「国民」と「先住民」のはざまで

* ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University 2006 ॷ 7 ೐ 31 ౗؝Њ, 2006 ॷ 11 ೐ 7 ౗؝ჿ

ȋܕ຦ȍɭȋӴз຦ȍɹɻɊʚɫ

㧙̠̓̓ͩɹԗࡴзܩɴȲȿʳ˵Ͳɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ᧧ՏˁʠȽʳ

͇˓˪ͦ͹̘͠ͅˑ˪˽㧙

πǵ࣢ǵཋǵࡎ*

Between “Nation” and “Indigenous People”:

Micropolitics over the Legitimacy of a Newly Established Headmanship

among the oGui and sGana San in Botswana

Maruyama Junko*

Since the 1993 International Year for the World’s Indigenous People, the San have been involved in the global movements for indigenous rights. In this process, as well as in the process of integration into Botswana’s national system following the resettlement program of the 1990s, each settlement is required to have a “headman,” to be elected by the residents from among themselves. The San have become interested in the issues relating to leaderships, while traditionally they are known for their “egalitarian” social relationships and sentiments. This paper aims to examine the views of “legitimate” headmanship in the oGui and sGana resettlements.

In the oGui and sGana resettlements, the genealogical relationships of the head-men and sub-headhead-men with ayako, translated as “rich person” or “headman,” often legitimate their political representation. The ayako were Bantu-speaking Ba-Kgalahadi people who moved into Central Kalahari, home of the oGui and sGana, in the late 19th century. Through the recent process of electing a headman, descendants of the ayako have come to bo redefi ned as “traditional royal family” among the oGui and sGana people, as well as by the local government. This paper addresses specifi cally the problems involved in such an electoral process.

1．は じ め に

1.1 サンをめぐる開発政策と先住民運動

ʳ⏏ਃഀ⏋Ӵз຦ɴࢪɌɩܕ຦ܕࢃȵ஛ᅎɌɛʢɤɭʢΥᖔᇕɲ଍ᅭɻ⏋ς༑኏Цʍɹؾ׋ɫ ȡɤɛȵ⏋1980 ॷБɅʸȴʰӴз຦ȵႶᕶɹయ׋ʦᅊ༎෵িˁᐣ୫ɐʳȋݜೣᇕɲณգȍˁ ᠗ʠʳɄɭȵ๭ɌȦɭɇʶʳᓒȭ౅ȵᔒɤɩȷɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ܕࢃɹɲȴɫȋުɲȷ຦ȍɫȡɤ ɛӴз຦ɻ⏋ᕶʰɹయ׋ᇕ⏋኏Цᇕ⏋క໠ᇕณգˁʢɭʠɩ⏋Ӵз຦᧊֪ˁࣙᬖɌɻɍʠ⏋ɇ ʚɊʚɲͤ̾͡ɫዩෑᇕɴܕࢃɹక໠ɴȴȴʼʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏׫׌ˏ͍͠ˡʦˠͻ˽̜ ͞͠ˏɫࠃʚɤɛɄɹ༑ʶɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴʢ਀Ǿɴ༡ᦩɌɦɦȡʳ⏏ ׫ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȷɛ˵Ͳʢ⏋ᦏॷɫɻܕ᭬ᇕɴȋӴз຦ȍɭɌ ɩ᠗ʠʰʶɦɦȡʳ⏏1) ܕ᭬ᇕɲ࿈༑ɹ৿େɌˁȩȿɩ⏋˵Ͳˁఌஹɐʳ NGO ȵ޽ధ᠚ᅊɌ⏋ ЈܩݖɹӴз຦܎кɭʢ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ˁ፷ȷɲȵʰ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫ᧊֪ȵࠃʚɤɩȦʳ⏏ɭ ʱʼȿ 1990 ॷմ৿ȴʰ⏋׫ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɹعܩɫ⏋˵Ͳɹɲȴȴʰక໠ᇕɲ͠ͻ̋ͻˁ᧧Տ ɐʳɄɭɴᬠਕȵᲞʚʱ⏋˵Ͳȵ NGO ɲɰɹБᝠᓔɭɌɩకঌɭࢪ᠌ˁɐʳ֪ȷȵᇿጓɠ ɻɍʠɛ⏏ʚɛ˵ͲɹହኡრȵᰧᤲᇕɴΫȵʱ⏋˵ͲɹᡴڊҌជʢᇎݭɌɛ␩Hitchcock and Holm 1993: 329␭⏏ɇʰɴ 2000 ॷБɴԂʳɭ⏋׫ˏ̶͠ˡԊٮܕ⏃Гά׫ˏ⏆⏋̠̲͊ˏԊٮ ܕ⏃Гά̠̲͊ˏ⏆⏋̠̓̓ͩԊٮܕ⏃Гά̠̓̓ͩ⏆ɴȲȦɩ⏋NGO ςࢷɹʢɭ⏋˵Ͳɹ Бᝠᓔȵᮃȩ៿ᡴЦʢጓɠΫɁʰʶɛ␩WIMSA Website␭⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ܕࢃͤ̾͡ɴȲȿʳ˵Ͳɹక໠ؒ֓ɹ᧑ɹʱɻ᭝ɌȦ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋˵ͲɹᏝץధȵ࣎ зɐʳ̠̓̓ͩɫɻ⏋ȋʼʶʼʶɻʛɲ̠̓ͩϺ⏃ܕ຦⏆ɫȡʳ⏃We are all Batswana⏆ȍɹ˽ ͦͻˤͲɹʢɭ⏋˵ͲɞȿˁȋӴз຦ȍɭɌɩ᠗ʠʳɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠకፑͤ̾͡ɫȋ຦౏աɴ ᅵɲɤɛ଩ȦȍˁɐʳɄɭɻ⏋׫ˏɹˏ̮̜̼͡˓̜ɹȋՕᮐకፑȍɴᦲɑʳɭɌɩ਒ঈᇕ ɴ܌᧫ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋ܕ຦ɹ߂޽ధˁװʠʳ̠̓ͩᏙ຦౏ȵɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫӦᧇ ɇʶ⏋ܕ຦ɹʼɑȴ 3⎾ˁװʠʳɴ᧌ȹɲȦ˵Ͳɻ⏋Јɹࢹధ຦౏ɫȡʳ̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩɹˡ͞Ͳ ˤ (Kalanga) ʦ˓˙˓ (Yei) ʭʱʢ⏋ɇʰɴٞᦇɴеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛ຦౏ᬚɹই ՞෯ᦶɻ⏋ܕЦ⏃National Assembly⏆ɭι˃ɫܕకɴȴȴʼʳ̍ͻ̶ᡴЦ⏃House of Chiefs⏆ ɹ෯ଁɴᢒਐᇕɴȡʰʼʶɩȦʳ⏏຦౏ɹБᝠᓔɭɌɩ̍ͻ̶ˁ᧧ՏɫȷʳɹɻͲ˫̜ͩ ⏃Ngwato⏆⏋˪˗˙̠⏃Kwena⏆⏋̠̊ͩ⏃Tawana⏆ɲɰ̠̓ͩᏙɹ 8 ɦɹ຦౏ɴᭉʰʶɩȲ ʱ⏋ɗʶГ޺ɹϺǾɻ⏋຦౏ᇕɲᔘಕɴݜɧȦɛక໠ᇕБᝠᓔˁՏɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏˵Ͳɲ ɰɹ̠̓ͩГ޺ɹϺǾɻ⏋7 ɦɹܩךɹБᝠɭɌɩ˵̸͹̍ͻ̶ˁ᧧ՏɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ Ʉɹܩеɹ޽ȼʢ⏋˵Ͳɫɻɲȼ̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩ຦౏ɴʭɤɩװʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏2)

1) Saugestad␩2001: 43␭ɻ⏋ܕᦹɲɰɴȲȿʳȋӴз຦⏃indigenous people⏆ȍɹ೎ʢΥᖔᇕɲݜྈɭɌɩ⏋1⏏ Ӵመ⏃fi rst come⏆⏋2⏏ᯃς༑⏃non-dominance⏆⏋3⏏య׋ᇕႶᕶਸ⏃cultural difference⏆⏋4⏏ॠࣚઝᡫ⏃self ascription⏆ɹ 4 ဣˁ୲Ɂ⏋˵ͲɻɄʶɴȡɩɻʚʳɭɌɩȦʳ⏏

2) 2000 ॷɴɲɤɩʭȩʦȼ⏋͚̍̾ (Chobe) ܩךɹ˵̸͹̍ͻ̶ɭɌɩ⏋՟ɹߨਸ⏋՟ɹ˵Ͳȵ᧧Տɇʶɛ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ৳ߨɻ⏋ܩךɹБᝠɴ᧌ȹɑ⏋˵ͲɹЈɹ˫͡ͻ̺ɭɹᦹय़ʢɲȦɹɫ⏋˵ͲԃкɹБᝠᓔɭɻȦȦȵɛ Ȧɭ៿ѝɇʶɩȦʳ␩Mazonde 2004: 138␭⏏

ჼܧɹɭɄʸ⏋̠̓̓ͩɹ˵Ͳȵܕࢃɴ᠗ʠʰʶɛȴɛɠɫᕶʰɹБᝠᓔˁ᧧ՏɌ⏋క໠ ɴؒ֓ɫȷʳɹɻ⏋ܩ౅ɹ˱̢͖̘͊ˑɹͤ̾͡ɫɌȴɲȦ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫʢɤɭʢخᔨਸ ȵᲞȦɹɻȋ᧙᭧ܩ࣎зᓔࡴзܩ⏃Remote Area Dwellers Settlement⏆ȍɭȦʼʶʳԗࡴзܩ ⏃resettlement site⏆ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹܩеɫȡʳ⏏ԗࡴзܩɻ⏋̠̓̓ͩకঌɴʭʳȋ᧙᭧ܩᬖ ᇍ៟ᅙ⏃Remote Area Development Programme⏆3)ȍɹʢɭɫ⏋ԃܕعܩɴ៯ȿʰʶ⏋࡝ോʦᆖ ᭏⏋ᓑᶲॷᩆʦᰩషᨗᐌɲɰɹክኔ˵ͻ̲˽ȵரњɇʶʳᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹ୞ဣɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ ៟ᅙɻȋ᧙᭧ܩ࣎зᓔˁς༑኏ЦɴᐏغɐʳȍɄɭˁᇿᇕɴ 1974 ॷɴࠃʠʰʶ⏋˵Ͳˁςɲ ࢪᢒɭɌɩᦽʠʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋2002 ॷʚɫɴԃܕɹ˵ͲɹᏝ 8 ւȵ 64 ɹԗࡴзܩ ɫᅊ༎ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏̠̓̓ͩɫɻ⏋̠̓ͩɹШᐏɴਃȦ⏋عᮃᘺȴʰȋ˱˹⏃kgosi⏆ȍ ɭʭɽʶʳ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵ᧧Տɇʶʳȵ⏋˵ͲȵϺؤɹ߂ץˁװʠʳԗࡴзܩȴʰʢ⏋Ʉʶɴྈ ɍɩ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧ՏɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɻܩ౅᝔కɹΥጩˁ୊ȩʢɹɭ Ɍɩԇኍɇʶ⏋ݬᨢˁ਄ʳ⏏ ԗࡴзܩɻ⏋᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹᬖࠃয়՟ȴʰȋԇᇕɲ͠ͻ̋ͻ˹̺̒ˁʢɛɲȦȍз຦ɹక ໠͹᝔కΫɹ̺̜̒́͞ͻ͌ɹ৲ւˁഗɛɐɄɭˁೝ৺ɇʶɩȦɛ␩Gulbrandsen et al. 1986: 12␭⏏1966 ॷɹ̠̓̓ͩႶጓГմɴɻ⏋޽ȼɹ˵Ͳȵ؅ᩃɫႵჃ஛ᮃᅊ༎ˁۊʞȴ⏋̠̓ͩ ɲɰɹᮃᘺɹٞᦇᨆʦᇐϺɹᐁۊɐʳ߂ᦅݭɴȲȦɩᮊ৲ɲɰɴਃϟɌɩȦɛ⏏Ȧɑʶɹ˵Ͳ ʢܩݖʦܕࢃɹక໠ɴؒ֓ɐʳลЦȴʰக᭑ɇʶɩȲʱ⏋Ⴖጓ৿ɹ̠̓̓ͩకঌɹɲȴɴɻɄ ɹɄɭˁکᰍែɐʳުʢࢹɲȼɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ԗࡴзܩɴ˵Ͳˁᮃзɇɓ⏋৳ʰȴʰʢБ ᝠᓔˁ᧧ՏɇɓʳɄɭɫ⏋˵Ͳˁ̠̓̓ͩɹܕࢃɹങᏼʛɴᑂԂɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɴɲʳɭᓒȭ ʰʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌࡸ᭬ɴɄɹ៟ᅙȵࠃʚʳɭ⏋ԗࡴзܩɹ˓Ͳ̶͞఩Һʦᐁཕ༎֪ɹఌ ஹɴᩂဣȵᒞȴʶ⏋˵Ͳɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ௩ጓȵዩෑᇕɴ஠ᦽɇʶʳɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ʚɛ̼̒ ̝͇Ͳȵ᧧ՏɇʶɛɭɌɩʢ⏋ɗʶɻԗࡴзܩɹз຦ɭɌɩɻࢹధ༐ɫȡʳ⏋˵ͲГ޺ɹ̫Ͳ ̜˕Ꮩз຦ʦ⏋ԗࡴзܩГ޺ɴзʞ̠̓ͩᏙɹϺǾɫȡʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ␩Gulbrandsen et al. 1986: 23-26␭⏏᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙɻɗɹᦽ᝔ɭɭʢɴ˵Ͳɹ̠̓ͩʍɹؾ׋కፑɭɌɩɹᖬ৩ˁ ৔ʠ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ̠̓ͩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳը঎ˁ᧙᭧ܩɴʚɫ༡ᦩɇɓʳខᒞɭɌɩӈȼʭȩɴ ɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɭɄʸȵ 1990 ॷБɴɲʳɭ⏋Ӵз຦᧊֪ɹ༎ᇍ׋ɴ٧ਝɌɩ⏋ԗࡴзܩɴȲȿʳ̼̝͇̒ Ͳɴࢪɐʳ˵ͲɹᬠਕȵᲞʚɤɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹɄʸȴʰԗࡴзܩɹ̼̝͇̒ͲɴࣃКɐʳ˵Ͳ ȵࢹɌɑɦވ֓Ɍ⏋ʚɛ̼̝͇̒ͲɹএɴࣃȼɄɭɫ⏋з຦ɹณգˁς৓ɐʳ˵ͲʢᇎݭɌ ɻɍʠɛ⏏1990 ॷБ৿ץɴ⏋˵ͲɹϺؤȵʢɤɭʢ޽Ȧ̩Ͳ̓ˑ͹̚ˑ˽̜͠˪̜ (Ghanzi District) ɹ 9 ɦɐʏɩɹԗࡴзܩɫ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ˵ͲȵࣃКɌɛɄɭɻ⏋˵Ͳɹక໠ؒ֓ɴ

