Title タイ山地カレン村落における稲作の変容 - 若年層の都市移動との関連から - Author(s) 田崎, 郁子 Citation 東南アジア研究 (2008), 46(2): Issue Date URL
28
0
0
全文
(2) xyx~ ῐῒ ῎ ῎ῌῌ .
(3) ῍῍ ῍῍. ! " #*. The Dynamics of Karen Rice Farming in Northern Thailand with Reference to the Urban Migration of Village Youths T6O6@> Ikuko*. Rice farming remains socially and economically important for the Karen people of Northern Thailand, despite the increase of young people’s migration to cities since the ῍ῌs. This paper discusses how Karen residing in one mountain village have managed rice farming and defined its meanings in relation to out-migration and the decrease of labor. I focus on three points: ῍ $ the persistence of important norms regarding rice farming; ῎ $ the labor shortage caused by urban migration of youth, in the face of which the Karen have used new farming inputs %e. g., herbicides, fertilizers$; and ῏ $ the transition in labor allocation, which has resulted in an increasing role for married women in rice farming activities and the redefinition of their positions in the household. Previous studies suggest that the Karen have been slow to enter the market economy due to their preference for farming rice primarily for their own consumption. However, the aforementioned dynamics demonstrate that the Karen maintain rice farming even as they engage in the market economy. Rather than discussing Karen rice farming and involvement with the market as alternatives, we must consider the two activities as dynamically interactive, wherein farmers adopt new inputs in response to urban migration and involvement with the market. Keywords: rice farming, Karen, urban migration of youth, labor, Northern Thailand ῑῌΐῌῒ῏& & & '()& *+. I ῏ ῍ ῐ ῎ ,-.& /01234 567 89:& ;<=>?@A BCDE FGH B& IJK L M+NO7PQR =S T1U =. ῍ΐῌ VWX=& YZ[ =.\]R^_=`aHU ;b& 2cdefghiYZjkHl& mn 6aF. 6^opq.rsR ῌ. 228. tuvuvwxyx z x{|}~~ ,v ~ JSPS Fellow; Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, ῐῒ Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto ῒῌῒ῎ῑῌ῍ e-mail: tazakiasafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
(4) U½ῌ[\3'() 45!" ). ῍ῌ
(5)
(6) !"#$%&'() *+ , -&# ./0*
(7) 123'() 45!" 67 8 9 :; <= >? @ A # : !B", CDE$% &!"FG 2#& !" $% H*DE!"
(8) &IJ 67K'9 :; () , *+L M,& N-.O/0P9 :; 1,D2. !" . 45 89 :; ) ,;2DQ3@ 1 . 4R 567 S6@0 7&#!" FT8 ,0 C!"
(9) ;:; *UV9%W!"
(10) S64 45 :X 8YZ;,0<D @ '()# $% [\]^)_` abc,#= d>@'()efge ?@ A@BC&h 1 d>'i#3DD &EF&h GHjkjIJ3 # K[\f EF*LMlm`nd>, '()#[\a 3o"NLM#p I lm`n&h Oqr. :2s [\P #Qt ῍ *u #d> vRenard ῍ῌw RSTU :!"V* ῍ῑῌ WX :aLYxZy3LWzO[\]{Wz * & [\3 d>@EF*LM |}RS#[\r~ &h ^_G2 , ῍ῑ [\WX`aa VOLM A@$D 3 d>*OqZybEF*LMcd 3L . eC 3. LAz f ghi3LjklG '()#0 3L # ῍ lm`n ND2, WX# 3L m RS :[\n V o, ; ῏ ^_b pq v ῍῏w ῍ῒῌ 0 ^_aL YxrsI t u ] *9E¡ C3LWz v w@ txy&# RS :[\nz¢m{|@I }S c~t :"m
(11) £ WX ¤ NGO Et n¥k¦§¨©, ῍ῑῐ O ῒ῍ aª« ῒῐ a\]*9 ¬© :3 \ 1® vRenard ῎ῌῌ῍w 0 :;*[\WX :RS K A ῍ΐῌ #'() 45!" 6 7 @./*G2 ¯)¨)O§)°[±[`# !" !r %x 1 '() ©;²³" ²´µ¶\§m ·¸tRS#= ¹# º »&#(&h 567 º :)D 2,0<D #!" : F#¼* &. 229.
(12) VWº»º ῐῒ¼ ῎ ½.
(13) Hinton ῍ΐῑ; Kunstadter ῍ΐ ῍ῌ !
(14) " # $% &#" '()*+,+-./012 345-.6+789:;< => ?@)A'()+B CDE Fkau ῍ GG H I+J#K< #, L MNO PQ 5IQ RI+ STU HV* +!W5I+"XYZ[< '()+\] Q Y# H, L M^$+72%98 H+V & _`V* '()a) FHmongG b'+()*c d+e& ,"" ,1f[<-% Mischung ῍ῒ g h>i '()+j. 89k/ + M^$+lm5no$% +p0 $%q120rs-.7t k3u+89q1u+ g 34Y#+4#Iv&<56Q +Y#89 w7x8m 94+e: ;0< : '()+$%-.6 =7tK< Mahda ῍ῌ ;9yz)A '() d+V u,V<{|}~+> ,p[<#=?~I [<@A [ 2 +3B2 K<: Delang ῎ῌῌ῏ +V '()*, M &#" Q Y#5-.7tu7 <89 '()-.C[<#1#K< 8 D+ '()-. v&<,+12no$% +p0+E+7+ #F H# '( )-.v , L {| M d+5G;<V n o$%+ M H+7t2 89 +lm+E LI9 H F9 J)) '()+, L {| M “subsistence agriculture” GZ K #+5 d+ “market economy” . # '()+{| M no$% g"L Hinton ῍ΐῑ: ῎ῑῑῌ῎ῑ g yz)Au “subsistence-orientation and cash-orientation” H *; 9 '()-.# }g<K< < Delang ῎ῌῌ῏: ῍ῑΐῌ῍ῒῌ H+ ,+;0 d+b,¡+'+ M^$ M¢[< K< j.89k/ ,+d+^$ lm[<#K '()-.+Nv. ,+KO{+;: £g, ¤<¥¦M¢ ,TU88§<¨ P5©¢bQ+p0+ªO+;: ,«[<Q w¬+R+® S¯&+;:I98* . ῍G '()°+±²h³G´ µ¶v&<'·>¸4.T¹+G´U 230.
(15) a½ῌ,-<J;C'01
(16) .
(17)
(18)
(19) !
(20) "#$%&'( )* +&#,-
(21) ./
(22) 01
(23) !
(24) 2
(25) 3 45*6'( "789:;6* "
(26) <= ">"
(27) ?@A'BCDE FGH
(28) I%?@A' #4&*6' J K ; Michinobu L( I 01
(29) MN O!"9 :;6* P
(30) Q' "#
(31) 01R'MN <= #S
(32) $ ED6( )+%T 01&A'
(33) "'" (
(34) )
(35) *+I%, -MN;C'01
(36) MNU O!
