ヨドヨノ大統領と民主化「第二フェーズ」 ――政治改革・紛争後復興・首長選挙を中心に―― [The Yudhoyono Presidency in the Second Phase of the Democratic Transition: Political Sector Reform, Post-Conflict Recovery, and Local Elections]
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(2) ῍῍ !"#$%& ῍῍. '. (. )ῌ. The Yudhoyono Presidency in the Second Phase of the Democratic Transition: Political Sector Reform, Post-Conflict Recovery, and Local Elections HDCC6 Jun*. The birth of the Yudhoyono presidency in October ῎ῌῌῐ was a significant moment in Indonesia’s political history. As the first national leader directly elected by popular voting, Yudhoyono has unprecedented political legitimacy and has been expected to implement various programs for democratic consolidation. What is the nature of this presidency and what are the major political challenges for his leadership ? This essay attempts to clarify these issues by examining political developments during the last two years. It illustrates how the Yudhoyono administration differs in two respects from the three previous governments led by Habibie, Megawati, and Wahid: first, in the popular mandate given to Yudhoyono as the winner of direct presidential elections; and second, in the power shift in the parliament since ῍ which has ended the virtual dominance of Megawati’s PDI-P party. Given these characteristics, the political environment of Yudhoyono’s administration favors a breakthrough in democratic consolidation, and this essay argues that Yudhoyono’s expected role is to transform the status of democracy from the first to the second phase. Several problems that emerged in the first phase of democratic change, such as widening corruption, ineffective civilian control of the military, and the rise of bossism in local politics, were largely byproducts of institutional reforms conducted by previous presidencies in their attempts to eliminate Suharto’s authoritarian polity. The historically expected role of a national leader in the age of direct presidential election is to mobilize the political capital generated by his or her popular mandate to remove these byproducts* which may derail democracy*and to consolidate the political system free from the legacy of the Suharto era. It is still too early to fully evaluate whether Yudhoyono will achieve this historical role, but this essay tries to assess the mid-term progress +if any, by investigating government performance in three issue-areas, namely political sector reform, post-conflict recovery, and elections of local heads. Despite many good signs of change and breakthrough from the past, a dilemma is increasingly visible between Yudhoyono’s popular mandate and the demands of realpolitik compromise, and this may shadow the long-run prospects of second phase agendas. Keywords: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, democratization, political reform, elections, local conflicts -.῏/
(3) / / !"/ 01. ῌ. 12. 234567895:; Faculty of International Relations, Ritsumeikan University, ῑῒ῎῍ Kitamachi, Toji-in, Kita-ku, Kyoto, ῒῌ῏῎ῑΐΐ, Japan e-mail: jht ῎ῌῌ῍ῒ <ir.ritsumei.ac.jp.
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(323) !"#$%& '() *+,- ./0 12345 67 89:;<=>?@"ABC% DE FGHIJ8HK &. ῎ ῍ ῏ ῌ LM NO Gatra March : Dinasti Kerabat Politik Lokal. The Jakarta Post September : KPK: Regional Councillors Implicated in Corruption Cases. April : SBY “Squandered” First Half of Term. May : Let’s Strengthen Corruption Fight in Second Half. Jawa Pos August : Lagi, Try Cs Tuntut Kembali ke UUD
(324) . Kompas April
(325) : Di Bawah Bayang-bayang Bangkitnya Aristokrasi. April
(326) : Di Bawah Bayang-bayang Sejarah Panjang Konflik. May
(327) : Dikhawatirkan Poso Makin Rawan Jelang Pilkada. June
(328) a: Partai Golkar Gagal dalam Pilkada di Sulut. June
(329) b: Gabungan Partai Kecil Menangkan Pilkada Banyuwangi. June
(330) c: Gabungan Partai Kecil Menangkan Pilkada Banyuwangi.