Ȳȿʳ߂ȷɲᤲᦽɭɌɩɭʰȭʰʶɛ␩Cassidy et al. 2001: 46␭⏏ɄɹʭȩɴԗࡴзܩɴȲȿ ʳ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ɻ⏋̠̓ͩʍɹؾ׋ɹܦ֐ɭ⏋Ӵз຦ɭɌɩɹณգɹମ᠗ˁʠɊɐ֪ȷɹ ɻɊʚɫ⏋˵ͲȵଝɴɌɦɦȡʳక໠ؒ֓ɹ০઴ɭɌɩеᒞɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ Ʉɹԗࡴзܩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ့ဣˁȡɩ⏋˵Ͳȵɰɹʭȩɴ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧ՏɌ⏋క໠ؒ֓ˁ ഗɛɗȩɭɌɩȦʳɹȴˁද២ɐʳ⏏ 1.2 サンと政治的リーダーをめぐる先行研究 ਃഀ⏋˵Ͳɹ኏Цɻ⏋᭥ࣝᇕɫμ߈ᮃณᇕɲ̠̓ͩ኏Цɲɰɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋ტʦ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ ʢɛɲȦ኏ЦɭɌɩ໶ᇿɇʶɩȷɛ⏏͠ͻ̋ͻ˹̺̒ɻΥಁᇕɫ⏋࣎зᮃ܎Ԓɹ᠌ɌغȦʦ⏋ ᮐغᮃతˁɭʢɲȩ࣎з෵িɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ઝਲ਼ໆࡴʦکᰍៗໆȵഗɛɇʶɩȦʳɭჿៗɇʶ ɛ␩Lee 1979; ᅒμ 1971; Silberbauer 1982␭⏏Ʉɹဣˁ୭Ɍɩ⏋˵Ͳɹ኏Цɻȋॶፈςᒶᇕɫ ȡʳȍɭȦʼʶ⏋ʚɛɗɹక໠᧌ዐɻႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɴԊᦲɐʳ႕ਐɭɌɩ⏋޽ȼɹ቉ድȵɲɇʶ ɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴʭɤɩࢷԂɇʶɛ̼̝͇̒Ͳը঎ɴ⏋ॶፈςᒶᇕɲ˵Ͳ኏ ЦȵɰɹʭȩɴࢪਝɐʳɹȴɭȦȩکᰍɴʢᬠਕȵࢊɓʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ␩Childers 1982; Lee 1982; Hitchcock 1982␭⏏Ʉʶʰɹ቉ድɫɻ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɴɻ⏋ณ֐ˁ୷ʱȴɊɐఌᨗᇕɲ Ϻ႒ɻ᧫ȿʰʶ⏋ɲʳʏȼɗɹณ֐ȵံ׋ɇʶʳʭȩɲ০িɫ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɩȦ ʳɄɭȵݬٚɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛɗɹᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋з຦ɭɻᬠѥȵᚚȦ޺ᨆᓔʦϺᰖ࡝ᓔ⏋࡝ോఠढ़ ɲɰɴ̼̝͇̒ͲɴࣃКɐʳʭȩћᰉɐʳɄɭʢ޽ȴɤɛɄɭȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏

ɌȴɌ Wilmsen and Denbow␩1990␭ɻ⏋ɗʢɗʢਃഀɹ˵Ͳ኏Цˁ⏋క໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻˁʢ ɛɲȦ኏ЦɭʛɲɐɄɭɴࢪɌɩᅵᡴˁڟȭɛ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋˵Ͳɹ޽ȼɹៜ᠝ᮃ܎ȵ̍ͻ̶ʦ ̼̝͇̒Ͳɭ៱ɓʳ᠝ৢˁʢɤɩȦʳɄɭʦ⏋Lee ʦ Hitchcock ɹᠭീܩɴȲȦɩʢ⏋19 γ ᏛГմɴɻ˵Ͳɹɲȴɴక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɭʭʏʳϺ႒ȵȦɛخᔨਸˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋˵Ͳɻإȼȴʰ ɄȩɌɛక໠ᏼᑩɴɲɍ˃ɫȷɛɭς৓Ɍɛ⏏Ʉɹکᰍɻ⏋˵ͲɹႵჃ஛ᮃᅊ༎ɹଁጓɭɗɹ ๴رᇕᔘಕɴᬠɐʳᠶ଍⏋Ȧʼʪʳȋˡ̩͞͠͹̚ˑ̾ͻ̜ȍɹΥᨆɭɌɩᡴᠶɇʶ⏋޽ȼɹ ˵Ͳ቉ድɴ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋Ӵз຦᧊֪ȵ༎ᇍ׋Ɍɩȼʳɭ⏋˵Ͳɹ͠ͻ̋ͻ˹̺̒ɹ ᔒଁˁ஠ᦽɐʳጓݭȴʰʢ⏋˵Ͳɹȋॶፈςᒶ኏Цȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ȵکᰍ׋ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤ ɛ⏏ȋॶፈςᒶᇕɲ˵Ͳɹ኏Цɫɻక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹ᧧ՏɭȦȩɄɭᕶкȵɲɍʚɲȦȍɭ Ȧȩჿៗȵ⏋˵Ͳɹక໠ؒ֓ˁᭀʞ᭭ࢀɭɲɤɩȦʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ␩Hitchcock and Holm 1993; oUseb 2001; Felton 2002␭⏏ɭȼɴ೎ᦏɫɻɄɹکᰍȵ⏋̠̓̓ͩɴ๖Ȧɫ޽ధɹ˵Ͳȵ зʞ̠̲͊ˏɹϟёˁʢɭɴᡴᠶɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̠̲͊ˏɫɻȋ1995 ॷШᐏᇕᐏ໠ล෯໬ ⏃The Traditional Authorities Act, No. 17 of 1995⏆ȍɹʢɭɫ⏋˵ͲɹȋШᐏᇕᐏ໠ᓔȍʢԇᇕɴ᠗ ࡴɇʶʳ᧑ȵᬖȴʶɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᅕᠱɌɛ˵Ͳɹ˱̢͖̘͊ˑɹɲȴɴɻ๴رᇕɴȋШᐏᇕᐏ ໠ᓔȍˁʢɤɩȦɲȴɤɛɄɭˁჿᅓɴ׹άɇʶɛʱ␩Geingos 2002: 5␭⏋ȋȡɲɛɛɠɻɄ ʶʚɫ͠ͻ̋ͻˁʢɤɛɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɲɹɴ⏋ɲɕЁɴɲɤɩਖឹɴɲʳɹȴ⏱ȍɭ

Ȧȩៜᘽɴᭀʚʶʳʢɹȵ޽ȦɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ␩oUseb 2001: 15␭⏏

Ʉɹʭȩɲ༑ʶˁ؝ȿɩ⏋ᦏॷɫɻ⏋˵Ͳɹక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻˁԗද២ɐʳ᠅ʛȵɲɇʶɩȦ ʳ⏏Ј຦౏ɭɹϯ༑ɹ๴رȵᬏȼ⏋ʚɛ߂ៀฐɫᏼᑩᇕɲႵჃʦϯ౫ˁࣙᬖɌɩȦɛ˵Ͳɴɦ Ȧɩɹᠭീʢዩෑᇕɴᦽʠʰʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ɄȩɌɛ˫͡ͻ̺ɹɲȴɴɻ౛ȼȴʰ͠ͻ̋ͻ ˹̺̒ˁᇍ᧒ɇɓɛʢɹȵȡʳɄɭʢ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɩȷɛ␩cf. Guenther 2002; Le Roux and White 2004: 174-182␭⏏ʚɛ⏋˵Ͳᕶ᤹ʦ⏋˵Ͳˁఌஹɐʳ NGO ȵ⏋˵ͲɹȋШᐏᇕᐏ໠ ᓔȍɹࡔܧʦ⏋˵ͲɴႶᕶɹక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹȡʱ౅ˁԗද២ɐʳɄɭʢࠃʚɤɛ␩cf. oUseb 2001; Chumbo and Mmaba 2002; Le Roux and White 2004; Longden 20044)

␭⏏ Ʉʶʰɻ⏋˵Ͳɹక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹ๴رˁԗද២Ɍ⏋˵Ͳɹ͠ͻ̋ͻ˹̺̒ˁ኏Цᇕɴ᠗ሾ ɇɓʳɛʠɴɻ߂ȷȼᢨ჉Ɍɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗʶʰɹ᠅ʛɹ޽ȼȵᐄഗᇕɴ⏋ܕ຦ܕࢃɹкըɴʭ ʱ؝ȿԂʶʰʶʦɐȦ০ɫ⏋˵Ͳɹక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻˁரኍɐʳɴɭɰʚɤɩȲʱ⏋˵Ͳȵɗʶ ʚɫ፷ȷΫɁɩȷɛႶᕶɹ኏Цɭయ׋ˁ߉ȩɄɭɲȼ⏋క໠ؒ֓ˁخᔨɴɐʳЇᏼʛˁද២ɐ ʳɭɄʸʚɫɻ⏋ᡴᠶȵؖ˃ɫȦɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠɴɻ⏋ᦏॷɹ˵Ͳɹక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹ᧧Տɴ ᭬Ɍɩ⏋˵Ͳᕶ᤹ȵᕶʰɹ๴رˁɰɹʭȩɴៗᨾɌ⏋ɗɄȴʰɰɹʭȩɴɌɩჼܧɹکᰍɴࢪ ɐʳፐȭˁࢷȷՏɗȩɭɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩ̺ͦ́˽ɴᤑʛᦉʞਖឹȵȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵక໠ؒ ֓ɹ᧌ዐɫሁᯆɐʳکᰍȵ⏋ȋॶፈςᒶ኏Цȍȴʰȋܕࢃ኏Цȍʍɹው᝔⏋ɭȦȩ׬Ꮴɲܒি ɫɻჿៗɫȷɲȦɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ ɗɄɫ⏋ೣዣɫɻ⏋˵Ͳɹɲȴɫʢɭȼɴȋॶፈςᒶ኏ЦȍɹԎ݀ёɭɌɩеᒞɧȿʰʶɩ ȷɛ˫˓⏃oGui⏆ɭˤ̠⏃sGana⏆ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ⏋˵Ͳȵዩෑᇕɴԗࡴзܩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ᧧Տ ɴȴȴʼʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ 1990 ॷБГᭇɴ⏋৳ʰȵ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁɰɹʭȩɲݜྈɴћ୞Ɍɩ᧧ ՏɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɗɹ᧧Տ̺ͦ́˽ɹɲȴɫ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹ๴رˁɰɹʭȩɴԗࡴᒶɌɩȦʳɹ ȴˁද២ɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɐʳ⏏ɄʶˁɭȲɌɩ⏋˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɴȲȿʳక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹȡʱ ౅ˁԗᓒɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋৳ʰȵܕࢃʦܕ᭬኏ЦɴؒԂɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲکᰍɴሁᯆ ɌɩȦʳɹȴˁᠶɍɛȦ⏏

2．グイ／ガナと再定住地のヘッドマン

2.1 グイ／ガナ社会におけるヘッドマンの位置づけ ೣዣɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ˫˓ɭˤ̠ɻ⏋̠̓̓ͩμ߈ᨆɹ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖ⏃ჼܧɹ́ Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠͹˰ͻ͌͹͠˸ͻ̸⏧Гά CKGR⏆ˁςɲᅊ༎ݖɭɌɩȷɛ⏏θᓔɭʢ μᨆ˱˓˵Ͳ᠝౏5) ɴՕᰖɇʶ⏋ϣȦɹઝਲ਼ᆂᦲɴکᰍɻɲȦ⏏ႵჃ஛ᮃᅊ༎ˁۊʞ˫˓⏒ˤ

4) Chumbo and Mmaba␩2002␭⏋Le Roux and White␩2004␭⏋Longden␩2004␭ɻ NGO ɹςࢷɐʳOral Testimony Project ɹ˵ͅͻ̜ˁ਄ɩՏႆɇʶɛ˵Ͳɹȋ៷ៜᮃȍɫȡʳ⏏

