 7 0. 22 5 0. 63 6 1. 46 1. 7 2. 12 0. 53 7 0. 3 0. 03 4 0. 19 1 調 査 地 点 N (m g/ L ) 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 2 0 0 8 .8 .6 表 層 P N D O N N O 3 - N N O 2 - N N H 4 - N 0. 39 4 0. 93 1. 41 0. 57 4 0. 81 4 0. 60 4 0. 42 6 0. 82 2 0. 43 6 1. 32 1. 77 2. 7 0. 53 0. 00 6 0. 06 6 0. 01 6 0. 07 6 0. 07 2 0. 09 0. 07 0. 01 8 0. 05 6 0. 00 4 0. 11 4 0. 04 0. 04 6 0. 00 4 0. 06 8 0. 00 3 0.68 7 0. 09 1 0. 56 6 0. 72 9 0. 74 1 0. 98 5 0. 79 0. 18 7 0. 08 9 0. 22 0. 34 0. 93 1 調 査 地 点 N (m g/ L ) 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 2 0 0 8 .8 .6 表 層 P N D O N N O 3 - N N O 2 - N N H 4 - N 0. 06 6 0. 19 2 0. 02 2 0. 11 4 0. 07 8 0. 07 6 _0.09 8 0. 09 8 0. 09 4 0.09 2 0. 13 6 0. 06 4 _0.1 0. 09 8 0. 12 8 0. 11 8 0. 12 6 0. 00 6 0. 09 4 0. 02 4 0. 02 8 0. 21 4 0. 04 0. 02 8 0. 62 4 1. 17 1. 31 0. 46 2 0. 19 1 0. 54 4 0. 61 1 0. 6 0. 17 1 _0.35 7 0. 22 5 0. 63 6 1. 46 1. 7 2. 12 0. 53 7 0. 3 0. 03 4 0. 19 1 調 査 地 点 N (m g/ L ) 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 2 0 0 8 .8 .6 表 層 P N D O N N O 3 - N N O 2 - N N H 4 - N 0. 39 4 0. 93 1. 41 0. 57 4 0. 81 4 0. 60 4 0. 42 6 0. 82 2 0. 43 6 1. 32 1. 77 2. 7 0. 53 0. 00 6 0. 06 6 0. 01 6 0. 07 6 0. 07 2 0. 09 0. 07 0. 01 8 0. 05 6 0. 00 4 0. 11 4 0. 04 0. 04 6 0. 00 4 0. 06 8 0. 00 3 0.68 7 0. 09 1 0. 56 6 0. 72 9 0. 74 1 0. 98 5 0. 79 0. 18 7 0. 08 9 0. 22 0. 34 0. 93 1 調 査 地 点 N (m g/ L )

Result of Nutrients (NH₄-N,NO₂-N,NO₃-N,DON,DTN,TN)

Left : surface-1.0m Right : bottom+1.0m

Canal had higher concentration of nitrogen nutrients than sea.

NH₄-N was very high at the bottom of the canal.

1km

In canal

0 .1 0 .3 0 .5 0 .7 0 .9 1 .1 1 .3 1 .5 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 P P D O P P O 4 - P 0. 08 8 0. 00 6 0. 11 6 0. 10 2 0. 11 8 0. 12 2 0. 04 4 0. 11 6 0. 01 8 0. 01 6 0. 04 2 0. 00 2 0. 02 7 0. 00 9 0. 02 8 0. 04 9 0. 04 1 0. 05 1 0. 01 7 0. 03 6 0. 00 3 0. 00 6 P (m g/ L ) 調 査 地 点 2 0 0 8 8 .6 表 層 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 P P D O P P O 4 - P 0 .0 8 8 0 .0 0 6 0 .1 1 6 0 .1 0 2 0 .1 1 8 0 .1 2 2 0 .0 4 4 0 .1 1 6 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 1 6 0 .0 4 2 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 2 7 0.0 0 9 0 .0 2 8 0 .0 4 9 0 .0 4 1 0 .0 5 1 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 3 6 0 .1 6 6 0 .1 3 7 0 .1 2 7 0 .1 0 9 0 .1 6 1 0 .1 2 0 .1 7 ₀.07 6 0 .1 0 3 0 .0 9 9 0 .1 0 3 0 .1 3 1 0 .1 2 2 P (m g/ L ) 調 査 地 点 2 0 0 8 8 .6 表 層 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 P P D O P P O 4 - P 0. 17 2 0. 43 0. 77 6 0. 34 0. 42 8 0. 31 2 0. 19 6 0. 39 2 0. 21 0. 42 4 0. 91 4 1. 33 0. 24 4 0. 01 8 _0.02 5 0. 02 7 0. 12 8 0. 11 1 0. 08 2 0. 28 4 0. 2 0. 16 7 0. 07 2 0. 28 1 0. 20 9 0. 42 4 0. 00 9 P (m g/ L ) 調 査 地 点 2 0 0 8 8 .6 底 層 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 P P D O P 0. 08 8 0. 00 6 0. 11 6 0. 10 2 0. 11 8 0. 12 2 0. 04 4 0. 11 6 0. 01 8 0. 01 6 0. 04 2 0. 00 2 0. 02 7 0.00 9 0. 02 8 0. 04 9 0. 04 1 0. 05 1 0. 01 7 0. 03 6 0. 16 6 0. 13 7 0. 12 7 0. 10 9 0. 16 1 0. 12 0. 17 0.07 6 0. 10 3 0. 09 9 0. 10 3 0. 13 1 0. 12 2 P (m g/ L ) 調 査 地 点 2 0 0 8 8 .6 表 層 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3 - 1 S t.3 - 2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5 - 1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.1 1 P P D O P 0. 17 2 0. 43 0. 77 6 0. 34 0. 42 8 0. 31 2 0. 19 6 0. 39 2 0. 21 0. 42 4 0. 91 4 1. 33 0. 24 4 0. 01 8 _0.02 5 0. 02 7 0. 12 8 0. 11 1 0. 08 2 0. 28 4 0. 2 0. 16 7 0. 07 2 0. 28 1 0. 20 9 0. 42 4 0. 00 9 P (m g/ L ) 調 査 地 点 2 0 0 8 8 .6 底 層 Result of Nutrients(PO₄-P,DTP,TP) Left : surface-1.0m Right : bottom+1.0m 1km In canal Sea