(37) <= ?@A'( )* 01VW XY'M NUZ [,01
(38) !
(39) 2
(40) 3
(41) Z 01
(42) ;C'\.
(43) O
(44) ZD]0 1^-
(45) _A+` Z&*&a#.&#bB`/c%&*d,-MN
(46) 0 e!
(47) $&*fD'g1 2_A'( %T
(48) hi
(49) QSDj*6'( klmn 3o#MN
(50) 4]
(51) QSD p56Cq'
(52) I rs 3o;C'0e
(53) 7-8 tI ( 9 III n 01I Iu'MNUZ v:`Dj*6'[,t6*/c'( 9 IV n
(54) " #;wA'DI <xj./#]
(55) QS01 VW*d
(56) I
(57) )'"* =%IA'( ( 01;C'\/
(58) yz>
(59) O
(60) p5{C
(61)
(62) >?
(63) Z'" 01 XY'[,` OZ
(64) 4 |}~ #@A;C'^%
(65) O ]
(66) QS BR*d
(67) I ?@A'( n
(68) / k`X ,-MN;C'01
(69) =%IA'`` 01 4`^ Ce`G CD
(70) EFD]
(71) Z `
(72) 7 ?A'(. II
(73) IIῌῌ !"#$%. 3o GHp5A' H D 8I< D < ,-
(74) Jq' ( D < @ .QFD '( <I%'KLM 6
(75) I%N OUPNO
(76) ¡L km
(77) ¢QqF R£S
(78) m
(79) 4p5A'( D <I% k<.
(80) ¤TA'¥¦#UL §¨IC* V ©W*6'. 3o,-ª`ª F6( (XF#D6«F ¬ I% IC* ® ,¨<Y§
(81)
(82) q'( 3o
(83) ¯Z ° [±C±9:²
(84) ³\´]0 cX^µ±9:¶
(85) ·>;_Dj( 4%3o¸¨4 D <
(86) /#¹IE$ºj *i4j( +
(87) IF* I%;` »¼6( 231.
(88) ῏ῐ ῎ . xyῌ. ῌ ῌ stIuvw zn. d.{ x|(Iw9}~.
(89) ῍ῒῑῌ !"#$%&'()*+ ,-./012(3 4567(8*9:.; "#$%<(=>?@A;BC /0$%(DEFGHI(JK <LMNOFFPQ RSFT(UV9WX+YZ[5"#$%\](/0$%^_ `aYbc def(gh5ij UVklY mnI(gho p;qf&'(r 232.
(90) ·¸῍&e?@$¹
(91) >e6 º». ῏ D
(92)
(93)
(94) !"#$%&' ( ) *+, -. //ῐ D H 0 12. /
(95) H 0 3 L * HH
(96) 4. 567#89: ;<= > ! H 0 ῍ῑΐ.
(97) ?@$AB5CD9EF G. HI?!"J# HH =$ %J=K/ &L MN !
(98) OPQP' (
(99) )RS! T. n. d.: ῐ U ῍ῌ. *V+
(100) W. ῑ. ,HPXYP& . -./0123XZ L 2[ 9X\8
(101) 4567 8]9
(102) =^_ L ADon XZ:;=
(103) `abc'( ! <=
(104) Don = d>567#89 ?e*`abc'(
(105) * fg@AAB'(=ChADE ! Fi3 D
(106) ῍ῌ jk`abc'(=GH I JKL'(=Ml / .
(107) ῎ῌῌῐ. ῍ΐ.
(108) d>567#. 89 MN3O7mK D
(109) HR PQ R=S TAU VWX.
(110) YnoZ=[ /ῒ ῎ῌῌῑ. p\2 ]pq^Hr
(111) stuv
(112). ῏ _wx ῌ *V+ .y z<`
(113) aTbr{c=| zdT* TAnan ῎ῌῌῌU }]~ . e; + :f TBuergin ῎ῌῌ῏U R4 / )g= MN NGO *h! SG ]i
(114) 3?@$Yj ?@$ K)*k g h =l )
(115) ! TYos ῎ῌῌῐU &HP7=m no;pqrst=g ! TPinkaew ῎ῌῌ῍: ῍ΐΐῌ῎῍ΐU ῐ _wxu& ῍ῌ *jk N&*B$O8v,=w"a5XPxyw
(116) 3 $xw= z{|*zbr= }/ !
(117) "#$%&'( :;\9ZP8J~o zbr{c
(118) {| =S ῎ῌῌῑ; Badenoch ῎ῌῌῒ; Pratuang ῍ῒU M D $x$x / T zy
(119) K
(120) y )z{| /$xw3HPP$ P$'
(121) 0 / HPXYP& . z *z
(122) w .¡ ¢ !zbr= }/ . £ 33 _ wx ῎ῌῌῑ ῍ῌ ¤
(123) brN¥ $xwn56¦X§= > HP"#§Wt t! H 0w\9ZP8=6 )
(124) .=l EF iCh=K :; H 0 zbr
(125) }/ .¡ {| Yj \9ZP8o s / = / 2 D T* ῍ῒῐ
(126) K}dZT
(127) aT¨P©$¦ ZT ªC῍ ῍῎ zr0
(128) «F
(129) zr8XD ῍ A
(130) / - . // ῑ H 0ML u XZ / G¬x;p :3R
(131) ῎ῌῌ jy
(132) ?@$H !®/ w. / XZ ®¯°
(133) ±$A8HP¯² ¡¢b£
(134) ῍῍ῌ῍῏ K³
(135) &p} .¤´ j .u&
(136) ¥: // f ῒ _wx T=¦*G¦6µ¶@D9IP
(137) pq=·§ OPQP¨© ῏ ª« C¸* ¹°¬£ ¬
(138) ¬º®*»%¼¯°º® J± eA²=³ ´. h µ½:Y
(139) ¶/Ynº® GH=Ml / T ῎ῌῌῐU 233.
(140) u¸¹¸º» ¼
(141) ½. D
(142) H
(143)
(144) ! "
(145) # IIῌῌ D
(146) . $ %&
(147) '( )*+ , % -./0 1)
(148)
(149) 2 34567
(150) . 0 +
(151) )! 8 ( 9:;!"+#$<
(152) =>?
(153) @% &/0 A'( ). BC *+A5DEFGHIJK <$! LB0C.M! N,- : ῌO D P. /QRS9:; <$ 0
(154) 1T $ 23 U ῌ VW . XP45 6Y7Z[' \ U8@9:( ha ] ha/
(155) (
(156) ha ] ha/
(157) ( . 6^_!; `a <45= > ?[ .!b
(158) .c#6 [=d0e0ῌ@ t῍ t ,f+ kg/ A / 'C BC <$ghBCi >D !EF.cj G$*+HklB 0Cmn' ]I
(159) ( "o> JK.+pqrsLZ PMY 't N uOvP Q'$ wR$ Sxy
(160)
(161) /Q, z{| }T'6 [U~+
(162)
(163) '( VWXAY
(164) ZS. d 23'CA(! [+ ]I VWX \;]( *g^^:_Y_ VY HH`a
(165) S.+Cab2 c!d+ D $e
(166)
(167) A # f
(168) 23.+h_! A h_V!