̠ɴᬠɐʳ቉ድɻ 1950 ॷБɴࠃʚʱ⏋৳ʰȵᮃ܎ˁᐏრɐʳ͠ͻ̋ͻˁʢɛɑ⏋࣎зᮃ܎ɴ Ȳȿʳ᠌ɌغȦɴʭɤɩکᰍˁៗໆɌɩȷɛɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋ȋᐏ໠ᓔɲȷॶፈςᒶ኏Цȍɭе ᒞɧȿɛ␩ᅒμ 1971; Silberbauer 1982␭⏏1980 ॷБɴɲʳɭ⏋CKGR ԒɴȲȿʳ⏋᧙᭧ܩᬖ ᇍ៟ᅙɹ୞ဣɭɲɤɛˡ̚ܩݖˁᖏدɴ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹ኏Ц޴ࢅˁ଩ȩ቉ድȵᇵ˃ɴɲɤɛ⏏ ˡ̚ɫɻ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹɲȴȴʰ՟ʠɩԇᇕɴ᠗ʠʰʶɛ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵ᧧Տɇʶɛȵ⏋߂ऊ ␩1996␭ʰɻ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳը঎ɻลᔨɓɑ⏋ϺǾɹᬠਕʢжȦɄɭˁݬٚɌɛ⏏ Ё౗⏋˫˓ɭˤ̠ɹϺؤɻᏝ 4,950 Ϻɫ⏋ɗɹ߂ץȵ̩Ͳ̓ˑ⏋̨ͻ˽˗˛˽̜ (Northwest)⏋ ˪˗˙̦Ͳ (Kweneng)͹̚ˑ˽̜͠˪̜ɴȲȦɩ⏋కঌȵ៯ȿɛԗࡴзܩɴ࣎зɌɩȦʳ ␩Cassidy et al. 2001: 6␭⏏˫˓⏒ˤ̠ȵ 100 ϺГΫʚɭʚɤɩ࣎зɌɩȦʳԗࡴзܩɻ˱˛Ͳ ˹͑˭̦⏃Kx’oensakene⏆⏋ˡ˗̝̦ͩ⏃Kaudwane⏆⏋̓˙ͤ⏃Xere⏆⏋͍̅ͦ⏃Somelo⏆⏋˭ ˭̢˙⏃Khekhenye⏆ɹ 5 ɦɫȡʳ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ɻɍʠɹ 3 ɦɴɻ⏋CKGRɴȲȿʳз຦ɹጓɠ ᦡȷ៟ᅙɴʭɤɩውзɌɛ˫˓ʦˤ̠ȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ៟ᅙɻᕶးѳᡸɭз຦ɹᅊ༎ఒڵ ˁᡡɤɩ⏋1997 ॷɴࡸేɇʶɛ⏏๿ʳ 2 ɦɴɻ⏋CKGR ɹՏ᤹ᓔɫɻȡʳȵ⏋Јɹܩݖɴው 5) ˵Ͳɻភధɹៜ᠝͹ܩݖᮃ܎ȴʰɲʳ⏏ៜ᠝ɴ໶ᇿɐʳɭ⏋khoe ɭ non-khoe ɴՕȿʰʶ⏋մᓔɻμᨆ˱˓˵ Ͳ᠝౏⏋৿ᓔɻɇʰɴ׫ᨆ˱˓˵Ͳ᠝౏ɭ׌ᨆ˱˓˵Ͳ᠝౏ɴՕᰖɇʶʳ⏏ 図 1 本稿に登場する地名 A: ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ǵB: ˡ˗̝̦ͩǵC: ̓˙ͤǵD: ͍̅ͦǵE: ˭˭̢˙ 1: ̩Ͳ̓ˑǵ2: ˡ̚ǵ3: ͐͞ͅǵ4: ˡ˛̓ˎǵ5: ̜͍͐ͦǵ6: ˥ˡˠǵ7: ͐ͤͦͅͻͤ

зɌɩ̠̓ͩɲɰɹᮃᘺɹٞᦇᨆʦ߂ᦅݭɫᅊ༎ɌɩȦɛ˫˓ʦˤ̠ȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰ ɹԗࡴзܩɻȦɑʶʢ 1990 ॷБГᭇɴ៯ጓɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɴᬠɐʳ቉ ድʦݬٚɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȦ⏏ፆᓔɻ 2003⑯2004 ॷɴɄʶʰɹԗࡴзܩɫᠭീˁࡸేɌɛȵ⏋ˡ ˗̝̦ͩˁ᭑ȼ 4 ɦɹԗࡴзܩɫɻ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɭᕶዌɐʳϺǾȵ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̒ ̝͇Ͳˁ֭ʠɩȲʱ⏋з຦ʢɗɹ᧧ՏɴɻᲞȦᬠਕˁࢊɓɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ 2.2 再定住地におけるヘッドマン ̠̓̓ͩɫɻᮃᘺɹϺؤៀฐɴਝɍɩ̼̝͇̒ͲɹధʦܩеȵࡴʠʰʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ԗࡴзܩ ɻ೎ʢࢸៀฐɲᮃᘺɴךՕɇʶ⏋1 Ϻɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ⏃headman of records ʚɛɻ headman of arbitration⏆ˁ᧧ՏɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦʳ␩MLGLH 1998␭⏏ɛɞɌ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɴɦȦɩ ɻϺؤȵປᥒᇕ޽ȦɄɭȵᨗૅɇʶ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տʢ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏ԗࡴзܩɴȲȿ ʳ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ৲ւɻ޽ࣦɴʼɛʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋̠̓ͩɹШᐏɴਃȦ⏋ᮃЦʦ ᠭҪˁࡸేɌɛʱ⏋ॷᩆʦᰩషɹ॒ᨗ⏋࣎зܩʦᦅܩɹւʱয়ɩʦମ᠗ɲɰˁ᝔ɲȩ⏏ɇʰ ɴ⏋ჼܧɫɻࢪ޺ᇕɲ৲ւʢᩂឹɫȡʳ⏏ܩ౅కঌɴᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴᬠɐʳឹ೚ˁՏɌ⏋ܕԒ޺ɹ NGO ʦܕ᭬ลᬠɭɹᬠѥˁ፷ȷ⏋ɭȷɴɻ͇˽˱͊ɲɰɴʢࢪਝɐʳ⏏ݬᨢɻ⏋ॷВʦᓷ๴ ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳȵ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ೐ᰎ 3,000 ̺͞ГΫ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ೐ᰎ 800 ̺͞Г Ϋɹᐌషȵఌଡʼʶʳ⏏6) ʚɛ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɹᦏɌȦ៊౏ɻ⏋ᬖᇍ៟ᅙȵ ʢɛʰɐࢃᅨʦᰩష⏋ᣀᩆ֝ӈɲɰʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵࢅ౫ɴɲʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɄʶʰɹჼᩆؚԂ ʦᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹ੔ਜ਼ɻ⏋ਃഀɹʭȩɲႵჃ஛ᮃˁਲ਼ȩʭȩɴɫȷɑ⏋ჼᩆᐁཕʍɹћࡔ঎ȵᲞȼ ɲɤɩȦʳԗࡴзܩɹᅊ༎ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᩂឹਸˁވɌɩȦʳ⏏ ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տ౅໬ɻ⏋؅հᇕɴɻᮃᘺʦԗࡴзܩɴКɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ᐏΥᇕɲ᧧୲ɲɰɻ ᝔ɲʼʶɲȦ⏏̠̓ͩɹᮃᘺɫɻ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɻტʦტ౏ɴʭɤɩК٨ɇʶɛʱ⏋ɗɹᮃᘺˁ ፷Ȧɛࠃኘȴʰ⏋ၼᏙᬏࡎሂᐚɴʭɤɩᐙମɇʶʳɹȵΥᖔᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ԗࡴз ܩɻ⏋᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙɴʭɤɩ៯ȿʰʶ⏋з຦ɹʓɭ˃ɰȵ̠̓ͩГ޺ɹ຦౏ɫȡʳɛʠ⏋Ʉ ɹʭȩɲ᧧Տݜྈȵ᧟ᅎɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ᧧Տɴࢪɐʳ౩ተɲ୭ᩍɻரኍɇʶɩȲʰ ɑ⏋ɗɹɄɭȵ˵Ͳɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧ՏɐʳݜྈɴཌྷϕɭᡴᠶˁॎȷᣱɄɌɩȦʳ⏏ 2.3 「アヤコの系譜」あるいは「トラディショナル・ロイヤル・ファミリー」 CKGR ȴʰɹውзᓔȵ೎ʢ޽Ȧ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹϺؤɻᏝ 1,500 Ϻɫ⏋ɗɹ߂ץɻ˫˓ʦ ˤ̠ɫȡʳ⏏ԗࡴзܩȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ 1997 ॷɴ⏋᝔కࡲɹ୭ࢷɹʢɭɫз຦ɹԃڊؒ֓ɴʭʳ ହኡȵ᝔ɲʼʶ⏋ృɛɴ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵ᧧Տɇʶɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 2002 ॷɴɻៜ᠝ᮃ܎ʦՏ᤹ܩݖɴ ਝɍɩ៯ȿʰʶɛ 6 ɦɹ࣎зךɅɭɴ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧ՏɐʳɄɭȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏˵ ̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɴɦȦɩɻ⏋᧧୲ɹȴɛɠˁɭʰɑɴȋ᠌ɌغȦȍɴʭɤɩ᧧Տɐʳʭȩɴឹ 6) 2004 ॷয়ಁ⏋1 ̺͞ɻᏝ 25 ԓɫȡɤɛ⏏

ᠱɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɴɻȋ˭˓˧͚͌ȍʦȋʑ̚ˑȍ⏋ȋˡ˛ͲȍɲɰɭȦ ȩؿմɹϺ႒ɭᏙᡮᬠѥɴȡʳʢɹȵ᧧ɽʶɛɭȦȩ⏏7) ɛɭȭɽȋˤ̠࣎зךȍɹ˵̸͹̼̒ ̝͇Ͳɴɻ⏋ˡ̚ɫ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ֭ʠɩȦɛᅖਸȵࣃКɌɛȵ⏋৳ɻ˭˓˧͚͌ɭᏙᡮᬠѥɴ ȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋ହኡɴʭɤɩ᧧Տɇʶɛ̼̝͇̒ͲɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ȋ˳ͻ˳ȍɭȦȩؿմɹ Ϻ႒ɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȵ৔ᠭɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴៜؖɇʶʳϺ႒ɻʛɲ⏋˫˓⏒ˤ̠ ᠝ɫ࢏ងᓔɭȦȩઝ٢ˁʢɦȋˏ͓˱⏃ayako⏆ȍɭʭɽʶʳϺǾɫȡʳ⏏ȋˏ͓˱ȍɻ⏋ʚɛ ȋ̼̝͇̒Ͳȍɭ៱ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋ⏃˵̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒Ͳɴɻˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮˁʁ ȼʢɹȵࣃКɐʳȍɭȦʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ Ʉɹᠦ౩ɻ⏋Јɹ 3 ɦɹԗࡴзܩɫʢᓬȼɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏̓˙ͤɻ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɭؾ෵ ɴ CKGR ȴʰጓɠᦡȦɛϺǾɹɛʠɴ⏋2002 ॷɴ៯ȿʰʶɛԗࡴзܩɫȡʳ⏏Ϻؤɻ 100 Ϻዐ঎ɫ⏋ɗɹ߂ץȵ CKGR ആᨆȴʰԗࡴзɌɛˤ̠ɫȡʳ⏏̓˙ͤɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳʢʚɛ ȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥˁԍкᇕɴ᧚ɤɩʛɓɛ⏏˭˭̢˙ɻ 1991 ॷɴ៯ጓɇʶ⏋з຦ɻᏝ 300 Ϻ⏋ɗɹᏝץధȵ˫˓⏋๿ʳץధɻ׫ᨆ˱˓˵Ͳ᠝౏ɴՕᰖɇʶʳ˵Ͳɫȡʳ⏏ԗࡴзܩ ɹ៯ጓɴɭʢɲɤɩࣃКɌɛ̼̝͇̒Ͳɻ˫˓ɹᅖਸɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȵȡʳɭȦ ȩ⏏ʚɛ˭˭̢˙ɴзʞ᝔కࡲɻ⏋৳ȵȋˏ͓˱ȍɹࡎ࡟ɫȡʳɄɭˁ୭Ɍɩ⏋ȋ˫˓ɹ̜͞ ̚ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻɹΥڊɫȡʳȍɭᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏ȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓ ͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍɭɻ⏋̠̓ͩɹტ౏ɴࢪɌɩΥᖔᇕɴьʼʶʳᝠჼɫȡʳ⏏͍̅ͦԗࡴз ܩɻ 1997 ॷɴ៯ȿʰʶɛ⏏Ϻؤ 300 Ϻɹȩɠ⏋100 Ϻዐ঎ȵˤ̠ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹЈɴɻؾɍμ ᨆ˱˓˵Ͳ᠝౏ɴࣚɐʳភధɹៜ᠝ᮃ܎ȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏2004 ॷɹಁဣɫɻ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳ᧧ ՏɴɦȦɩغઝȵ਄ʰʶɑ⏋ಫࡴᇕɲ̼̝͇̒ͲȵȦʳɹʛɫȡɤɛ⏏ಫࡴ̼̝͇̒Ͳɫȡʳ ˤ̠ɹᅖਸʢ⏋ᕶՕȵ೑֐ɲ̼̝͇̒ͲҌជɫȡʳჿᅓˁ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹԍкᇕɲᏙᡮᬠѥ ɴʭɤɩᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏ɇʰɴ᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙˁ୊য়ɐʳ᝔కࡲʢ⏋৳ȵȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍɹՏ᤹ɲɹɫ̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳɭᠦ౩Ɍɛ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ȵзʞ 4 ɦɹԗࡴзܩɫԊᦲɌɩ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ Ͳɹ᧧ՏݜྈɭɌɩ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍȵៜؖɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁʁȼʢɹɛɠ ˁ୭Ɍɩ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍɭȦȩᝠჼʢᓬȴʶ ɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ਃഀ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹ኏Цɻ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɲɰɹ͠ͻ̋ͻˁʢɛɲȦॶፈςᒶᇕɲ ኏ЦɭɌɩயȴʶɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛȋˏ͓˱ȍɹʭȩɲ႕ࡴɹϺ႒ɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȵᩂែɇʶɛʱ⏋ ̦͠ͻ˻ʦ˪͞ͲɲɰɹՏᕶᮃ܎ˁ০ଁɐʳɄɭɻɲȼ⏋៊౏ᬠѥɻೣϺˁμਕɭɌɩؾਕԓ ႥɴঃȵʳɭȦʼʶɩȷɛ␩ᅒμ 1971␭⏏ɗʶɫɻ⏋Ʉɹȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɭɻ⏋ȦɤɛȦɰ 7) ȋ̜͍͐ͦ͹˥ˡˠ࣎зךȍɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ೣϺȲʭʃɗɹᬠѥᓔȵᠭീಁɴ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ ˁᬏೝέܧɴɌɩȲʱ⏋ᓬȷ؜ʱˁ᝔ɲȩɄɭȵɫȷɲȴɤɛ⏏

ɹʭȩɲʢɹɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏

3．「アヤコ」となったバカラハリ

3.1 セントラル・カラハリ地域におけるグイ／ガナとバカラハリの歴史 ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɭ̼̝͇̒ͲɹᬠᦹɴɦȦɩ⏋೎՟ɴ୭௎Ɍɛɹɻ߂ऊ␩1996␭ɫȡ ʳ⏏৳ɻ 1979 ॷɴˡ̚ɴȲȦɩ᧧Տɇʶɛ̼̝͇̒ͲɴɦȦɩ⏋20 γᏛ՟ᰄʚɫɴɄ ɹܩݖɴውзɌɩȷɛ˭˓˧͚͌ɭȦȩؿɹ⏋̠̓ͩȡʳȦɻ⏋̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩɹ̫ˡ̩͞ ͠8) ⏃Ba-Kgalahadi⏆ɹՏ᤹ɹᅖਸȵȋˏ͓˱ȍɭʭɽʶɩȦɛɄɭ⏋৳ȴʰధȭɩ 3 Бᇿ9) ɴ ȡɛʳᅖਸȵ̼̝͇̒ͲɴࣃКɌɛɄɭˁݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ፆᓔɹᠭീɫɻ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ɹЈɴ ʢភధɹϺ႒ɹؿմȵȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɌɩ୲ȵɤɛ⏏̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɻʛɲ⏋Ʉ ʶʰɹȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥˁԍкᇕɲ҅Ϻؿʦ៊౏ᬠѥˁɭʢɲɤɩ᧚ʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋з ຦ɹȡȦɞɴʢȋˏ͓˱ȍɴᬠɐʳɇʚɊʚɲ˛̴̅ͻ̝ȵ๿ɤɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛɄɭȴʰ ȋˏ͓˱ȍɴɦȦɩද២ɐʳɭ⏋৳ʰȵ⏋ჼܧɹϺǾȴʰధȭɩ 4⑯5 γБմɹγБɴȡɛʱ⏋ 19 γᏛ৿ץɴ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɫᅊ༎ɌɩȦɛ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɫȡʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭɻ⏋ჼܧɹ׫ˏɴȦɛ̠̓ͩᏙ຦౏ɹኘӴȴʰ⏋1400 ॷɅʸɴՕࣦɌɩ⏋̓ ̠ͩʭʱʢӴɴ⏋ჼܧɹ̠̓̓ͩɴውзɌɩȷɛϺǾˁ୭ɐᐵዌɫȡʱ⏋ȋˡ̩͞͠ɴзʞ ϺǾȍˁઝ٢ɐʳ̠̓ͩ᠝ɴᅓഀɐʳ␩Okihiro 2000: 115-116␭⏏̫ˡ̩͞͠ɻ⏋1500 ॷɅ ʸʚɫɻ̠̓̓ͩɹ׫ីᨆɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛȵ⏋1800 ॷɅʸʚɫɴ̠̓̓ͩɹ׌ីᨆʦ׫ആᨆ ʍɭ⏋࣎зݖˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 1850 ॷմ৿ɴɲʳɭ⏋ʭʱ޽ȼɹ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȵ́Ͳ ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖʍውԂɌ⏋ࡴመɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ᦏॷ⏋༎ᇍ׋ɌɩȦʳ⏋́Ͳ̜͞ ͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɹ˵Ͳɹ๴ر቉ድ␩cf. Ikeya 1999; ߂ऊ 2001; ँ 2005␭ɻ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɴው зɌɩȷɛ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȵ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɭɇʚɊʚɲ০ɫሂϣϯབˁʢɤɩȷɛɄɭɴ໶ᇿɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏ 19 γᏛץɽɴ⏋޽ధɹ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȵɄɹܩݖɴࡴመɌɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋ʚɑȋ̚ˑ̶˙ˡ̦ ⏃difecane⏆ȍȵȡɤɛ␩Solway 1987; Esche 1977␭⏏̚ˑ̶˙ˡ̦ɭɻȋ᝛ዺȍˁઝ٢ɐʳ̅ ̜᠝ɫ⏋1815 ॷɅʸɴ⏋ჼܧɹ׫ˏɹ̀ͻ͡ͻɹტ˹͑ˡȵٞᦇ຦౏ˁ৶೓Ɍ⏋৔߂ɲტܕ ˁ፷ȦɛɄɭɴጩˁᇍɌɩ⏋׫ᨆˏ̶͠ˡɫᑵʱঃɁʰʶɛΥᦹɹᡉ຦౏ɹᮐغᮃతˁ୭ɐ ␩ࡾೣ͹ഌᅒ 1997: 368-371␭⏏̠̓̓ͩɫɻ 1823 ॷɴ೎՟ɹ᝛ዺȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹᐄഗ⏋̫ˡ͞ ̩͠ʢʚɛ⏋ᄩޅ೼Иɹ؏ɌȦ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖʍᦣɁᦉ˃ɞɹɫȡʳ⏏ʢȩʁɭɦ ɹឹ܍ɭɌɩɻ⏋˪˗˙̠ტܕȵᢨᏢը঎ɭ⏋ɗʶɴݜɧȦɛႵჃᅋڃɹᥥՏˁࠃʠɛɄɭȵ 8) ೣഀɲʰ⏋ȋ̠̓ͩȍʦȋ˪˗˙̠ȍɹʭȩɴϺˁኍɐஞᰄ᥻ Ba ˁɻɑɌɛᝠ៨ɴɲʰɤɩ⏋ȋˡ̩͞͠ȍɭᐏ Υɐʏȷɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻ⏋ܩؿɹȋˡ̩͞͠ȍɭɹཌྷؾˁ᧫ȿʳɛʠɴ⏋ȋ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȍɭᝠ៨ɐʳ⏏ 9) ๭ተɴɻ 4 Бᇿɴȡɛʳ⏏

୲Ɂʰʶʳ␩Esche 1977; Ikeya 1999; ँ 2005; Okihiro 2000␭⏏̠̓ͩɹΥ˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳ˪ ˗˙̠ɻ 18 γᏛ՟ᰄʚɫɴˡ̩͞͠׫ആᨆɴզഀɌ⏋1820 ॷБɴᢨᏢը঎ˁᬖࠃɌɛ⏏ʦ ȵɩ˓˧͠˽ɴʭʳඨ຦ܩਐዒ˹˽̘͌ɹࢷԂɲɰɴɭʢɲȦ⏋ტܕႶᕶɹᢨᏢը঎ɻኧ๬ɇ ʶ⏋1940 ॷБɴɻᏺူˁᦎȭɛ␩ँ 2005␭⏏ɄɹᢨᏢը঎ɹʢɭɫ⏋́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ ܩݖɴ࣎зɐʳ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɻ⏋ܩӯɹ˵Ͳˁ֪ڊɌɩႵჃᅋڃˁᮃʠ⏋˪˗˙̠ɹტܕɴᏢʠ ʳ৲ւˁ୊ɤɩȦɛ⏏ ჼܧ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳȵɗɹ๭ᐏਸɹ൓୞ɭɐʳȋˏ͓˱ȍɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ̫ ˡ̩͞͠ɹ೑֐ᓔɫȡɤɛʭȩɞ⏏ɭȼɴȋ˭˓˧͚͌ȍȋ͐˛͞͡͠ȍȋʑ̚ˑȍɭȦȩؿ մɹȋˏ͓˱ȍʦɗɹࡎɰʢɛɠɴɦȦɩɻ⏋޽ȼɹ˛̴̅ͻ̝ȵ๿ɇʶɩȲʱ⏋๴ر቉ድ ␩Ikeya 1999; ߂ऊ 1996␭ɴȲȦɩʢ໶ᇿɇʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹȋˏ͓˱ȍɻ˪˗˙̠ტܕɴ ๭িɴᏼʛᦉʚʶɛʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋Ȧɦɫʢᮐᔵȵخᔨɫȡɤɛ␩ँ 2005␭ȵ⏋Ikeya␩1999␭ ɭ߂ऊ␩1996␭ɻ⏋৳ʰȵ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɴȲȿʳ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ̍ͻ̶ɹ৲ւˁ ഗɛɌɩȦɛɭ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɑȋ˭˓˧͚͌ȍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋႑ᅨʦᦅ෌ˁɄɹܩݖɴШȭ ␩߂ऊ 2001: 96-99␭⏋ᢨᏢ႒ˁ˵ͲȴʰᮃʠɩȦɛϺ႒␩Ikeya 1999: 25-26␭ɭɌɩ៨ᥔɇʶ ɩȦʳ⏏˭˓˧͚͌ȵ⏋ɛȼɇ˃ɹࢃᅨˁᰲɤɩȦɛɄɭ⏋޽ȼɹߨਸɭᐄࠦɌɛɄɭ⏋Ʉɹ ܩݖ޺ɭ৔Ȧ˱̦˪˹͚ͲˁʢɤɩȦɛɄɭɲɰɻ⏋ჼܧɫʢʭȼ᠝ʰʶʳ⏏ʚɛȋ͐˛͞͡ ͠ȍɻȋkgosi Basarwa⏃˵Ͳɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ⏆ȍȡʳȦɻ⏋৳ɹ̜ͻ̘͌10) ɴᅓഀɌɩȋ̊ͻ̿ ⏃᳋⏆ȍɭʭɽʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ikeya␩1999: 26␭ȵɭʱȡɁɛ˱˗̴ɭȦȩؿմɹ⏋˪˗˙̠ ტܕɹტᨊ͐ͤͦͅͻͤɴພᇤˁᏢʠɛʱ⏋͓˧ˁᰲ᰸ɌɩȦɛϺ႒ɻ⏋͐˛͞͡͠ɹਖ਼ࡎ ɫȡʳ⏏˱˗̴ɭɭʢɴႵჃˁɌɛᐁᱻˁʢɦ˫˓ɹᅖਸɹ᠌ɫɻ⏋͐˛͞͡͠ʢ˱˗̴ʢ ᪄ɫ֪႒ˁႵʱ⏋߂ᩄɹພᇤˁᮃʠɩȦɛɗȩɞ⏏ȋ̿̚ˑȍɻ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹʑ̚ˑ⏃̩˓ ˛̠⏆͹̜ͻ̘͌Տ᤹ɹᅖਸɫȡɤɛ⏏́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɴ೎՟ɴውԂɌɩȷɛ̫ˡ ̩͞͠ɻ̩˓˛̠͹̜ͻ̘͌ɹᮃ܎ɫ⏋ႵჃ஛ᮃɴʢ᧟ਝɌɛᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦɛɭȦȩ␩Kent 2002: 57␭ȵ⏋ʑ̚ˑɻɄɹᮃ܎ɹΥڊɞɤɛɭ஠࢘ɫȷʳ⏏Ikeya␩1999: 26␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋ʑ ̚ˑɹਖ਼ࡎɫȡʳ̺˗̘ʢʚɛᢨᏢɴਃϟɌ⏋ႌɭ᪄ˁʢɤɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ޺ᨆȴʰውԂ Ɍɩȷɛ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȵ⏋ȦȴɴɌɩ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɴ؜ʱᦉʚʶȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁ০ଁɐʳɴȦ ɛɤɛɹȴ⏋Гάɫɻ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɭ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹᬠѥˁද២ɐʳ⏏ 3.2 セントラル・カラハリ地域におけるグイ／ガナとバカラハリの関係 ᢨᏢը঎ɹಁБɴɻ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍɭ৳ʰɴᮄʼʶɩႵʱˁɐʳ˵Ͳɭɹᬠѥɻࢪፈɫɻɲ ȴɤɛ⏏˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹៜᘽɫ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹɄɭˁȋ̘̾⏃}kebe⏆ȍɭȦȦ⏋Ʉɹࢪ᠝ɭɌɩ˫ 10) Υᖔɴ̜ͻ̘͌ɻ֪႒ɫȡʳɄɭȵ޽ȼ⏋ȋba bina ֪႒ؿȍɭȡʰʼɇʶʳ⏏Bina ɭɻ̋Ͳ˽ɹɄɭɫ⏋ɗɹ ֪႒ɹ̋Ͳ˽ˁᤐʳϺǾɭȦȩઝ٢ɴɲʳ⏏̠̓ͩɲɰɭؾ෵ɴၼȴʰࡎʍɭ؝ȿᐙȵʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶГ޺ɴʢ Ԋзˁߕลɴ⏋ɗɹ̜ͻ̘͌ɴ֓ʼʳɄɭɲɰʢȡʳɭȦȩ⏏