(331) September
(332) : Wakil Presiden dan Try Sutrisno Bertemu. November
(333) : Video Teroris Diputar di Rumah Wapres. November
(334) : Dwifungsi Politisi dan Pengusaha Bisa Merusak. November : Nurmahmudi Diperiksa Soal Kasus Korupsi Hutan di Riau. Media Indonesia April
(335) : Pilkada di Kota Binjai: Sentimen Etnis Menentukan. Sinar Harapan
(336) June
(337) : Menimbang Peluang Calon Wali Kota Semarang. The Sunday Times April : Massive Fraud Hits Tsunami Aid. Surya April : SBY Mereaksi Kritik. Tempo Interaktif March
(338) : Pencalonan Kembali Walikota Medan Digoyang Mahasiswa. ῌP QR ST UV
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(347) ῎ῌῌ῍ ! ῌῌ "#$%#&'$()*+,-./012 3456789: ; <=> ? @ABC ῍ῌ῏῍῍῎῍ DEFGH IJKLM N<OP ῎ῌῌῑ ῎ῌῌῑ QRSTUVWXY ῌῌ RS %
(348) Z[\]^_] 3 F`aE'b%$ cdb: ῍῎ ef῎ ῏῍ῐῌ ghijk ῎ῌῌῑ 3 l ῌῌ m!%;n%jo: pqdr sK t ῎ῌῌ῎ udbvw xyz_{|}~ ῌῌ "#$%#&'$xyz_{|yG 3 F {|}~: @AB F `G ῎ῌῌῐ F XYC udbvw XY 3: ῑ῏ῑ f῎῎῍῍ῒ < ῎ῌῌῑ udbvw XY ῌῌ ¡E¢]£¤_ 0¥ ¦§ 3¨© ª?xyz_«4¦§=>` ῌῌ «4¬®¯°_±²0¥: < @ABC ῎ῑ῍῍῎ῐ DEF GH ³ῌ.´L Aditjondro, George Junus. ῎ῌῌῌ. Post-Suharto Multi-Party Corruption in Indonesia: The Absence of Control Mechanism. Paper presented at the CAPSTRANS @Centre for Asia Pacific Social Transformation StudiesB Conference, University of Wollongong, ῐ῍ῒ December. Aragon, Lorraine V. ῎ῌῌ῍. Communal Violence in Poso, Central Sulawesi: Where People Eat Fish and Fish Eat People. Indonesia ΐ῎ @OctoberB: ῐῑ῍ῌ. Aspinall, Edward. ῎ῌῌῑ. The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh ? Policy Studies No. ῎ῌ. Washington D. C. : East-West Center Washington. Aspinall, Edward; and Fealy, Greg, eds. ῎ῌῌ῏. Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation. Singapore: ISEAS. Cottey, Andrew; Edmunds, Timothy; and Forster, Anthony. ῎ῌῌ῎. The Second Generation Problematic: Rethinking Democracy and Civil-Military Relations. Armed Forces and Society ῎@῍B: ῏῍῍ῑῒ. Davies, N. Matthew. ῎ῌῌῒ. Indonesia’s War over Aceh: Last Stand on Mecca’s Porch. London: RoutledgeCruzon. DTE. ῎ῌῌῑ. Community-Centred Reconstruction Needed. Down to Earth ῒῐ @MarchB: ῑ῍῍ῌ. Elson, Robert. ῎ῌῌ῍. Suharto: A Political Biography. London: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Hafidz, S. Tatik. ῎ῌῌῒ. Fading Away ? The Political Role of the Army in Indonesia’s Transition to Democracy, 1998῍2001. IDSS Monograph No. . Singapore: Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies. Honna, Jun. ῎ῌῌ῏. Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia. London: RoutledgeCruzon. Indonesia Corruption Watch @ICWB ῎ῌῌ῎. Lifting the Lid on the “Judicial Mafia”: Research into Patterns of Corruption within the Judiciary. Jakarta: Indonesia Corruption Watch. International Crisis Group. ῎ῌῌΐa. Indonesia: How GAM Won in Aceh. Jakarta/Brussels, ῎῎ March. ῌῌῌῌ. ῎ῌῌΐb. Indonesia: Jemaah Islamiyah’s Current Status. Jakarta/Brussels, ῏ May. Jaringan Pendidikan Pemilu untuk Rakyat @JPPRB ῎ῌῌῒ. Evaluasi Satu Tahun Pilkada. Paper prepared for the National Seminar organized, ῎ June ῎ῌῌῒ. Kemitraan bagi Pembaruan Tata Pemerintah di Indonesia. ῎ῌῌῒ. Melawan Korupsi: Dari Aceh sampai Papua. Jakarta: PT Penebar Swadaya. Lembaga Survei Indonesia. ῎ῌῌῑ. Review Akhir Tahunan: Kinerja Pemerintahan SBY-JK @Evaluasi PublikB Jakarta, ῎ December. Liddle, R. William; and Mujani, Saiful. ῎ῌῌῒ. Indonesia in ῎ῌῌῑ: A New Multiparty Presidential Democracy. Asian Survey ῐῒ@῍B: ῍῏῎῍῍῏. Mietzner, Marcus. ῎ῌῌ῍. Personal Triumph and Political Turmoil: Abdurrahman Wahid and Indonesia’s Struggle for Reform. In The Presidency of Abdurrahman Wahid: An Assessment after the First Year, edited by Damien Kingsbury, pp. ῍ῑ῍῏῎. Annual Indonesia Lecture Series, Monash Asia Institute. ῌῌῌῌ. ῎ῌῌῒ. The Politics of Military Reform in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Elite Conflict, Nationalism, and Institutional Resistance. Policy Studies ῎῏. Washington D. C.: East-West Center Washington. ῌῌῌῌ. ῎ῌῌΐ. The Ambivalence of Weak Legitimacy: Habibie, Regime Change and Democratiza35.
(349) ῐῑ
(350) ῍ tion in Indonesia. Paper prepared for the conference “Indonesia’s Reformasi: Reflections on the Habibie Era,” jointly organized by the Johns Hopkins University School for Advanced International Studies SAIS the Habibie Center and USINDO in Washington D. C., ῎ΐῌ῎ March ῎ῌῌΐ. Okamoto, Masaaki; and Rozaki, Abdur, eds. ῎ῌῌῒ. Kelompok Kekerasan dan Bos Lokal di Era Reformasi. Yogyakarta: Institute for Research and Empowerment. Pastor, Manuel; and Wise, Carol. ῍. The Politics of Second-Generation Reform. Journal of Democracy ῍ῌ῏: ῏ῐῌῐ. Robison, Richard; and Hadiz, Vedi, eds. ῎ῌῌῐ. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. London: RoutledgeCruzon. Shiraishi, Takashi. ῍ῒ. Rewiring the Indonesian State. In Making Indonesia: Essays on Modern Indonesia in Honor of George McT. Kahin, edited by Daniel S. Lev. and Ruth McVey, pp. ῍ῒῐῌ῍ΐ. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. Shulze, Krisen. ῎ῌῌῑ. Between Conflict and Peace: Tsunami Aid and Reconstruction in Aceh. MFA Analysis. Stockholm: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sweden. Siran Pers Aceh Working Group. ῎ῌῌῒ. Anggaran Pertahanan Keamanan: BRR Mengancam Reformasi Militer dan Merusak Sistem Pertahanan, ῍῍ August ῎ῌῌῒ. Transparency International. ῎ῌῌῑ. Global Corruption Barometer 2005. Berlin: TI, December ῎ῌῌῑ. Ward, Ken. ῎ῌῌΐ. Dealing with a Democratic Indonesia: The Yudhoyono Years. Sydney: Lowly Institute. World Bank/Decentralization Support Facility DSF ῎ῌῌῒ. Aceh Conflict Monitoring Update: ῍ῌ῏ῌ September ῎ῌῌῒ. World Bank/DSF.. 36.
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