(169)
(170) A' ῌ
(171) . ( %
(172)
(173) &.+[Y45Y<$Y &!|z0! "+a+a $<T~gh i?p. -jU!`0 k!l T~
(174) +gh
(175)
(176) .+C 0BJ o& ' ( ). S. K. N. S. .C` )mn
(177) +z# #¡op`0C 1c¢'( )m' c
(178) # 0)£¤P' ( `
(179)
(180) ¥ \ 8@q' ( D Sr FGHAst.uv¦Awt!HSJ9:;
(181) §
(182) `<$MCxy
(183) ];]z
(184) ( M D Sr ¨
(185) { >Cst| wt.9:+:S+C; K
(186) } + D ©~ .2 AªbC Ar
(187) ]jz
(188) ( ' ( M «¬ . FGH7®¯Y°±² ]muf k’nouzYhpo saf hkwa( .³a0 Y ¨g ^:wtYst
(189) / z`´µ:Y^: ¶ /0|c!b j
(190) ¨^ ' µ:'0a FGHz· «¬ B0 234.
(191) LMῌ6NEOP*QRK1ST. ῌῌ. BCDEFGH. ῌGPS "G-<IJK . ῌ ῍ D
(192) ῌ ῎ῌῌ῏ ῍ !"#$% &'()*+,- !./01 23456-!78/0./9781:;(
(193) <-7-!" =>? <@A 235.
(194) ¸¹¸º»
(195) ¼ ½.
(196) /
(197) !"# $% & : ' ()
(198) *+",)- ./ 0 (1$ 2 34".) 56 7 8!")9#$ %: &;<$8=#$ >*?@ =$%<%'% ( AB )C1 *DE*?@ FG$HIJ1<%+K=, :,-*+" $.L@ :$/0181 H ./<+) 234M= . < 5 26=M < (" :$"778%)#$ : 9N@ , %:!ON P; QF :9N<%R-ST 26UV;W@ QX 2 Y :=<$ 7Z8 [\=>X 2B?R)
(199) @] $AB ^X<- #$ )-:= <_C`a, L;" 7 b 97DX EcdeF$f30 2 .@97D &;)S%"gG$H/<+".) Q%+) IhJ ij 7):#$$K 8!"" L/QC</<- ( /$ 9N@ Q >d1"% klmno_C M+"% ( 1=<S 7Np" ij -Oq*?r< 8 _ *?rOq7P
(200) 8
(201) d.L) QX 7Np" R<_CJ sD$tuv1". )<w >S<Tx" UV8 W W$yz81 X{ Y| }~F8Z$,- [0"S<\]$J81"%<%W X^ c _8 /Z1)J,- `aDb~cdefg/%%W X h_$ i"jv6 k".)W, sD$tuv 1".)Ih sD*?@ Q$S= S=T%l} l
(202) +"m= .< "% . nSeFr oA T pq rs<t . nu¡ %) ¢$ C86v £¤<%w;) JoA ¥x)r¦@ 1§1 ,- ;_¨y)z ©¡T Z1 =©81<% {{ 1§ )
(203) ª «¬<1T)= z$©¡8<+)- ?<®
(204) <+)-" ¯H¦@ +K=C</<% /=< ¯87:°1§| ±} 5) 7 ²³H$ ~@ >S ª «¬´o 7) D 1 ¢$ij=ª «¬NO"% $ 8=dv+"/ k y<% 7 µ 7 ¶·´.J-X *?r /0 1 Q.<%7-r}q< %)<, 236.
(205) J»ῌ¼m½?¶_²c? . III
(206)
(207)
(208) !"#$% & ' ()* +, & -.#/ 01 2()3456789 :;,- # &. <= !" # ῎ #>$?@ A%B.
(209) C &D3 +()7' E FG +0127/HI (D ()3 J7G +012K##LB+ MD()7)3+ N:$? O* ῍ P& (DQ&D+,?R BI ()#3 '
(210) 7-.+8 &῍῏P SB TU/ V W0X7Y 1 2$; 3Z
(211) 7E[ \7 SJ)4 & \5]67L+Z 8 U; +L 71\^_`#/aZ
(212) 9[ b LW Lc9 ().d7( #(D+,? eLf:R & g< ;< Lh=R >iLj .8 & ;<?@ kl@ mn oA+pBdCDq r+ >i#E< & >ih=BI;<#FsGLtuB L+Z+ & )4B>i#H3 vwI xykzmQ{1LW aZ
(213) 9J L & BdCD& 7 c [J<|RB>i>AK7}L Z῍ῐP L>i#()
(214) j.7~< & M 9NOH3vwfg7 +PQ + 2 RL+#$B 7jR &. <= SATU9. N V !
(215) #* & SAH3vwWK S WK W ,BX WY1PR & ZH3#
(216) +
(217) ;, ('[ \IWR Z8 & g<1 W#L+. ejR C ]8 & ^_Q{c [#`r+Z L p+ 4 abL \cEdEef R#g
(218) L+# 1 #h Z&῍ῑP SB 7 R eL TL *RCB O ῍῏P. { im#j ¡¢£kK89 ¤lm¥¦ n§o?B01¨pK##uF ῍ῌ 78 & ©q& ῍ῐP ;,ª+ 7 «¬r+p®C7stuv¯ ῍ v W¤ ῍ vwv8 & ῍ῑP
(219) R ῍ῒῒῌ xyz{°±²³m´|}µ¶_²~·#a,B¸¹² 1 #aRBeabI L+RB ;,pWR º 9 L+ ῌ 237.
(220) ῒΐῌ῍ῌῐ῏ ῍῎῎ ῌ ῑ. 238.