˓⏒ˤ̠ɹɄɭˁȋ˪ˏ⏃kua⏆ȍɭȦȩ⏏̘̾ɭɻঃᒶɴɻ⏋̠̓ͩʢيʠɛ̫Ͳ̜˕Ꮩᡉ ຦౏ˁ୭Ɍ⏋˪ˏɭɻ˵ͲΥᖔˁ୭ɐȵ⏋ɇʰɴ̘̾ɴɻςϺ⏋˪ˏɴɻਃᓔɭȦȩيઝʢȡ ʳ⏏ɌȴɌ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠȵ̫ˡ̩͞͠ȡʳȦɻ˪˗˙̠ტܕɹტɹᕲάɫȡʳɭᓒ ȭɩȦɛʼȿɫɻɲȴɤɛ␩߂ऊ 1996: 267-268␭⏏ʚɛ˪ˏɭ̘̾ɹȡȦɞɴࠦࠑᬠѥȵᅊ ɍʳɄɭʢ⏋ȿɌɩხɌȼɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ȋ̘̾ɹᅖɻ⏋ɛȼɇ˃ɹߨɛɠˁʠɭʱ⏋ࡎɰʢˁ ʢȩȿɛ⏏ߨɛɠɹɲȴɴɻ˪ˏʢȦɛȍɭȦȩʭȩɴ⏋̘̾ᅖਸɭ˪ˏߨਸɹȡȦɞɹ⏋Ȧ ʼʪʳ౥ࠦȵʛʰʶɛɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ȋ̘̾ɻȲຩɴԂʱɹ˪ˏȵȦʶɽ⏋᧙ȼʍ᝔ȴɲȦʭȩ ɴᕶՕɹࠗʦ߽ɭᐄࠦɇɓɛɄɭʢȡɤɛȍɭȦȩ⏏ɭȼɴȋˏ͓˱ȍɻ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɭɹȡ Ȧɞɴ޽ȼɹࡎ࡟ˁʢȩȿɛʭȩɞ⏏ ʦȵɩඨ຦ܩ׋ɹ᧌ዐɫᢨᏢը঎ȵঘ๬ɇʶʳɭ⏋ЗЂ৲ˁ୊ɤɩȦɛȋˏ͓˱ȍɻ˪˗˙ ̠ტܕȴʰ਀ǾɴՖʱᮐɇʶɩȦȼ⏏Ʉɹ᧌ዐɻΥ౅ɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍȵ⏋˵Ͳɴ؜ʱᦉʚʶɩ Ȧȼ᧌ዐɫʢȡɤɛ⏏1940 ॷБГᭇ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍʦɗɹࡎ࡟ɛɠɻ⏋Јɹ˵Ͳɭؾ෵ɴႵჃ஛ ᮃɴ৔ȼћࡔɌɛᅊ༎ˁᦢʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ɄɹܩݖɫϺᰖ࡝ᇕɲ቉ድȵ᝔ɲʼʶɛ 1960 ॷ Бɴɻ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹᝐˁʁȼϺǾʢ⏋˫˓᠝ʦˤ̠᠝ˁ᠌Ɍ⏋Јɹ˵Ͳɭʓɭ˃ɰ޴ʼʰɲ Ȧᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦɛɄɭȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩ᅒμ 1978: 34␭⏏ʚɛ 1960 ॷБɴ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ ̩͞͠ܩݖμ߈ᨆɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛϺǾɹࢃᏙܒˁ਋ӯɌɛ Ikeya␩1999:28-29␭ɻ⏋1 γБᇿɻ ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɫȡɤɛɭɌɩʢ⏋2 γБᇿɴɻ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭ˵ͲȵཌྷᝐɌ⏋3 γБᇿГΫɻ˵Ͳ ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳёɴɦȦɩݬٚɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩཌྷᝐȴʰॷ೐ȵɛɦɴɦʶɩ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ ʭʱʢ˵ͲɭɌɩˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁʢɦᓔȵވȭɛɭȦȩ⏏ʚɛ຾ᢆ␩2004␭ɻ⏋̫ˡ͞ ̩͠ɭ˵ͲɹᬠѥɻܩݖʦಁБɴʭɤɩ޽෵ɫȡʳȵ⏋1960⑯70 ॷБɴȴȿɩ⏋́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɹ޽ȼɹܩݖɫ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹయ׋ɹ৯ᯱȵࢹɲȼ⏋˵Ͳɹᕶ৾ਸȵᲞȦȋ̸̒ ˹͖͇Ͳשᣴ݀ȍȵʛʰʶʳʭȩɴɲʳɭ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ 1970⑯80 ॷБɹݬٚɴɻ⏋ ɄɹܩݖɹϺǾɻ˵Ͳʦ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭɌɩʭʱʢ⏋ȋቆྴɹ຦ȍ␩Sheller 1977: 2␭ʦȋ́Ͳ̜ ͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɹз຦ȍ␩English 1980: 8␭ɭɌɩԊᦲɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁʢɦɭȦȩ ୭௎ʢȡʳ⏏11) Ʉɹʭȩɴ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˵Ͳɭ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹᦲࠦȵ ᑵʱᦐɇʶɛʱ⏋ʚɛᢨᏢը঎ȵᏺϛɌɛɄɭɫ⏋য়՟ɻ౩ተɫȡɤɛ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɭ̫ˡ̩͞ ͠ɹޅᅠȵ⏋ɌɞȦɴȡȦʚȦɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋Јɹܩݖɫɻ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭ˵Ͳɹᦲ ࠦȵ܌᧫ɇʶ⏋ᢩ࢏ɹेȵ߂ȷȼᬖȦɛθᓔȵ⏋̮̜ͦͲŅ˪͞˓ˏͲ̜ᬠѥˁ፷ȦɩȦɛ ␩Esche 1977␭ɹɭɻࢪ၇ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ 11) ɭȼɴ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɹីᨆɫɻ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭᏙᡮᬠѥˁʢɦʢɹɹʓɭ˃ɰȵ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɭ޴ ʼʰɵᅊ༎ˁᦢʱ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑˁʢɤɩȦɛʭȩɞ⏏ആᨆɫɻ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹˏ˓̚Ͳ̘ˑ ̘ˑˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳʢɹʢȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʰɻ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ʍɹውзɴ᭬Ɍɩʢȋ̫ˡ̩࣎͞͠зךȍˁ᧧ିɌ ɩȦʳ⏏

ɄȩɌɛ๴رᇕᐁᑅˁؙ౱Ɍɩ⏋Ё౗ɫʢ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɻ⏋˪ˏɭ̘̾ɭȦȩˡ̘˳͠ͻˁ⏋ ׬ᏤɲϠ᯵ࢪጓᇕɲΫάᬠѥɭɌɩᝠᢒɐʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ɗɹθᓔˁᦹᐚᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩᓒȭ ʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ȋʭʱ̘̾ɫȡʳȍȋࢹɌ˪ˏɫȡʳȍɭȦȩȦȦ౅ɻɌɽɌɽᓬȴʶ⏋˪ˏɭ ̘̾ɹȡȦɞɴᅊʚʶɛࡎ࡟ˁ୭ɐȋ˱̫ȍɭȦȩៜᘽʢȡʳ⏏˱̫ɭɻᩃᅊ׋Ɍɛൕݛ˽˓ ˡˁઝ٢Ɍ⏋ᩃᅊ˽˓ˡɴۄȭʰʶʳ˪ˏɭ⏋ൕݛ˽˓ˡɴۄȭʰʶʳ̘̾ɹμᬚᇕࡔܧɫȡ ʳɭȦȩɹɞ⏏ɇʰɴɻ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭɹཌྷᝐʢيʞ˫˓ʦˤ̠ˁ⏋ȋӴኘȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥɴ ਝɍɩᏳՕ׋Ɍ⏋ɗɹȋӴኘȍȵ˪ˏɫȡʳȴ̘̾ɫȡʳȴɴਝɍɩೣϺɹࣚਸˁࡴʠʳɄɭ ʢȡʳ⏏Ʉʶˁ⏋˫˓⏒ˤ̠᠝ɫɻ⏋ȋˡˠ⏃!khao⏆ȍɭʭʉ⏏ȋˡˠȍɭɻঃᒶɴɻȋ຦౏⏋ ᮃ܎ȍɲɰˁઝ٢ɐʳȵ⏋ɄɹȋӴኘȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥˁکᰍɴɐʳɭȷɴʢɤɭʢʭȼьʼʶ ʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ A ɭȦȩȋӴኘȍɴᅓഀɐʳࡎ࡟ɛɠɻʛɲ⏋ȋAȍȡʳȦɻȋA ɹ࡟ȍ⏋ȋA ɹ ࢃɹʢɹȍɲɰɭʭɽʶ⏋Ʉɹ A ˁ୭ɌɩȋˡˠȍɭȦȩ⏏ᝠ 1 ɴ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɴȲȦɩ⏋ ϺǾȵȋˡˠȍɭɌɩ୲ɁɛʢɹˁኍɌɛ⏏12) ɗʶəʶɹȋˡˠȍˁՕഓɐʳɭ⏋ȋӴኘȍȵᅊ ༎ɌɩȦɛݭଘɹܩ০ʦಕ៎ɴᅓഀɌȋ…ɭȦȩɭɄʸɴзʞϺȍɭȦɤɛઝ٢ɹʢɹ13) ɭ⏋ ȋӴኘȍᕶ᤹ɹ҅ϺؿʦȡɞؿɴᅓഀɌɩȦʳʢɹȵȡʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏մᓔɻ⏋ȡʳዐ঎ ʚɫᏙᡮˁ᧚ʳɄɭɻɫȷɩʢ⏋ȋӴኘȍɴɻ᝔ȷመȴɲȦ⏏Υ౅⏋৿ᓔɻȋӴኘȍɴᕸʳʚ ɫɹᏙᡮˁ⏋ԍкᇕɲ҅Ϻؿʦ៊౏ᬠѥˁɭʢɲɤɩ᧚ʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ɗɌɩմᓔɹȋӴ ኘȍɻ˪ˏɫȡʱ⏋৿ᓔɹ޽ȼɻ̘̾ɫȡɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ਃഀ⏋ˤ̠ȵȋ˫˓ɭ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹయ ׋ɹϯेɐʳɭɄʸɴȡʳȍ␩Sheller 1977: 5␭ɭȦʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋˫˓ɴʢ̊ͻ̿ʦʑ̚ˑɭ Ȧɤɛ̘̾ɹȋˡˠȍˁʢɦϺǾȵȲʱ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɭɹࠦࠑᬠѥɻ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɹؘ౅ɫʛʰ ʶɛɄɭɴʢ໶ઝɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ ȋˡˠȍɻ⏋ၼᏙ͹ທᏙˁکʼɑৄȷᐙȵʶʳɛʠ⏋؅ჿᇕɴɻ҅ϺɻγБˁ᧚ʳɴɦʶɩ ံధɹȋӴኘȍɭɦɲȵʱˁʢɦɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ᕶՕɹʢɦɐʏɩɹȋˡˠȍˁ๭ተɴ៨ૡɌɩ ȦʳϺɻዎɫȡʳȵ⏋Ⴅ໥ɴਝɍɩȋˡˠȍˁьȦՕȿʳɄɭɫ⏋޽ȼɹϺȵᕶʰˁ˪ˏɭʢ ̘̾ɭʢዌɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɴɲʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄɹȋˡˠȍɹɲȴɫʢ⏋ɭȼɴ೑֐ɲ̘̾ɹȋˡ ˠȍɴᅓഀɐʳȦȼɦȴɹᏙᡮȵ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧Տɐʳ᭬ɴ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ ɹᏙᡮȍɭȦʼʶɩ⏋؜ʱɊɛɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ 12) ȋˡˠȍɻ⏋ਃഀɹ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹ኏ЦɫɻៜؖɇʶʳɄɭȵࢹɲȴɤɛʭȩɫ⏋Ӵ᝔቉ድɴȲȦɩɻʓɭ˃ɰ៘ ʶʰʶɩȦɲȦ⏏ᘓ؅␩1998: 84, 99, 129␭ɹЦ᠌Օഓɹϟёμɴ⏋ȋ̊ͻ̿ȍʦȋˡ˓˱ȍɭȦȩᝠჼȵᇎݭ Ɍɛʱ⏋Traill and Nakagawa␩2000␭ȵ᠎Ᏻɻέ౩ɫȡʳɭɌɦɦʢ⏋ȋ̓ˎͻ˱ȍʦȋ̓˕˓͹̓ˎ͌ˡ͹ˤ ͌ȍɭȦȩʭʃؿɹࡔܧˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Ё౗⏋ɭȼɴϺؤɹࢌᮃɌɛԗࡴзܩɫɻ⏋ˡˠɻᰈᑢ ɴ᠌ᰍɴΫʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ؾɍȋˡˠȍˁʢɦϺǾɰȩɌȵ⏋Ⴅ໥๖ፀɫɻ⏋ʚɭʚʱˁʢɤɛᮃ܎ɭɌɩȡʰʼ ʶʳɄɭʢɌɽɌɽȡʳȵ⏋ɄʶɴɦȦɩɹ᠎Ᏻɲද២ɻ⏋աዣɫ᠅ʛɛȦ⏏ 13) ˫˓ʦˤ̠ʢɗʶəʶȋᚼɴзʞϺǾȍȋཻȷອɹȡʳɭɄʸɴзʞϺǾȍɭȦȩઝ٢ˁʢɦ⏏ɄɹɄɭʢيʠ ɩ⏋ܩ০ʦಕ៎ɴݜɧȼȋˡˠȍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋҅Ϻؿɴݜɧȼȋˡˠȍɭɻաɴ⏋ɇʰɴ᠎Ᏻɲද២ȵਖឹɫ ȡʳ⏏

表 1  コエンシャケネ住民の「カオ」一覧 ؿմ ᠧʛ ઝ٢ Ϻؿ͹̜ͻ̘͌⏒ ܩ০͹ಕ៎ ˪ˏ⏒̘̾ ៜ᠝ ̼̝͇̒Ͳ⏒˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳ pedi ̿̚ˑ ̩˓˛̠ ̜ͻ̘͌⏃̫ˡ̩͞͠⏆ ̘̾ ˫˓ ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳ tape ̊ͻ̿ ᳋ ̜ͻ̘͌⏃̫ˡ̩͞͠⏆ ̘̾ ˫˓ ˭˭̢˙ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ qx’a ẽ ˡ˛Ͳ ̩˰̊ˡ ̜ͻ̘͌⏃̫ˡ̩͞͠⏆ ̘̾ ˤ̠ ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳ ̓˙ͤɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ googo ˳ͻ˳ ̸̓̍̊⏃ɹȦʳɭ Ʉʸ⏆ Ϻؿ ̘̾ ˤ̠ ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳ keegyom ˭˓˧͚͌ ਭɤɩ᱔ˁȼȼʰɓ ɛ Ϻؿ ̘̾ ˤ̠ ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳ ͍̅ͦɹಫࡴ̼̝͇̒Ͳ menanoka ̨͍̠ˡ ⏱ Ϻ ؿ ̘ ̾ ˤ ̠ ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳ sgoa!nare ˳ˏ̠ͤ ३ɹঃȦ᣸ Ϻؿ ừ Ử ử៊ࡎ ̘̾ ˤ̠ chooxo ͚̍ͻ́ ȩʸɴອȵɛʚʳೠ Ϻؿǵ oxoo skao ts’aõ ̓˝˗͹ˡˠ͹ ̓ˎˠͲ ˰͌̀̓̒˪⏃ɹ⏆ ᔀᒞȷݭˁɦȼʳ ȡɞؿ

ừ Ổ Ử Ổ ử

ؾΥϺ႒ ˪ˏ ˫˓ okui okam ka sgam ̓˕˓͹̓ˎ͌ˡ͹ ˤ͌ 1 ౗ɞȿ⏃ଝШȩ⏆ ɹȵ߫ȷ ȡɞؿ ǵ oqoo }! oõ ̓˝ͻ̜ˠͲ ɠʬɤɭɦʚ˃ɫ⏋ ᰩʏʳ Ϻؿ xnoa xnao ̨ˏ̠ˠ ̋˓ˡͻˁ᭯ɐ Ϻؿ ˪ˏ ˫˓ oqhari !nare ˡ̠ͤ͠ ᣸ɴˏˡ˹ˏɹɭɁ ȵɇɇʳ Ϻؿ ˪ˏ ˫˓ oqaako ̓ˎͻ˱ ഞʶाɹɭɄʸɴз ʞϺ ܩ০͹ಕ៎ ˪ˏ ˫˓ }khaa ko ̊ͻ˱ ອྊʱɹȡʳɭɄʸ ɴзʞϺ ܩ০͹ಕ៎ ˪ˏ ˫˓ !aiko ˡ˓˱ !ai ɭȦȩปೠɹȡʳ _{ɭɄʸɴзʞϺ} ܩ০͹ಕ៎ ˪ˏ ˤ̠͹˫˓ }kaako ˏͻ˱ ೠɹɲȦᗳɽȴʱɹ ɭɄʸɴзʞϺ ܩ০͹ಕ៎ ˪ˏ ˤ̠