Canal had higher concentration of phosphoric nutrients than sea. Surface: 1.7 times, Bottom: 2.5 times

Pump up

water level Bottom Water Surface Water

Season 2008 2009 2010

Spr. Sum. Aut. Win. Spr. Sum. Aut. Win. Spr. Sum. Side wall

Bottom

Species of Algae in The Channel

Green Algae Brown Algae 2㎝ 10㎝ 2㎝ Blue-green Algae 2㎝ 2㎝ 2㎝ 2㎝

Results

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 D ay N ight D IN 　 (m gN /L ) Inflow O utflow 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.4 S t.5 D ay N ight PO 4 -P 　 (m gP /L ) Inflow O utflow

Change in DIN and PO

4

-P concentration in the channel in summer

St.1 St.5

St.4

St.3 St.2

Inflow Outflow

Day :Reduction in the concentration of DIN ＆PO4-P were 40 ~ 75% , which were

similar to sewage treatment facility.

Night : The dead algae were decomposed by microorganism .

This is considered to be the cause of the increases of concentration of DIN and PO4-P in the channel.

Dissolved NP Removal Channel

Item Period

Removal by algae in water flow Removal by collecion of algae N P N P 1 year 483g (5%) 74g (5%) 1444g (16%) 201g (13%) 2 weeks in summer 4.3g (2%) 0.2g (1%) 65g (28%) 9g (20%)

Experiment using LED in the

channel at nighttime

The Amagasaki Sea Blue Project

New Water Quality Improvement System

The Amagasaki Canal is great waterfront in a big city

⇒ Many citizens will hope to be new utilizing of the canal.

However, It is impossible that water quality improvement by a civic undertaking because of the budget deficit problem.

Amagasaki

Canal

Recreation Education Event Study

Objectives

New Water Quality

Improvement Systems

Composting

C

SS Nutrient （N.P） Phytoplankton SS Removal Aquarium

A

Inflow Surface Water 【High SS】 Organic mud Bottom Water 【Low O2 ＆High NP】 Dissolved NP Removal Channel

B

Outflow Dissolve N,P

Taking up algae from the channel and turning removed sea algae into compost.

Treated Water

【High O2 ＆ Low

NP】

0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 N ight D ay D O (m g/ L )

O xygen depletion line

(m )

≪O

2

provided effect

for Primary Productivity of Algae

≫

Date Measurement item

17.August 2009

Temperature(○

C) Salinity (psu) DO (mg/L)

Day Night Day Night Day Night

St.1 29.1 27.7 20.5 23.6 2.8 1.0 St.2 31.5 27.2 21.7 23.3 8.5 0.6 St.3 32.8 26.9 22.2 23.0 13.6 0.8 St.4 33.3 26.7 22.5 22.9 16.8 0.8 St.5 33.0 26.6 23.2 23.1 17.4 1.0 St.1 St.5 St.4 St.3 St.2 Inflow Outflow

Before

SS Removal Aquarium

2.5cm

After

40min

SS is removed 65%

a) 学習シートに聞いたことをメモ b) 淡水と海水の密度の違いを知る実験 c) ヘドロの観察 f) 運河に住む生物の観察 （沈水ネットの付着 生物） d) 水のにごりを調べる実験 _{e) 運河に住む生物の観察（実験水路）} 小学校3年生を対象とした環境学習実施風景 小学校名 環境学習参加人数 （名） 2009年度 2010年度 成徳 41 40 明城 87 _実施予定12月 西 74 10/19 表1 これまでの環境学習参加人数

図 環境学習後における児童の環境問題への取り組み姿勢の変化a）明城小学校 b）西小学校 図 環境学習後における保護者の運河への興味・関心の変化 ●環境学習後，約1割の児童に環境問題へ積極的に取り組む姿勢の変化がみられた． ●環境学習で学んだことを子供から聞き，保護者のうちの約半数に運河への興味・関心の向上 がみられた． ●興味・関心が向上したグループと低下したグループ間で，子供が話した学習内容の数を比較 a）明城小学校 b）西小学校 興味・関心が向上 興味・関心が低下 変化なし 53.0% 9.1% 37.9% 興味・関心が向上 興味・関心が低下 変化なし 43.1% 5.2% 51.7% 積極的に取り組むようになった 変わりない むしろ消極的になった 未記入 15.2% 78.8% 0% 6.1% 積極的に取り組むようになった 変わりない むしろ消極的になった 未記入 10.3% 86.2% 0% 3.5%