(221) qº῍ »*¼½{m- +,[. ῍auf meiz wiz li eha
(222)
(223) !" #$%&' # () *+, - #$ '*./ ! '0 1 23'+, 45(6' 789:" #$#;< =
(224) 6 # ' >?@ABC!D"E#$%C( FG AH IJ&K ' L(" )*+,M-" ;+, . N I J./O4 /A-PAQA 4 0 0 '1 $+, RS" H./2TQ $3U' V . ῍ΐΐῐ: ῎῏ῑW. 3XY 4Z "
(225) $6'[\]2^AH
(226) Y ; 5" # $ 6_
(227) $ '2TQ T7`$HA6' [\ 5 aA#$8
(228) Y ;T bc H+,de" X #$fgEhiH'A ) Aj ./ . 9:2QH+,;k" #$]2^A #() l E
(229) . $6' +,j) 2$)#$ E
(230) m- ; n< => ' 0#$ H
(231) 2 bc ?@,A4opEqB$ 'rkAj +,$sA 4t( + 2&iCHuQ +, Tv wDHEF' ῍ΐῑῑ G D 4XHI x
(232) ῍ῌ
(233) ! ῍ΐΐ῏ Gy2Qz{|} ῍ῌ G~j D AJ K. ? z{|} LM KNOI$ JHP4 ῎ῌῌ῎ G QG RT'$A J} S $TJ U" VqB Wm(qX(Y4 Y'' Z J} S 'J $$ U [ Y J &$H\H]^_i`aqX "#$ a ()bc 3-Y$῍ῑ [dP2Y A0eifHgYAQh i^ 'a D ?@,A .b S" #$(YH [\" #$ j& [\ 5 '2Q?@,AWkYl Ua
(234) $)wD-c" ῍ῒ mHI_Q ?@,AWnokYl Fp +, )qrst u- v '¡w"QY3_ HxA0A 2
(235) ῍ῌ
(236) !_ +,# ῌ. >¢£Dk¤P2 y
(237) Y H'A ¥ =" ¦z" #$ {k
(238) $3U' VFink ῍ΐΐῐ: ΐῒῌ῍ῌῌW ῍ῑ 23' 4o qX |} ~"]
(239) J M ]^_ (Y§0¨&Y ©ªT «¡0qX ¬&Y$ J®¯A26$) ῍ῒ P P >X°YA x±²³z῍bu t’kuv baf ¯A $ ) ´µ d
(240) x³ / ¶·῍bu kuv htauf li/ bu hpgaiz liO [\ a$ ¸4o& ~ x 0Q a'¹T' 5 a H
(241) 239.
(242) NO¸¹¸º» ῐῒ¼ ῎ ½. .
(243) !"#$ %&$'( ) *+, -
(244) . /0$1 232 45678 9&0$, * :; <=>?@01
(245) A? 0 B$CDEFGH%IJ 0%K0$, L ! M0NOO
(246) P* QR!* MS??*T( (UV%Q ?W :;@$,
(247) P X*:;#$ / YZ%K0$, V1 QR [ \!:;#$M3* ] ^_?`. . !"?'%ab!cd#$. .2e, f :;*?Mg , ?2? h_
(248) * \ i_ % j? N ^%22 ' [%:;#$.k li* a ῌ m ῏ mng o$, 2 p
(249) * !" %q3V #01 ! ?:;*ON ! ab!cd?'rs # $%!* % tV$, uvM3 :;* w! &CD x' 0$ %2$, L!
(250) P :; J 3*y?L(!* _:;$2 ?0M$QRzQ-
(251). &{@$|)*@(} ~B$K%K0$ !q$,. IV ῏ῐ῍῎ῑῌῒΐ !* M+ !
(252) P*,-*_ M:;=>?$ .k2, u M D !*./M3 ! 012#$ %3 !q$, * {@$Qb-:;* ./'* _2M 0$ 4?$ Hinton ῍ΐῑ: ῎῏῍ῌ῎ῒῌ, D rs
(253) #$5/6 37 8% 4#$:;%!M0$9! q$, :J ;M< !%j?$ =#0 1 !%C¡?$ % V0$, * ῍ῒῌ <>¢? a 5 £;¤{¥ !@A # $ *¦B;¤.% ¥ §C-@A #$¨X*5 D©zEª¨ «¬¨!q $ ?$ ibid.: ῍ΐ῎ῌ῍ΐ῏, D !* w 5 D©zEª¨ «¬¨*®¨¯¤ ¨q'3 °®±%²³#$, &`´&$± F;¤^G'(²³#$ % lµ ῐ n, O3 §C-@A #$ a¨ :J;?$<%²³ #$'( !HIq$JK¶%!N$, ?'% !?$% $ %¦B¨!q$, 2O¦B¨*£-
(254) 8%¯· LM65&¦B?' 240.
(255) ¶·῍¸¹º»JKL¼ ½: 8F. ῍. ´C῏8ῌῌMST3*+,-./0῍µῐ.
(256) ῌῑ῎ !"#$% &' () *+,-./0῍12345678.3 ῎ 9 6: ; <=>?@& ! ῑABC<DE458FGHI'. IVῌῌ
(257) . JKLMNO PQRAST ! UVWSTXY
(258) Z* +,E./0῍ [\]> ^_` !' aObcd&# ῍ῒῑῑ e&@ fghijk ῏ UV *+,-./0 ῍12!"# lm ῍ UV ῍ -UV ῐ -UV ῍῍n' !&! opUV12I #O ῍ῒῒῌ qrs&@ai\ PQSTtu!# v ' wM&Oxh! #yz { |}~ / # *+ ~ῑ῎:#6 & #<\a./0῍# 3' !"# O PQST aῑ῎3 Ia*+,-./0῍ E MN¡Z #3 ¢@ PQRa£ῑ ¤῎¥¦. §¨@' a !*+,©3ªO«L¬® l. n 3¯°±²³ 241.
(259) yz3¹3º» ῐῒ¼ ῎ ½.
(260) ῍ ῍ ῍ῌῌ῍ ῍῎ῌ ῍ ῍ ῑ
(261) !" # $% &' ()*+ ῍῎ῌ thang ,)*+ ῍ῑῌ thang῎ῌ -,./, 0$ !1 ῏ !20 345678,9:.( ;< =. <>;? @ A . ῎῍ BC ῍ ῑῌ kg. D ῑῌῌ῍ῒῌῌ ! E6F)G4)HGIJ ῒῌ. thang ( K? LMN ῍῍῎ ."#O,P'<>QD 2$R %S,TU . V K? W 0!X Y$; ῎ῌῌῑ & Z[ ῍. 'D ῍ῌ῍῎ῌῌ kg Z[>; ῍ῌ kg $:Y!W \(]D^ !_. `L )*[>QL,a$ +; ,b>*+.cd$L$e>[f;Vg$M1 h-. / W [ 2$. 012>i*+!"0]g [>; 3 jBC ! kl 2$!mn,*+.4o>[fg :9$ 5L>im$;p ,qg]g BC 6rst7,[>iu>; f Z i].8 ῍ῑ 9 :*. v; ]Di2$ tw.kk-, BC !; 1<=.x L *+!"[;MN.>;-,k< &yz ( W .>; &῎῎ { ? ῍ῑ {.(!?| ῑ {.!?| W BC 2$R ]g$}~ u>Q<l @b *+"l:' ,;g@Ak<Q BC. ;;,P'
(262) Y$L$;῎῎. ῍ ig ῍ F, 4 4D EFI436G< Glyphosate k<$H-. i !>
(263) 34567 %S>=i}~iT; 3 ῎ . ῍ 1l;Ob & ῍ thang ῌῌ ῎ῌ IJK!L[>( <=! < *+ thang ῍῏ kg !; 3 M&*+.8?N$ <=!O *+!; (*+.PQ R!; --S/ ( *+R ῍῎ ,[ >[T?[ ῍ thang *+ "#$<=8 ῒῑ ῌ (U<=V<8 ῍῍ῌ ῌ ῎῍ 2$Ry j. p jW.XL$p ῍ wM1 2$.Y$;, D 3Z [ \ ]9$^U¡¢[2$R_£ ]D`L$e
(264) i;,; g }~O,¤G[$.<i2$R$[e>;b$;,;g
(265) ¥ [$;
(266) e Q;[;p , b
(267) $: ?N }~ u i c ! j a & ¦d§ 2$R >e.fe>; ῎῎ ῎ῌῌῑ &f 2$R)BC ]gh
(268) m¨vw i©ª>;$; V j« k? ¬2$RBC Z ]:*,.>Y®l ῎ῌ &0mf n[ke>L "#$¯^° .*+]g $e-,. fko (Ugh
(269) m¨vw i©!ªeMN 2$ tw :p±qB .²-,;gu. < 2$R34567BC . m¨ 7³!Pr (U ΐ῍ & ?1 D ´ zS]g -<. ;<-,Y$; µ¶s!|t i . -f ,-·¸u3v 3,2 $R)BC ]Owex;²-e>;$; 242.