4．「アヤコの系譜」の実体化：コエンシャケネにおけるサブ・ヘッドマン選出過程

ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍȵɰɹʭȩɴɌɩȋ̼̝͇̒ͲɹᏙᡮȍȡʳȦɻȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍɭɌɩឿՏɇʶ⏋ࡸк׋ɇʶɩȷɛɹȴɴɦȦɩ⏋ೣ፲ɫɻ˱˛Ͳ˹͑ ˭̦ɹϟёɴݜɧȦɩද៷ɐʳ⏏ 2003 ॷ 1 ೐ɴ⏋ȋˤ̠࣎зךȍɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɫȡɤɛ CR14) ȵᆖ๷Ɍɛ⏏৳ɻˡ̚ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ֭ʠ⏋˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɴውɤɩȴʰɻ⏋ȋˤ̠࣎ зךȍɹ՟Б˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɭɲɤɛ⏏৳ɹ๷ˁȩȿɩ⏋˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɴȲȦɩ⏋՟ʠɩ ɹ⏃˵̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒Ͳɹᐙମکᰍȵᅊɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋˤ̠࣎зךȍɴɻ⏋ԗࡴзɹଝᐚȷ ɹ᭬ɴȋˤ̠ȍɭᅕٚɌɛϺǾȵ࣎зɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴɻ̘̾ɹȋˡˠȍɫȡʳ˭˓˧͚͌ɭ ˳ͻ˳⏋ɇʰɴ˪ˏɹȋˡˠȍɫȡʳ̊ͻ˱ˁؿώʳʢɹȵ޽Ȧ⏏15) ᠭീয়ಁ⏋ȋˤ̠࣎зךȍ ɴɻᏝ 60 ɹ࣎зᅎ̺̜ͦ̒ȵȡʱ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ̺̜ͦ̒ɴ 1⏋2 γय़ȵ࣎зɌɩȦɛ⏏࣎з ךɹз຦ؾަɻ៊౏ᬠѥʦࠑ౏ᬠѥˁʢɤɩȦʳȵ⏋࣎зךɹךՕɻ⏋౗।ᇕɲᰩϟɹՕᨗʦ ᅊ෌ɴȲȿʳת֐ᬠѥˁ⏋מՕɴؙ౱ɌɛʢɹɫɻɲȦ␩Maruyama 2004␭⏏ ృɛɲ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋ܩ౅కঌȴʰȋ᠌Ɍغɤɩ⏋Ҍជᓔˁ୲Ɂʳ ʭȩɴȍɭȦȩឹᠱȵȡɤɛ⏏ϺǾɻ⏋CR ɹࢃʦ⏋ᨙݭʦࢃᅨᅎɹອݭɲɰɫ⏋ɄɹɄɭˁ ᰈᑢɴ᠌ᰍɴɌɛ⏏ҌជᓔɭɌɩ೎՟ɴؿմȵ୲ȵɤɛɹɻ⏋CR ɹਖ਼ࡎ KT ɭࠗ am ɫ⏋2 Ϻɻμ࡝ോˁר෌Ɍ⏋᝔కࡲɭɹϯབɲɰɫʢ༎ᤲɌɩȦɛɄɭȵ៿ѝɇʶɛ⏏ؾಁɴ৳ʰ ɻ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ȍɫȡɤɛ˭˓˧͚͌ɹೢឃɭɌɩʢఌ୫ɇʶɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋1979 ॷɴ CR ȵ̼̒ ̝͇ͲɴК٨ɇʶɛᐁᑅʢ⏋ȡʼɓɩ᠌ᰍɴɲɤɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋᝔కࡲȵȋˏ͓˱ȍɹᏙᡮˁ ʁȼ CR ˁ̼̝͇̒ͲɭɌɩ᠗ʠɛɄɭ⏋CR ᕶ᤹ȵࢹɲȦɲȵʰʢࢃᅨʦᓚܩˁʢɤɩȦɛ Ʉɭȵᇵ˃ɴ᠌ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ CR ɹၼɫȡɤɛ˽ˡ̸͞˛ʢ޽ధɹࢃᅨʦঃ߂ɲᓚܩ⏋ɗ Ɍɩភధɹ߿ˁʢɤɩȦɛɄɭȵɭʱȡɁʰʶ⏋ɗȩɌɛȋˏ͓˱ȍɹਸᣒȵ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ȴ ʰ˽ˡ̸͞˛ˁɭȲɌɩ⏋CR ɴ؝ȿᐙȵʶɛɭȦʼʶɛ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ ɦɧȦɩᅊմɹ CR ɭɻᆂ᧙ɫȡɤɛϺǾɹȡȦɞȴʰ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒࣌ɴֵʠʳ DA ɭ⏋႑ ढ़ɫ NGO ɴֵʠʳ DN ɹؿմȵ୲ȵɤɛ⏏2 Ϻɭʢ˭˓˧͚͌ɹᏙᡮˁʁȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ 2 Ϻɻᓷ෌ന⏋᝔కࡲɲɰɭʢ៊Ɍȼ⏋ԗࡴзܩɹˠ̴̢ˠͲ͹͠ͻ̋ͻᇕࡔܧɫȡɤɛȵ⏋ ৳ʰȵɄɹʭȩɴȋ᠌ɐɄɭɴᬏȿɩȦʳɹɻ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ɹਸᣒˁ؝ȿᐙȦɫȦʳȴʰɞ⏏ ˭˓˧͚͌ʢʚɛϺǾɭɹϯབȵɭɩʢȩʚȴɤɛȍɭʢȦʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ɇʰɴ৳ʰȵ๭ᐏ 14) ҅ϺؿɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᅖਸɻ߂యࡓ⏋ߨਸɻࢸయࡓɹˏ̶͡ˎ̜̾̒ 2 యࡓɴᅭɐ⏏ 15) ˤ̠ȵʚɭʚɤɩз˃ɫȦʳ࣎зךɻɄɹʓȴɴ⏋Տ᤹ܩݖɴݜɧȦɩךՕɇʶɛȋ͐࣎͞ͅзךȍɭȋˡ˛ ̓ˎ࣎зךȍȵȡʳȵ⏋մᓔɴɻˡ˛Ͳɭ͚̍ͻ́⏋৿ᓔɴɻ̨͍̠ˡɭˡ˓˱ˁȋˡˠȍɭɌɩʢɦʢɹȵ ޽Ȧ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋Տ᤹ܩݖɴʭɤɩ⏋ȋˡˠȍȵᅵɲʳɹɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹȋˡˠȍȵ⏋CKGR Ԓɹع ܩݖɴ⏋߂ʚȴɴࢪਝɐʳȴʰɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɹکᰍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋໶⏆12 ɭȡʼɓɩఒʠɩද២ɌɛȦ⏏

ɲҌជᓔɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȴʰʢᠦ౩ɇʶɛ⏏ʚɑ DA ˁఌ୫ɐʳϺ ɻ⏋৳ȵ CR ɹˠ˻ɴȡɛʱ⏋CR ʭʱʢ˭˓˧͚͌ɴᦏȦγБɫȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏Υ౅⏋ DN ˁఌ୫ɐʳϺɻ⏋৳ɹኘທȵ˭˓˧͚͌ɹਖ਼ࡎɹፀΥ߅ϺɫȡɤɛɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ɗɌ ɩ DN ɹˠ˻ȵˡ̚ɹ̼̝͇̒ͲɴࣃКɐʳɄɭˁ᧙ૅɌɛɛʠɴ⏋CR ȵК٨ɇʶɛɹɫȡ ʱ⏋ೣഀɲʰ DN ɹ౅ȵ˭˓˧͚͌ɹ๭ᐏɲ৿ᐙᓔɫȡʳɭȦȩᠦ౩ȵɇʶɛ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏏ Ҍជɴ୲ȵɤɛ 4 Ϻɻ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɹᓷɴᬠਕˁኍɌɦɦʢ⏋ᕶʰɻዩෑᇕɴጓҌ ជɹઝਲ਼ɻኍɇɑ⏋ȋ᠌ɌغȦȍɻؚభɌɲȴɤɛ⏏2003 ॷ 10 ೐ɴɲʳɭ⏋ɦȦɴ᧙᭧ܩᬖ ᇍ៟ᅙɹ᝔కࡲȵ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ˁ៮ʶ⏋Ҍជᓔˁᐈʳɛʠɹ͊ͻ̘ˑͲ˫ȵʁʰȴʶɛ⏏ɗ Ʉɫ᝔కࡲɻ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ɹࢃᏙˁ⏋ˤ̠ɹȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍɭ ʭʃ⏋ʚɛ˭˓˧͚͌ȴʰ CR ɴȦɛʳᏙᡮˁȋˏ͓˱ɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍɭɌ⏋ҶᏙɴȡɛʳ DN ʦ DA ˁҌជᓔȴʰɻɑɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋̠̓ͩɹ̼̝͇̒ͲȵၼᏙᬏࡎሂᐚɫȡʳɄɭɴ ҒȦ⏋CR ɹፀΥ߅Ϻɹᬏᅖɫȡʳ ZM ʢҌជᓔɭɌɩᦠ֓Ɍ⏋մᦚɌɛ KT⏋am ɭȡʼɓ ɩ 3 Ϻɹɲȴȴʰ᠌Ɍغɤɩ᧧ՏɌɩɻɰȩȴ⏋ɭர൜Ɍɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋᝔కࡲɻ̠̓ͩɹ ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ɭᐙମɹ͡ͻ͡ɴհɤɛȴɛɠɫ⏋Ҍជᓔ᧧ʃɹ౅كਸˁኍɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 3 ϺɹҌជᓔɻ᝔కࡲɹմɴʭɽʶ⏋ZM ɭ am ɻȋᓒȭɩʛʳȍɭፐȭɛ⏏KT ɻ⏋ჼܧ⏋ ᕶՕɹֵʠɩȦʳອݭ፬ჿɹЇϟɹʓȩȵᐌషȵᲞᰎɫȡʳɄɭˁჿᅓɴࣃКˁॕ೚ɌɲȦɭ ፐȭɛȵ⏋ᐄᠶɻѳᅥɇʶɛ⏏͊ͻ̘ˑͲ˫ɹ৿⏋ZM ɻᨙݭɫȋ᝔కࡲɹៜȩʭȩɴ⏋ᕶՕ ɹທȵፀΥ߅Ϻɲɹɫ⏋ᕶՕȵɲʳʏȷɞȍɭ᠌Ɍɛ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩॷᨗɹߨਸɛɠȵᅵᡴˁ ڟȭɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ CR ɭ೎՟ɴᐄࠦɌɛߨਸȵɻʦȼɴϭȼɲɤɛɹɫ⏋ɗɹ߽ɫȡɤɛ am ɹທȵ⏋ȡɭˁᐙȦɫᐄࠦɐʳɄɭɴɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋য়ಁ am ɹທɻʚɞॾȴɤɛɛʠ ɴ⏋ɐɫɴଁϺɌɩȦɛ ZM ɹທɭӴɴᐄࠦɌɛɹɫȡʱ⏋ೣয়ɹፀΥ߅Ϻɻ am ɹທɹ౅ ɞ⏋ɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴГմɻȡʚʱکᰍɴɲʰɲȴɤɛࠦࠑᬠѥɹᐁᑅʚɫȵ᠎ 図 2 コエンシャケネ「ガナ居住区」のサブ・ヘッドマンをめぐる系譜関係

Ᏻɴ஗ʱᣱɄɇʶ⏋ɇʰɴɻҌជᓔɹᔨ֐ʦᏬᣒˁʠȽʳᡴᠶʢϯʼɇʶɛ⏏ZM ɻ࡝ോˁר ෌ɌɩȲʰɑ⏋ᠧʛೆȷȵɫȷɲȦɄɭȵکᰍែɇʶ⏋Υ౅ am ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᨊ॑ᨆɫᅊ༎Ɍ ɩȦɛɹɫ⏋з຦ɹɄɭˁʭȼሾʰɲȦɹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩઝឿʦ⏋Ⴖ᤹ɹᗐȦߨਸɫȡʳȴ ʰ⏋ᐄࠦʦᮐࠦɹமʠɅɭɹៗໆȵɫȷʳɭɻਲ਼ȭɲȦɭȦȩުʢȡȵɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋am ɻᦏ Ȧ៊౏ȵᮃʚɤɩȦʳݭɫ⏋CR ɹ᧨ᅋɹȩɠ⏋ፀΥ߅Ϻɹਖ਼ࡎ ZM ȵࢃᅨˁ⏋ፀΪ߅Ϻɹਖ਼ ࡎ KT ȵჼᩆˁሂᐚɌɛɄɭˁ୭Ɍɩ⏋ፀϠ߅ϺɹࡎɰʢɹᕶՕɛɠɞȿȵлʢ؝ȿ؜ɤɩȦ ɲȦ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩᕶՕȵ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹএˁ਄ʳʏȷɞɭ᠌ɐɲɰ⏋᝔కࡲɹரኍɌɛ ̼̝͇̒Ͳᐙମɹ͡ͻ͡ɭɻᅵɲʳᠶჿʢࣙᬖɇʶɛ⏏Ȧɑʶʢȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥˁմ ரɭɻɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ਸʦॷᶲ⏋ࡸ֭ᔨ֐ɴȼʼȭɩ⏋ທ៊ɹܩеʦሂᐚɹԇॶਸɲɰɇʚɊʚ ɲɄɭȵᡴᠶɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗɹɲȴɫʢɭȼɴॷᨗɹϺǾɹȡȦɞɫɻ⏋Ҍជᓔ 3 Ϻȵʛɲ 20⑯30 БɹᗐᓔɫȡʳɄ ɭˁکᰍែɐʳުȵ߂ȷȼɲɤɩȦɛ⏏Ϻմɫ᠌ˁɌ⏋ϺǾɹᓒȭˁʚɭʠʳɴɻॷᬏᓔȵ᧟ ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋CR ɹ৉ɫȡʳ BP ˁ⏋ҌជᓔɭɌɩᦠ֓ɐʳɄɭȵฐᏮ ɇʶɛ⏏BP ɲʰɽ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ȴʰ CR ɴȦɛʳᏙᡮˁᩂែɐʳ᝔కࡲɴʢ؝ȿԂʶʰʶɗ ȩɞɭȦȩɄɭȵᓒૅɇʶɛᐄഗɫȡʳ⏏࡝ോఠᔒˁ؝ȿɛᗐȦγБˁ߫ʞ᝔కࡲȵ⏋CR ɹ ᬏᅖɞɭȦȩჿᅓɫ⏋࡝ോˁר෌ɌɩȦɲȦ ZM ˁҌជᓔɴ஠Ɍɛ⏋ɗʶɲʰɽᠧʛೆȷɹ ɫȷɲȦ BP ɫʢ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍˁʁȦɩȦʶɽ⏋ҌជᓔɭɌɩ᠗ʠʰʶʳȴʢɌ ʶɲȦɭȦȩઝឿȵՏʳɲɰ⏋᝔కࡲɹઝكȵઝᡫɇʶɛᇍៜʢȡɤɛ⏏ 2004 ॷ 12 ೐ɴɻ KT⏋ZM⏋am ɗɌɩ BP ȵᮃʠʰʶ⏋ఒʠɩ᠌ɌغȦȵɲɇʶɛ⏏BP ʢҌជᓔɭɌɩɄɹ᠌ɌغȦɴ֓ʼʳɄɭȵϟմɴଠ៵ɇʶ⏋৳ʢؒ֓ɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫ ȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ᠌ɌغȦɴɻ⏋ɄʶʰҌជᓔ 4 Ϻɴ֓ȭɩ⏋᝔కࡲ 3 Ϻɭ̼̝͇̒ͲʦЈɹ˵̸͹ ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵؾफ़Ɍ⏋am ȵ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɴࣃКɐʳɄɭȵໆࡴɇʶɛ⏏ʚɑ⏋ೣϺɹઝ كɴ໤ɤɩ KT ɭ BP ȵɻɑɇʶ⏋am ȵ࡝ോఠᔒˁ؝ȿ⏋᝔కɴᬠɐʳሾᡫʢȡɤɛɄɭȴ ʰ᧧ɽʶɛɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹᐙମɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋Ҍជᓔʦఌ୫ᓔ⏋ȡʳȦɻ᝔కࡲɹɇʚ Ɋʚɲਲ਼੾ȵɓʠȹȡȩɲȴɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍȵࡸк׋ɇʶɩȦɤɛɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ 1979 ॷɴ CR ȵ̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ᧧Տɇʶɛয়ಁ⏋৳ȵȋ˭˓˧͚͌ɹࡎ࡟ȍɫȡʳɄɭȵ⏋ɰ ʶʓɰᩂឹែɇʶɛɹȴɻʼȴʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɹᦏॷɹ๴رɹɲȴɫ⏋ృɛɴࢷԂ ɇʶɛ̼̝͇̒ͲɴʢɤɭʢᦏȦ৲ւˁ୊ɤɩȦɛɹɻ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹȋˏ͓˱ȍɫȡɤɛ⏏ ɗɌɩɗɹȋˏ͓˱ȍɭᏙᡮᬠѥȵȡʱ⏋য়ಁɭɌɩɻხɌȼࢃᅨʦᓚܩˁʢɤɩȦɛ CR ␩ᅒμ 1978: 162-173␭ɻ⏋̼̝͇̒ͲɹܩеɴʈɇʼɌȦϺ႒ɫȡʳɭʛɲɇʶɛɹɫȡʸ ȩ⏏Υ౅⏋̠̓ͩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ˁ͐̚͡ɭɐʳ᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙɹ᝔కࡲɴɭɤɩʢ⏋˭ ˓˧͚͌ȵ̠̓ͩɹტܕɴພᇤˁᢨᏢɌɩȦɛ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɫȡɤɛɄɭɻ⏋৳ɹᏙᡮˁ๭য়ɲ

ȋ̼̝͇̒ͲɹᏙᡮȍɭɌɩମ᠗ɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ᨊغȵʭȴɤɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ CR ȵ Ʉɹܩݖɫ՟ɹԇᇕɲ̼̝͇̒ͲɭɌɩ᠗ʠʰʶɛɄɭɻ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍȵ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ ๭ᐏਸˁѳ᭭ɐʳʢɹɭɌɩࢪ޺ᇕɴᠦ਄֐ˁʢɦʢɹɫȡʳɄɭˁ⏋ఒʠɩ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɴሾ ʰɌʠʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɭɻȦȭ⏋߂ऊ␩1996␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋CR ȵ̼̝͇̒Ͳɴɲɤɛয়ಁ⏋޽ȼɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋ ȋˏ͓˱ȍɴࢪɐʳ᠗ᡫɻॕᚚɲʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏̼̝͇̒ͲɭɌɩɰɹʭȩɲϺ႒ȵ᧟Кȴɭ ȦȩɄɭȵᡴᠶɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1990 ॷБץɽɴɲɤɩȴʰɫȡɤɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹ ᯴ɴɻ⏋CKGR ȴʰɹጓɠᦡȷɴࢪɌɩ⏋ܕ᭬ᇕɲӴз຦᧊֪ɹਝஹˁȩȿɛؙࢪ᧊֪ȵ༎ ᇍ׋ɌɩȦɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɴɭɤɩʢక໠ᇕ͠ͻ̋ͻɹᩂឹਸȵ৔ȼ᠗ᡫɇʶɻɍ ʠɛಁೝɫʢȡɤɛ⏏ጓɠᦡȷȵࡸేɇʶʳɭ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɫɻ⏋˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳʚɫʢ ȵը঎׋ɇʶ⏋ɄȩɌɛܩеʍɹᬠਕɻɇʰɴᲞʚɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᐁᑅɹɲȴɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ ɹᏙᡮȍɻ⏋ГմɴʚɌɩઝ٢ˁʢɦʢɹɭɲɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᢨᏢը঎ȵᏺϛɌɩȴʰץ γᏛȵᐁɠ⏋ȋॶፈςᒶᇕɲȍ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɹ኏Цɹɲȴɴݏ໗ɐʳȴɴਲ਼ʼʶɛȋˏ͓˱ȍɭ ɗɹᏙᡮȵ⏋ఒʠɩ༝ΫɌ⏋໶ᇿˁᮃʠɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ˭˓˧͚͌ɹࡎɰʢʦ࡟ɛɠɻ⏋޽ࢹɻ̘̾ɴᦏȦᅊ༎ˁɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ը঎׋ɇʶɛ ȋ̼̝͇̒ͲȍɹܩеɴȦɛʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʚɌɩɗɹܩеȵ႕ࡴɹᏙᡮɴਃɤɩᐙମɇʶɩ ȷɛʼȿɫʢɲȴɤɛ⏏๴رᇕɴʛɩ⏋ɻɍʠȴʰˤ̠ɹɲȴɴڞΥɹ๭ɌȦȋ˭˓˧͚͌ɹ Ꮩᡮȍȵȡɤɛɹɫɻɲȼ⏋˭˓˧͚͌ɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥˁς৓ɫȷʳз຦ɻ޽ధࡔܧɌɛ⏏ɭ Ʉʸȵ⏋˵̸⑺̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տɹ̺ͦ́˽ȵᦽʞɴɦʶɩ⏋ȋӴኘȍɹؿմʦᏙᡮᬠѥ⏋ɗ ʶɴʚɦʼʳ๴رᇕϟᢒȵ઎ᣱɇʶ⏋ɗʶʰɴႶᕶɹઝ٢ȵЊήɇʶ⏋᠝ʱɲȲɇʶʳɄɭ ɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍȵఒʠɩ఩ȭʰʶ⏋౩ተɴɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋೎ᏺᇕɴɻ˭ ˓˧͚͌ȴʰ am ɴȦɛʳᏙᡮȵ⏋᝔కࡲɹȲތЊȷˁ਄ʳɄɭɫ⏋ˤ̠ɹȋ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ Ͳɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍɭɌɩࡸк׋ɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ᧧Տɹ᧌ዐɻ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɭȦȩ̠̓ͩ኏Цɴ؝ȿԂʶʰʶʦɐȦങᏼ ʛˁᅎȦɦɦʢ⏋̠̓ͩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦტɹɗʶɭɻ⏋౩ʰȴɴᅵɲʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɑ⏋ з຦ɛɠɴʭɤɩ᠝ʰʶʳ๴رɻ⏋৳ʰɹࡸкᱻɴݜɧȦɛʢɹȵʓɭ˃ɰɫ⏋CR ʦ⏋ɗɹ ၼ˽ˡ̸͞˛ɹγБɴʚɦʼʳʢɹɽȴʱɫȡɤɛ⏏ሁஞЦɤɛɄɭɹɲȦ˭˓˧͚͌ʦɗɹ ਖ਼ࡎɹ˧͑͌́ͦɴɦȦɩɻ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏋᠌ᰍɴɹʖʳɄɭʢዎɫ⏋ɭȼɴ˧͑͌́ͦɴɦȦɩ ɻ⏋Ꮩᡮˁɛɰʳ᭬ɴାȿᘺɠʳɄɭɐʰȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹဣɫȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɻ⏋๴رˁཉȼ ᧚ʱ⏋๴Бɹტˁᐙମɹ᯶ɴ๭ተɴ៨ૡɐʳ̠̓ͩɹȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊ ͠ͻȍɭɻᅵɲʱ⏋Јɹ˵Ͳɹ๴رɭɹȴȴʼʱ౅ɭؾ෵ɴ␩Suzman 2000: 136-138␭⏋ჼܧ ɭᦏȦ᧌ؑɴᬠਕȵᮃμɌ⏋ȡȼʚɫԍкᇕɫሁஞᇕɲ኏ЦᬠѥɴݜɧȦɩȦɛ⏏ ʚɛз຦ɹ᠌ɌغȦɫɻȋˏ͓˱ɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȵȡʳȴʰ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳȍ

ɭȦȩɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ȋ৳ɻ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɴ᧟Ɍɛᔨ֐ȵȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋৳Ʉɗȵ˭˓ ˧͚͌ɹਸᣒˁ؝ȿᐙȦɞʢɹɫȡʳȍɭȦȩ܍ഗᬠѥˁ҉ጓɇɓɛᠶ໬ʢࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ Ё౗ɹ⏃˵̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒ͲɭɌɩਖឹɭɇʶʳᔨ֐ˁʢɦ᧟КᓔɫȡʳɄɭɹჿᅓɧȿɭɌ ɩ⏋ϟ৿ɴȋˏ͓˱ȍɭɹᏙᡮᬠѥȵᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭʢ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̠̓ͩɹၼᏙᬏ ࡎሂᐚɹʭȩɲᏙᡮɹ͡ͻ͡ɴਃȩɹɫɻɲȼ⏋˫˓⏒ˤ̠ȵਃഀ፷Ȧɩȷɛ៊౏ᬠѥɹȡʱ ౅⏋ɐɲʼɠၼᏙɴʢທᏙɴʢፈɌȼɛɰʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋ೣϺˁμਕɭɌɩؾਕԓႥɴঃȵʳ ៊౏ᬠѥ␩ᅒμ 1971␭ˁݜᇻɭɌɩ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹБᝠᓔɴʈɇʼɌȦϺˁ᧧Տɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ ᕶܧɴᏙᡮᬠѥȵɛɰʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɻ⏋Υឿɗʶʚɫɹ ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹ኏ЦɫɻᩂែɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛȋՏᕶȍʦȋᏙᡮȍɹ؅ჿɴݜɧȦɩȦʳʭȩɴ ʢʛȭʳȵ⏋ɗɹԒࡸɻ⏋৳ʰȵɄʶʚɫݛɤɩȷɛ๴رઝᡫʦ៊౏ᬠѥɹȡʱ౅ˁᤑ឴ɐʳ ȴɛɠɫࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛ⏏

5．お わ り に

˓˧͠˽ඨ຦ܩకঌɻ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹɰɹȋೡᬖ኏Цȍɴʢȋᨆ౏ȍɹଁڊˁᐏრɐʳȋ᱔ ᬏȍȵȦʳɭʛɲɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛȋ᱔ᬏȍˁ᝔కɴᏼʛᦉʞɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠᬚஞᐏ໠ˁ⏋ඨ຦ ܩఌᨗɹ؅հɭɌɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹعܩɫ⏋ਃഀɗɹ኏ЦɴɻࡔܧɌɲȴɤɛ ȋ᱔ᬏȍȵօʰʶɛɄɭȵݬٚɇʶɩȦʳ␩cf. ഌᅒ 2005; ຯ؅ 1992␭⏏̠̓̓ͩɫɻ⏋̠̓ͩ Ꮩ຦౏ɹტʦܩ౅ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳȵȋᨆ౏ɹШᐏᇕఌᨗᓔȍɭɌɩը঎׋ɇʶ⏋ᐏ໠ล෯ɴᏼʛ ᦉʚʶɛ⏏ტʦ̼̝͇̒Ͳɻඨ຦ܩ᝔కɹΥጩˁ୊Ȧ⏋Ⴖጓ৿ʢܕࢃล෯ɹΥᨆɭɌɩఌᨗɹ кᏙˁᐣ୫Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌඨ຦ܩకঌɻ⏋˵Ͳˁ๭িɲȋᨆ౏ȍɭ᠗ʠ⏋ȋ᱔ᬏȍˁஜɌՏ ɐɄɭɻɌɲȴɤɛ⏏̠̓ͩɹȦɑʶɹტܕȴʰʢ᧙ȼ⏋ᦇޅɹ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɴ зʞ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɻ⏋ɦȦɴඨ຦ܩకঌɴ஁୼ɇʶʳɄɭɲȼႶጓˁᦎȭɛ⏏৳ʰɻᢨᏢը঎ˁ ᦲɍɩᬚஞᇕɴ̠̓ͩɹტܕɭᬠѥˁʢɤɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗʶȵᏺϛɐʳɭ⏋޺ᨆȴʰʓɭ˃ɰ໶ ᇿɇʶɲȦࡔܧɭɲɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ␩ँ 2005: 20␭⏏ɌȴɌඨ຦ܩςᒶᇕɲз຦ᐏ໠ɻႶጓ ৿ɹ̠̓̓ͩకঌɴᐙମɇʶ⏋ʦȵɩɗɹ৯ᯱȵ᧙᭧ܩᬖᇍ៟ᅙˁɭȲɌɩ˵Ͳɹ኏Цɴʚɫ ؖʉʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ԗࡴзܩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɴȲȦɩ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹ ኏ЦɴࢷԂɇʶɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋Ʉɹը঎ɴʭɤɩ˵Ͳɻʭȩʦȼ̠̓̓ͩܕࢃɹкըɴȋܕ ຦ȍɭɌɩᏼʛԂʶʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɲ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ɴࢪɌɩ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɻ⏋ɄȩɌɛఌᨗɹүɹᠶჿˁ؜ʱᦉ ʛ⏋ɗʶɴݜɧȦɩᕶʰɹ๴رˁԗៗᨾɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࢪਝɌɛ⏏৳ʰȵ̠̓̓ͩܕࢃɹк ըɹɲȴɫ⏋క໠ؒ֓ˁᭀʞȋॶፈςᒶ኏Цȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁώʱᣴȭɩȋުˁȡɁʳȍɛʠɴ ɻ⏋ɗʶȵܕࢃȴʰ᠗ʠʰʶʳధࢹɲȦ౅໬ɞɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁᕶ ՕɛɠɹɲȴɴឿՏɌ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ᝔కࡲȴʰȋ̜̚͞ˑ˹͚̠͡͹ͦ˓͓͡͹̶ˎ͊͠ͻȍ