(270) B·῍¸¹ºNJ»¼+O/.½[ P.
(271)
(272) !" !# !
(273) $%&' ( ῐ )* +#, # ῏ -.&/0 ῎ 1 23 4"5678 $%&9:; <=:>!?7#
(274) ῎ 1 #9:; @ 7;A;0 ῏ 1 BCD
(275) AE%7F%?G H- @07 I ῍ JKLMNN%&OP QR# !?# ῎ 1? ῏ 1 /&D7SF: T#%&CH- 7UN ῎ VW#XY $G;% .BW# Z [ \ @0]Y^C ! $G 4_ [` D
(276) A :>&
(277) # QRa $G;bc# de :& fgGN 56 /. !"h? #G$%?*& i4&*;7 '. j"? ( ῎ )"$G 56k )lm n*op q"" r"s 56tX? u+7,N?;% vw 56k7hxy + -z{# +# ./Whxyh!?# ῍ῒῌῌῌῌῑῒῌῌῌ |}~ 7v_: vhx h56 0 7vv; w tXbp712.z{78A ( ῏ 0 37vw4?: !# 5" hxy#6r"# P&f7r q""7 ( ῎ῌῌ; ῍ 'L)* ' ῍ z{ m ῑῌῌ |}~7* ῑῌ thang ῎ῒῑῌῌ |}~ ῎ῌῌῑ /QRῌ0 ῍ thang ῑῌ |}~ LM r 6& ;. 0 q""$0; q"*&C $7 ῑ 8D
(278) tXbp7 56aQr"C &/0 ( ῍ 9 0 "!? : 0q"$h; <! ?#C ' ῍ M $Ghxy#6r"# q"*0 3" tXbp56 ('#. ' ῍ ( ῑ ῍56 ῏῎ Qr"s῍hxy =*>?@ : ¡A hxy#q"*$0 3 ¢£ ῎ῌ /N.&¤*&
(279) ¥Bir¦C ῑῌ thang ?, ir¦C ῍ῌῌ thang §D *& ¢£¨E©^:$:ª
(280) F
(281) , r¦C7 ῍ῌῌ thang FNw 7vv;;+ ^G«0 .&CG!?C8N%?. G HAiH¬9®`3 ImªNw+# [` J% >?@¯°7 ±KA ?CL#0 ²! U/, mhN.&/w , ??+ ³%´aC7Mµ;%&ª%& HA°h3 #G¶&, 243.
(282) ¢£¤¥¤¦§ ῐῒ¨ ῎ © ῍῍. KLM0N OPQRESTJ
(283) ῌ KLM0N OPQRESTJ $0 ῍ ῍ῌῌ. UVῌ WXEYZJ[\(. KLM. $]^ _`. aO. bc_`WX. dRZJ. -5e. ZJ. -5e. $ . ῎῏( ῎ ῏῏(. ῏ῌ ΐΐ( ῑΐ ῒΐ(. ῎῍ ῑῐ( ῎ῒ ῏῍(. ῍ ῐῒ( ῑ ῒ(. ῏ ῑ. fghῌ (*. ῏ῑ(. ῍ῒῒ ῒῑ(. ΐ῍ ῎(. ῍῏ ΐ῎(. ῎ῑῐ. ῍ ῍ῌῌ ῍ KLM0N OPQRESTJ"#i . UVῌ WXEYZJ[\(. KLM. "#i. aO. bc_`WX. dRZJ. -5e. ZJ. -5e. j k l # mnop]. ῎῍( ῒ ῒΐ( ῍῏ ῍(. ῏ῌ ΐ( ῏ ῏῏( ῏ ῍(. ῎῍ ῑῑ( ῑ ῑῒ( ΐ ῐ῏(. ῍ΐ ῐῑ( ῐ ῐῐ( ῑΐ(. ῏ ῍ῒ. fghῌ (*. ῎ῐ ῎(. ῒῌ ΐ῍(. ῎῏ ῎ΐ(. ῒ῍ ΐ῏(. ῐ. ῍ ῍ῌῌ ῎ KLM0N OPQRESTJ . UVῌ WXEYZJ[\(. KLM. . aO. bc_`WX. dRZJ. -5e. ZJ. -5e. % & '. ῍῏ ῑῒ( ῒ ῍῏( ῑ ῏῍(. ῍ῌ ῐῐ( ῏ ΐ( ῍῍ ῒ(. ῍ῌ ῐ῏( ῒ ῍῏( ΐ ῐῐ(. ῍῏ ῑΐ( ῏ ΐ( ῑῒ(. ῎῏ ῐῑ ῍ῒ. fghῌ (*. ῎ῐ ῎(. ῒῌ ΐ῍(. ῎῏ ῎ΐ(. ῒ῍ ΐ῏(. ῐ. qῌ ῎ῌῌῑ r 7s ῍῏ t ΐ ruv,Ewexyz{|*}E~4> ῍ ῌ* fghWXC xs bc_`\C5e> fghWXs \Ee< Iv,* &.%*E xeJ rtrs * E > ῎ ῌ $0 ῍ ῍ r ῍ -x ῏ ruATI ῏ > ¡ ῍ rTI\ ῐ >. ῍῎.
(284) .
(285)
(286) !"# $ * % & '. ῍῎ ῍ΐ ῍ῌ. ῐῐ ΐῌ ῎῏. ῍ ῏ΐ ῍῍. ῌ ῌ( ῍῍ ῍ῒ( ῑ ῎῎(. ῍ῒ ῏ῒ( ῎῏ ῏῏( ῒ ῎ῒ(. ῎ ῑ( ῏ ῐ( ῌ ῌ(. . ῏. ῍῏ΐ. ῒῒ. ῍ῒ ῍῎(. ῐῑ ῏῏(. ῑ ῐ(. * ) *+,-./012 03456789:;<= $> ?@ ABCDEFG s’raf HI<J>. 244.
(287) µ¶῍·¸¹º»¼01e5$½ . ῌ ῌ ª ῍ ῏῎ «v ¬ ®l¯ °῍± ῑ²±ΐ / ³ "ῌ thang D´ ῍ thang "ῌUV ῑῌ῎ῌ thang ῌ*abD¢5.
(288) !"#$%&'( )*+,'-./01& .#23.456789 :;<= >?@A5 BC 0DAE FGH@ IJKF*'L MN JO>?P5 ῒῌῌῌ 8QRSTUVWC
(289) X ῑῌ kgY ῑῌῌ 8QRZ[ \ ]5M#D^ _D`ab cd@A5 ῎ῌῌ῎ῌῌῐ Ue@ Dab ῎ΐῌ thang: ῍ΐῌ thang: ῍ῑῌ thang #f ῍ῑ g hi _j# kV'AUlmnoc5`UUkVp qrHst uv wx y LUyU'AU z#i* .{0 @FGJUUUUH@A5. r |}>?DcH@` st*~uvN* >?*s @ }@1Vp ST]5V N@A'AM#*A M >?a[*WC
(290) Z[LM#Dc5 ῎ῌῌ V0D ῑῌῌ 8QRWC
(291) Z[ @` . e5M# A ¡O st*uvD¢@A5 £¤¥5PJ D ¦LM#cH@` \ Ik'ADc5 § ¨*©CO0 NDc5 *©C @A5* 245.
(292) ¶·¸¹¸º» ῐῒ¼ ῎ ½.
(293) ῏ ῎῏ !"! #$ %&'( )*+,-. /,0123456.78 9 : ';<=>?. !@ABCD/.E2FGHIJ K,-. !L. MHNGO@A "P Q!RSTUVW ῎ῌῌ XYZ[ . \2] ^_`ab ,- cHN d,efghij k
(294) ῎ῌ῍ l ῎ kL mnop. l ῎ qr ῒ ῍ ῍ῑ ^_`ab῍stuvwx XYZ[eyz {|. }G~ ghiGS ` ῎ῌῌ thang ` ῒῌ thang E
(295) ) ! ,-G #? ! 3eF }G~d?T yz ῎ | .ghGd? \2] ^_`ab ';<j e',. .` =>?\? ,- "P Q!RGa?/.` G. ῌῌ. l ῎ ῍ῑ ±² ³ §´µ. ῎῏ ῎ῌῌῑ e^I. 2/.G¡¢? D ! £. 2G¤ ¥¦§ L ¨n©ªn &«¬®/¯ . '? ° 246.
(296) o´῍µ¶·¸¹º»C7 ¼½.
(297) ῎ῌῌῌ ῌῑ !"#$%$&' ()*+,-./012 345678 9: ;<=7>?@!AB'C4D E (F7GHIJK>? L ῏ 7MN=7 OPQ%/0R24E7SBT=UEVW% 348NX 4YZ[! D \] ῎ῌῌ; ῍^ L ῏ _` ῒ ῍>? ῍ \/0R2a῍b!Cc_d ῏ῌῌῌ efg^ Hh%i bj k 34 l!9m no Rp ῏ῌῌ thang 56 Rp ῑῌ thang !qr csAB'C4D c tuBvwxy C z4{|}~ bCc> ' x 7IU
(298) 7E$ { ctE {| % ' ῍ΐΐῑ $ k bd12 34 l! ῍ mo6 4 ct}~y !lC~Nm{!U%%' C ;4NN' $ctbj( D C4
(299) U >? ῍ 7 4&
(300) l ῍ mI 49{7' l t s y ῍ ¡ C$ Gs ῍ m4¢£'7¤¥¦ § I& ῌ῎ ῌῐ 7 SBT4 X=74¨©%! s ªt« ¬U4!. ῌῌ. L ῏ >? ῍ >?® ¯x >?°±²³ 247.
(301) GH¸¹¸º» ῏ῑ¼ ῍ ½.
(302) !" #$ % . &' ()*+,-. / *+,-. !01 '2
(303) # 03 *+,-4025 '6 7
(304) 89! :;25 <=>? 7@ AB. CD! E/ F'GH'IJ K/ 'LMN O P
(305) ? 25 <= Q# . !RS TU"DVW . / X TU #$ P25 <=; Y Z$[L\]A ' #%W &^ _E&'GI!
(306) `ab'R ? 89!0(:;25 <= . &'? 7 ῌ c! TUN dVW / 89! )efg<= ; Chii0*'`ab'R 'W i 7 ῍ ῎ '! *'`a j+klB / mn"opq^?25 i \@!0
(307) rOs025 <=,R &BL\ - t*#.uR ? ' Q'! E&'G/ H'I#JGrTUv0Q#!0lB25 <= Z$ [L\^wxy `a+kR !"'?,R Q# z{|' _1 Y}~ wx . IVῌῌ
(308) . 2 III wx7R Q#'" 3' ῌ
(309) H'v}4 Q##S 5 2x'
(310) E&'GI 6x#. !0@'!1<' 7R '1<R # ^j E& 02
(311) / 8'x 9'1< Q#D &B:@'!;~ '<R i CD '!x 9'1<!0'wx lBQ#=R . wx >'2E?#$@
(312) !0 ῍῏. . B. / # ῍ ¡¢£¡/ k ¤¥¦§ ¨©A A l. %'ª> <A B l%'ª>««" #
(313) B QB¬¬z ®maz dau maz. ῍῏ wx'
(314) ¯|°| ¨$/ '
(315) ῌῐῌ῍ῐ ±'E ¤¥¦§ !0lB««
(316) y B ²@kCE'/ 'j Q'E¤ ¥¦§v}R Q#D³#~B j 'E^´Fx iµO R ' " #S ¶Hinton ῌΐῒῐ: ῌῐ῍·. 248.
(317) ¹῍Vº»¼0½Z¡$^LwG %&. hkaj
(318) . ῍ . ῍ῌ ! " #$%& '( ) *+,-. $./.01 2 ῍ῌ 3 . ῏ῌ 3!04$!5%&6 1 789 . !04 %&:- ῍ $;<= >=1< ?@ 7 ῎ A BCD6 ῐ 3$E FGHI 3
(319) J ( ῎ KL@M:JN: : =1 2 @O PQ R6ST UQ HI$VWX+YZ[\6ῌ]: ^ NM6 -9 % &6 : PQ6_1 `a6,-$1 1 2 bῑῌ UQ cd efg-: hG
(320)
(321) ij1 ῍ῌ k lmn op3q+ rs tu vUQwG6x y z%{< PQ v| < (hG}{< yG~ iAA) ΐ 12y z% vUQ q ῐῌ 6$ z% + vPQ$ ῎ῑ PQ$ ῍z%n op := PQ z%n op:=1 ῍ῌ k $)῎ῑ h. ῌ ῌ vPU^2PQ^Lz% G~ ῍ ῍vUQ ῍ῒ 3 vPQ ῎ῌ 3 PQ ῑ 3 bUQ ῍ 3 ¡: =1 1jz z% ῎ b῎ῌῌῑ ΐ ¢ ῍ ῌ ¢ ῎ ! £¤6 1 A!J&=1¥¦2 * ῍ z%9L$:§" ¨K|§"+© ª«|¬2@®6#¯1j ¨°:6±² * ῎ § ³ b* ῍ ´:z%G~ * ῏ µ$¶+·¸6 1. ῎ῑ ῐῌ PQ ῎ῌ k>$ $:z%G~op 1 y $ ῍ ῍ q{< ]$)y >1 ῏ῌ c z%G~ < :) 249.