ɭɌɩମ᠗ˁ਄ɲȵʰ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɹɲȴȴʰ⏃˵̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒Ͳˁ᧧ՏɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏16) Ɍ ȴɌ⏋ɗʶɻ׬ɴ̠̓ͩɹ኏Цɴʛʰʶʳ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ʦɗɹᐙମɹȡʱ౅ˁɗɹʚʚው ඨɌɛʢɹɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɫݛʼʶɩȷɛ˪ˏɐɲʼɠ˵Ͳɭ⏋̘ ̾ɐɲʼɠ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹ႕೑ɲᬠѥȵȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁᅊʛՏɌ⏋ɇʰɴၼᏙɴʢທᏙɴʢ ᕶܧɴɛɰʱȩʳ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɹ៊౏ᬠѥɹȡʱ౅ȵᏙᡮៗᨾɴਝᅎɇʶʳɄɭɫ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹ Ꮩᡮȍȵ০сʰʶɩȦɤɛ⏏̫ˡ̩͞͠ɴ͡ͻ̓ˁʢɦȋˏ͓˱ȍɹࡎ࡟ˁ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹБ ᝠᓔɭɌɩ᧧ՏɐʳɭȦȩɄɹ᝔֪ɻΥឿሺሄɌɩʛȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˪ˏɭ̘̾ɹȡȦɞɹθ ᒶᇕɲࡔܧɫȡʳȋˏ͓˱ȍɹࡎ࡟ɴɻ⏋˵Ͳȵక໠ؒ֓ˁɐʳȩȭɫሁᯆɐʳکᰍʍɹៗໆ ໬ȵኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ȋˏ͓˱ȍɹࡎ࡟ɻ⏋Υ౅ɫ̘̾ɭʛɲɇʶʳɄɭɫ⏋Јɹ˵Ͳȴʰेᅵ ׋ɇʶ⏋⏃˵̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒ͲɭɌɩ᧧Տɇʶ⏋Ј౅ɫ˪ˏɭʛɲɇʶʳɄɭɫ⏋̫ˡ̩͞͠ ɫɻɲȼ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠ɹБᝠᓔɭɲʱ਄ɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ̘̾ɭʢʛɲɓʳ৳ʰˁ⏋⏃˵̸͹⏆ ̼̝͇̒ͲɹܩеɴஈȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳɹը঎ˁȋॶፈςᒶᇕɲȍ˫˓⏒ˤ̠ɹ ኏Цȴʰ޺ᨆ׋ɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɭɲʳ⏏ჼᩆؚԂʦక໠ᇕณ֐ʍɹˏ˪́˽ɹลЦȵ޽Ȧ⏃˵ ̸͹⏆̼̝͇̒Ͳɹܩеˁ⏋̘̾ɹ᯿ݖɴେɌՏɌ⏋๿ʳ߂ץɹ˪ˏȴʰՕᮐɐʳɄɭɴʭɤ ɩ⏋з຦ɹȡȦɞȴʰɄȩɌɛܩеʍɹ߻ʛʦέྃȵ۰ՏɐʳɄɭȵ᧫ȿʰʶɩȦʳɭʢȦȭ ʭȩ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒ͲɹܩеɴȡʳʢɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ȋ৳ɻ⏃ʼɛɌɛɠ ˪ˏɭɻᅵɲʳ⏆̘̾ɞȴʰȍɭៜɤɩ⏋৳ʰˁ̘̾ɭɌɩेᅵ׋ɐʳᝠჼɻ౗।ᇕɴᓬȴʶ ʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɹᠶჿɻ⏋ȋܕࢃɹᠶჿȍɭᕶՕɛɠɹ኏Цɴ ȡʳȋॶፈᇕɲઢ੻ȍɹȡȦɞɹሺሄɹៗໆˁࢷȼʢɹɫʢȡɤɛ⏏ ԗࡴзܩɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տɴɻ⏋ܕࢃʦ᝔కࡲȵ৔ȼᬠήɌɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗɹ֪ȷɻӴз຦ ᧊֪ɹ༎ᇍ׋ɭʢϣȦɴ٧ਝɌȡɤɩȦʳ⏏ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɹᠶჿɻ⏋ᦏॷ⏋Ӵз຦᧊֪ɴ ȲȦɩʢ⏋ዩෑᇕɴᅎȦʰʶ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴঃʚʱɦɦȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ̍ͻ̶ᡴЦɹ෯ଁڊឿሁɌˁ ᇿᇕɭɌɛᮃЦȵ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɫᬖȴʶɛɭȷ⏋ȡʳз຦ɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠɴʢ̍ͻ̶ȵਖឹ ɞ⏋ɗɌɩȋᕶՕɛɠɹʭȩɴ̫ˡ̩͞͠ɹᏙᡮˁʁȦɩȦʳ˵ͲɴɭɤɩБᝠᓔˁ᧧ʉɹɻ ᎎ׬ɫȡʳȍɭȦȩઝឿˁᦚʏ⏋ృᓬɴʢ؜ʱΫɁʰʶɛ␩Botswana Daily News, October 3, 2000␭⏏ʚɛ CKGR ȴʰɹጓɠᦡȷˁӴз຦ɹณգɹѢࢀɭɌɩ᝽ՠȵᣱɄɇʶɛȵ⏋ɗɹ ͠ͻ̋ͻɻ⏋ᕶՕȵˡ˛ͲɭȦȩȋˏ͓˱ȍɹᏙᡮˁʁȼʢɹɫȡʳɄɭɴɌɽɌɽៜؖɌɩ Ȧʳ⏏৳ȵ CKGR з຦ˁБᝠɐʳ᧟Ֆɲர៲ᓔɫȡʳɄɭˁኍɐ๖ɹయጟɴɻ⏋৳ȵˡ˛Ͳ ɹΥڊɫȡʳɄɭȵ៘ʶʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ȋ⏃৳ɻ⏋⏆CKGR ɫᅊʚʶ⏋CKGR ɴ࣎зɐʳˡ˛Ͳ͹ ˱̢͖̘͊ˑɹ͍Ͳ̫ͻɫȡʳȴʰ⏋Ʉɹکᰍˁ᝽ՠɴʢɠᦉʞณգˁʢɤɩȦʳ␩Ditswanelo 16) ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹȋˤ̠࣎зךȍГ޺ɹ̼̝͇̒Ͳʦ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɹ᧧Տɹ᧌ዐɫɻ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɴ ࢪ଻ɐʳաɹᠶჿȵࣙᬖɇʶɩȦʳɭɄʸʢȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴɦȦɩɻաዣɫᠶɍɛȦ⏏

2002␭ȍ⏏ʚɛ᝽ՠɹԛᰄɹᕶै᏷Ђɫɻ๖ɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛɭݬɍʰʶɛȋኽɻˡ˛Ͳ͹̫Ͳ ̝ɹ͍Ͳ̫ͻɫȡʱ⏋4 ΨॷГΫʢմȴʰ́Ͳ̜͞͡͹ˡ̩͞͠ܩݖɴ࣎зɐʳ˵ͲӴз຦ɫ ȡʳ␩Botswana Daily News, July 22, 2004␭ȍ⏏৳ɻᕶՕɹၼȵ⏋ˡ˛Ͳɹ࡟ɫȡʳɄɭˁᠦ ౩Ɍ⏋˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ɹȋ͐࣎͞ͅзךȍɹ˵̸͹̼̝͇̒Ͳɭؾ෵ɴᕶʰȵˡ˛ͲɹᏙᡮˁ ʁȼɄɭˁᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏ɗɹܤܩɹӴз຦ɫȡʳɄɭˁς৓ɐʳɛʠɴᏙᡮᬠѥˁʢɠՏɐɹɻ Ӵз຦᧊֪ɴʛʰʶʳԎ݀ᇕɲ଍ᅭɫʢȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲៗ ᨾɹሂ᧓ʦឿៗɹࢪጓˁʈȼʛɲȵʰʢ⏋ɌɞȦɴɇʚɊʚɲక໠ᇕБᝠᓔɹ๭ᐏਸɹ൓୞ɭ Ɍɩ⏋˫˓ʦˤ̠኏ЦɫࡴመɌɦɦȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ৳ʰɹᇿ୭ɐɭɄʸɭɻគᕊɴ⏋ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹ᧧ିɻ⏋ඨ຦ܩಁБɴተጓɌɛ̓ͩ ̠ˁ᯳ဣɭɐʳȋ຦౏ᬚɹইё෯ᦶȍˁ؝ȿԂʶ⏋ԗᅊᅋɐʳ᧌ዐɭʢɲʱȩʳ⏏ɗɌɩօʱ ɞɇʶɛȋˏ͓˱ɹ๭ᐏɲᏙᡮȍɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫؾɍ˫˓ʦˤ̠ɭɇʶɩȷɛ኏Цɹɲȴɴ⏋ృ ɛɲेᅵ׋ɹ൓୞ˁʢɠᦉʞɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁʁȴɲȦϺǾˁ⏋ɇʰ ɴٞᦇ׋ɐʳخᔨਸˁʢʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻ⏋̠̓ͩʍɹؾ׋ɹܦ֐ɴࢪ଻Ɍ⏋Ⴖᕶɹ య׋ʦ኏Цɹѳԃˁς৓ɐʳӴз຦᧊֪ɇȭʢȵ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɹᠶჿˁ൓୞ɭɌɩ஛ᅎ ɌɩȦʳɹɻᇤᔀɭȦȩʭʱЈɲʰɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸӴз຦᧊֪ɻ⏋ȋॶፈςᒶ኏Цȍɹ˓͍ͻ˻ ˁώʱᣴȭ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍˁʁȼక໠ᇕБᝠᓔˁЂɌɛక໠ؒ֓ɹ᧑ˁฐᏮɐʳɞȿɫɲ ȼ⏋ܔࡴɌɛక໠ᇕБᝠᓔˁʢɛɲȦ኏Цȵ⏋ɗɹʚʚɹ০ˁᐣ୫Ɍɛʚʚ⏋ʭʱঃȦ኏Цɹ క໠ɴؒ֓ɐʳ᧑ˁʢฐᏮɐʏȷɫɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ȴɦɩɻ̫ˡ̩͞͠ˁʢɭʱɄʛ⏋ȋॶፈ ςᒶᇕȍɫ׃يᇕɲ኏Цˁ০ଁɌɩȦɛ˫˓ʦˤ̠ȵ⏋ȋˏ͓˱ɹᏙᡮȍɴʭʳेᅵ׋ɹᠶჿ ˁৄȷ؝ȿɲȿʶɽ⏋ȋܕ຦ȍɴʢȋӴз຦ȍɴʢɲʶɲȦɭȦȩɄɭɴɄɗ⏋ჼБɹ˵Ͳȵ ሁᯆɐʳ೎߂ɹܐᮑȵȡʳɭȦȭʳ⏏ 謝  辞 ೣዣɹʢɭɭɲʳᠭീɻ⏋21 γᏛ COE ̺ͦ˫͌͞ȋγᅠˁӴࢷɐʳᐵغᇕܩݖ቉ድ୞ဣɹ০ଁȍȲʭ ʃԇᇰѵ៧࿐࿚຦౏࡝୷ᖂݜᩆɹ֖ଁɴʭɤɩࡸేɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ˱˛Ͳ˹͑˭̦ԗࡴзܩɹᇖ෵ɹȡɛɛ ȴȦɅת֐ȵ⏋Ʉɹᠭീˁఌȭɩȼɞɇɤɛ⏏ೣዣɹ࡭ଁɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋ീᠧᓔɹ౅ǾȲʭʃˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ ̶͠ˡܩݖ቉ድ቉ድዀɹᡉລɴ೑ᇰɲ֖ៜɭ୭ࢷˁᣋɤɛ⏏ɄɄɴཉȼઢᡚȦɛɌʚɐ⏏ 引 用 文 献

Botswana Daily News. 2000 (October 03). Basarwa Want Representatives. ␲␲␲␲⏏2004 (July 22). Sesana Takes the Witness Box.

Cassidy, L., K. Good, I. Mazonde and R. Rivers eds. 2001. An Assessment of the Status of the San/Basarwa in Botswana. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.

Childers, G. 1982. Government Settlement or People’s Community? In G. Childers et al. eds., Government Settlement or People’s Community?: A Study of Local Institutions in Ghanzi District. Gaborone:

Ministry of Local Government of Lands, pp. 1-79.

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