(322) ³´µ¶µ·¸ ῐῒ¹ ῎ º.
(323) !"#"$ %! &' ῍ῑ (&' ῏ῌ )*# !"+ $,-#./01 2' 345. 6789:;<=>?1.
(324) @-ABCD>EFG1! "+ H!IJ
(325) 2K LMNOPQFG#89:; >@-EFG#89:; !R SOP+ IJ TU VW,- XY
(326) 2K 89:;
(327) @-J%Z [ \]RABCD'89:;
(328) ^$S IJ
(329) 2KP89:;_`a [ bcdef#"ghijklmn# !"P+ 89:; ^$ I J !op89>qr[ stNOm'nbd u<=vr-w"q:x r'nb P+ yz' { ῐ |^,- }~' ῐ
(330) ^#" >3 674589:; ΐ
(331) 0 !"+ $-# 89:;
(332) @-<= n SX SO$#+ { ῑ 45P89:;
(333) @-XYij
(334) |P+ D _ 6"! { ῑ '|P" X ;NOgh. ῌῌ. 45P89:; ¦ & (& ( ¢. ±²} ¡. ῎ῌ ῐΐ¡. ῍ΐ ῐῌ¡. ῑ ῍῎¡. ῍ ῎¡. ῐ῏. 89:; ¡. ῍῍ ῍ΐ¡. ῐῐ ΐῌ¡. ῏ ῑ¡. ῑ ¡. ῒ῏. v¨῍45ª ῎ «¬ ῎ῌῌῑ ] ῍ ῌ ῎ ¡ ®¯°d ,+ ῌ῍. 45P89:;
(335) @-XYij. 89:;<=. . . . / gh gh gh. ῍ῐ ῒ. ῎῎¡ ῍ῐ¡ ῍ῌ¡. ¢. ῎. ῐῒ¡. . / gh £gh gh gh. ῑ ῍ ῎ ῐ. ¡ ῎¡ ῏¡ ῒ¡. ῍῎. ῍¡. . ¤¥Pgh / Ygh. ῏. ῑ¡. ¦§. ῍. ῏ῌ¡. ¢. ῒ῏. ¢. v¨῍%©῍ ῍ῐ gh 45ª ῎ «¬ ῎ῌῌῑ ] ῍ ῌ ῎ ¡ ®¯°d ,+ 250.
(336) -ºῌ»¼½8,-.Q _e¥L !R. ῍ ῏
(337) D ῏ΐ
(338)
(339) ῐ ! "# ῒ $%&'() . )*
(340) + ,-./01 234567'
(341) 89:; '( :
(342) <= 6 23>?@6' ῎ῑA B CD%E*F6G ?@
(343) 8 9H I <JDK )'ID !
(344) LM N B O PQR) S
(345) T @UVWRQ %XYZ[ Y \*
(346) "# E = <H% ] \* ^ "# _) (
(347) ` ab
(348) LM !c6d
(349) (FH '( _e/0fg hi j0'"#89:;%"k P& l !cP ῎ῒA
(350) F mn#6$o>" p % '(Y89:;q
(351) !c%p*%() rs* ῍ῑῌ & t ῍ΐῌ uv9P ῍῍ :; v9P( ῏ 'wx y%P()ep
(352) S z'{| y &Q( %}P(
(353) ~p )% R)I%>! ()le ῒ * +K, - -dP6
(354) ' &'(P )^ '( R) ~p ῐ )6 ΐ Rw.% )(A /l07 &'() r y ῍ <ReRR' y% ῍ > (1!
(355) 2 89:; wx <'Pep
(356) 3 Q( YQR'\
(357) T6%yR) I46! 56LR) 6 6'(Y r'(S*PRe
(358) / )~p 567R)P
(359) 6RQR'(P *P* &Q'
(360) 89RQ( ¡\*5%¢ £([ YR)P \*
(361). %¤! P(¥L ¦ %Q :;6) §() SP. (
(362) SR_. ¦:e(Y;<%
(363) I4 "T6¨BReRR. '=$' >?>
(364) \*R=$ !c%
(365) :qT @LM. ῎ῑA A II ©A ῎ ª
(366) D 1 23 «5B() >?P6
(367) SR_G ῏ῌ &zC ῐῌ &¬Z & _)(1 23 «56 ῎ῒA G
(368) Q FH6®K® ! /l() ("#6 '()v9 E 0*j0 D¯
(369) °<E '(' FG 2 ±HLI ²J
(370) ³ P(%2 ¢ FH6S )E R
(371) 2 ´ KL L M +D>!
(372) FH '(/" j0 R'() \* n# FM>"
(373) FH 6p \* /0N µOB()Q
(374) S P!cP()r6
(375) )( ¶z ·¸ ¹) 251.
(376) :R»§» ῏ῐ¼ ῎ ½.
(377) !"# $%&'()* +,) ) - ) * ."/ /0 12"%&'3,# 456 )
(378) 7῎ῌ 8.9 :; <""=>'?3* 30;# 2 <@' '*AB 3C D2 <"* ," 3;# 4*EF"03 * GH <I ;33,# 2"3* +,3* 7῏ῌ 8.9 J*KL MNO,# ;> . PEQR3 ,3S T# U% . 5 5!VW,# X"*Y3#Z[$5"# \]8.. %^*&_= ;>'`E'(8 <*)T =H 5/#. !. "ab*, 3cd 5 03 $eZ +05 f 3 > # gh1 U%iOj,- .k,f 5 # !*VW$e /l# \]8. mn01*U%2 5o,3 5* # pF qr&_ 3O,# s8"01*U%# "PEt 3 uv 4,cc=5 # (8 < V6*&_pFw*5x7 / yv # zh*'" {|} ~# 5* * &_*38"# 9;* pG H :; 8.L !*"# # : ;<()\] 8.* =03 /0"8.*X"*5*&_,3 > ῎ῌῌῑ ; *?3# n*K@a*LPEQ >>AB '# PEQ* qX"rCaLn3 m# D E῍ῌ XF 7῎ῌῌῑῌ῍῎ 9 "# FG s 7 Hj*¡c3¢0 0 . 9t. ῎ῌῌῐ: ῍ῒῌ῎ῐ# £¤¥. ¦§¨©ª"«q, I¬ F¥¦§¨©ª VW®,3 5* ¯°# ?`E*T'38,'G # /0c3"° *±J, 3. V ῌ. ῍. K²"# ; 3 `E³´,f qKµ a*¶L M03# 3 ·9*¸NO,# `EH C*pF¹Pa*Qº" 252.
(379) ¼½῍£¤k :;.
(380) !"# $% &'()*+,-../%0'1# 234 5 67 8 9 :;<=>?@A;BC>
(381) DE $%>FGHIJKLMNO PQ ()R0>ST QUV W> F XYZ[\ ]^_`abcLd e >fghi PQj * k #$%
(382) l>mn Bj > ,C op#4 `abcLde > PQj * :; 9qrcWstHIMun>v_ w^Qxyz{*>r j > mn B 1# xyz{>4|F k 5o234 >$%' =>r j # }~ck HI :;<c89 ?@A;> j > ?@'k : $% '()4 / *>/ #/v B 42cXY>kHIJM&1 ?@; > ¡ ¢P ¡C,j P5£¤HIJM>ST 4¥¦P [\ L'#§ j 89>HI KC,¨ 6 L '©ª*« ¬^B/ 1 §j *qC jj# 4 $%*« D. ^;#4P 234L®¯'P^° Q/,v`abcLd e > lMP±91 fgh¨ j Q>$% v_Bj # § .og £¤HI !1# 23 lMP ²³-c± P5L &{4 ´µC¶µC·µ¸p#/P ´µC,¶µp MPL#/P * &^g§ P*, j > ,C ῎ ῍ ῏ ῌ Anan Ganjanapan. ῍ῌῌῌ. Local Control of Land and Forest: Cultural Dimensions of Resource Management in Northern Thailand. Chiang Mai: Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Social Science, Chiang Mai University. . ῍ῌῌῐ. ¹Natural Resources Management by the Local People of Wang River Basin in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailandº» Bangkok: Black Lead Publishing. Badenoch, Nathan A. ῍ῌῌῑ. Social Networks in Natural Resource Governance in a Multi-Ethnic Watershed of Northern Thailand. Ph. D. Dissertation, Kyoto University. Buergin, Reiner. ῍ῌῌ῎. Shifting Frames for Local People and Forests in a Global Heritage: The Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the Context of Thailand’s Globalization and Mordernization. Geoforum ῎῏: ῎ῒῐῌ῎ΐ῎. Delang, Claudio O. ῍ῌῌ῎. Social and Economic Adaptations to a Changing Landscape: Realities, 253.
(383) PQRDR'( ´ µ Opportunities and Constraints. In Living at the Edge of Thai Society: The Karen in the Highland of Northern Thailand, edited by Claudio O. Delang, pp. ῍. London: Routledge Curzon. . .
(384) ῌῌ ῍ Bangkok: Sky Book Company Limited. Fink, Christina. . Imposing Communities: Pwo Karen Experience in Northwestern Thailand. Ph. D. Dissertation, California University. ῌῌ ! "#$%&$ '() *+,-./01234 56'( 78: ῍ 9:;< !=>?-@A@BCDEFG ῌῌ H-&IJ5KLM NO4 PQRD R'( 78: ῍ ῌῌῌῌ. . STU-VW ῌῌ ! XY Z[\=>?-&IJ]^ _`4 aFCWb6 cd ῌῌ efDEJgf%hiGjfF%kl mnopq rmst 7u8v ῍ wfDxy zX῎{|}~ Hinton, Peter. . Karen Subsistence: The Limit of a Swidden Economy in North Thailand. Ph. D. Dissertation, Sydney University. &IJ5 % Pz῎ < P !K=>?- ]^02- ῌῌ ]^ 034 !'( : ῍ . . , . fKBCDEFG 7Mimeographed8 . n.d. 6 ¡J f ῌῌ ¢f£fJ¤fJ¥¢f¦f!§¨R!£©ª¨R!£©K=>?-«¬®¯° +2 ± 7Mimeographed8 . n.d. 1: 50,000 L7017S 4645IV :
(385) ²³ L S $BK ῌ Kunstadter, Peter. . Subsistence Agricultural Economics of Lua’ and Karen Hill Farmers, Mae Sariang District, Northwestern Thailand. In Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand, edited by P. Kunstadter, E. C. Chapman and Sanga Sabhari, pp. ῍. . Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Mahda, Michael Abd-Rehman. . Economic Development and Social Change: The Structure of Two Sgaw Karen Communities in Northwest Thailand. Ph. D. Dissertation, Cambridge University. Michinobu, Ryoko. . Configuring an Ideal Self through Maintaining a Family Network: Northern Thai Factory Women in an Industrializing Society. Southeast Asian Studies 78: ῍. Mischung, Roland. . Environmental “Adaptation” among Upland People of Northern Thailand: A Karen/Hmong 7Meo8 Case Study. Final Report to National Research Council of Thailand. Bangkok. Pinkaew Laungaramsri. . Redefining Nature: Karen Ecological Knowledge and the Challenge to the Modern Conservation Paradigm. Chennai: Earthworm Boooks. Pratuang Narintarangkul Na Ayuthaya. . Community Forestry and Watershed Network in Northern Thailand. In Seeing Forest for Trees: Environment and Environmentalism in Thailand, edited by Philip Hirsch, pp. ῍. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. Renard, Ronald D. . Kariang: History of Karen-Tai Relations from the Beginnnings to . Ph. D. Dissertation, Hawaii University. ῌῌῌῌ. . Opium Reduction in Thailand, 1970῍2000: A Thirty Year Journey. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. Yos Santasombat. . Karen Cultural Capital and the Political Economy of Symbolic Power. Asian Ethnicity 78: ῍.. 254.
(386)
関連したドキュメント
The inclusion of the cell shedding mechanism leads to modification of the boundary conditions employed in the model of Ward and King (199910) and it will be
In this paper, we focus on the existence and some properties of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points of a SVEIRS model subject to an eventual constant regular vaccination
Answering a question of de la Harpe and Bridson in the Kourovka Notebook, we build the explicit embeddings of the additive group of rational numbers Q in a finitely generated group
Then it follows immediately from a suitable version of “Hensel’s Lemma” [cf., e.g., the argument of [4], Lemma 2.1] that S may be obtained, as the notation suggests, as the m A
In our previous paper [Ban1], we explicitly calculated the p-adic polylogarithm sheaf on the projective line minus three points, and calculated its specializa- tions to the d-th
Our method of proof can also be used to recover the rational homotopy of L K(2) S 0 as well as the chromatic splitting conjecture at primes p > 3 [16]; we only need to use the
Classical definitions of locally complete intersection (l.c.i.) homomor- phisms of commutative rings are limited to maps that are essentially of finite type, or flat.. The
Yin, “Global existence and blow-up phenomena for an integrable two-component Camassa-Holm shallow water system,” Journal of Differential Equations, vol.. Yin, “Global weak
