⺰ᢥ
ᚒ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⁁ߣ␠ળᔃℂቇ⊛⢛᥊
ᧄ㑆ሶ
ߪߓߦ
ᅚᕈߩ␠ળㅴޔഭੱญߩභࠆഀวߩჇᄢߦߟࠇޔߎࠇ߹ߢޔ↵ᕈਛᔃߢߞߚഭ
᧦ઙޔᓙㆄߥߤߩᐲߩࠅᣇ߇⋥ߐࠇޔ⋥ߒ߇࿖ࠍߍߡផㅴߐࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕ 2006ᐕߦߪౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚหෳ↹ዪࠍਛᔃߣߒߡޟ↵ᅚหෳ↹ၮᧄ⸘↹㧔╙㧞ᰴ㧕ޠߢߪޔ
╷ᣇ㊎ቯ߳ߩᅚᕈߩෳ↹ߩᄢࠍ㊀ὐಽ㊁ߣߒߡ⟎ઃߌߚޕߘߒߡ̈␠ળߩࠄ ࠁࠆಽ㊁ߦ߅ߡ2020ᐕ߹ߢߦޔᜰዉ⊛ߦᅚᕈ߇භࠆഀว߇ዋߥߊߣ߽㧟㧜㧑⒟
ᐲߦߥࠆࠃ߁ᦼᓙߔࠆ̉ߣ߁⋡ᮡࠍ⸥ߒߚޕౕ⊛ߦߪޔቭᐡޔ⥄ᴦࠆߪ᳃㑆 ડᬺߦ߅ߡޔଥ㐳એࠍᜰߔࠊࠁࠆ▤ℂ⡯ߩ┙႐ߦ߅ߡ⚵❱Ფߦ㧟ಽߩ㧝ㄭߊࠍᅚ ᕈ߇භࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄᤨὐߢߪߘࠇߪᭂߡ㆙⋡ᮡὐߢࠆޕᶏᄖߣᲧセߒߡ߽ߘߩᏅߪޔ ᱧὼߢࠆޕᦨㄭߩෘ↢ഭ⋭߆ࠄ⊒ߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐ㧔2009㧕ߢߪޔ৻⥸ડᬺߢ৻ੱߢ߽ᅚ ᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍߒߡࠆળ␠ߪඨᢙએߦߥߞߚ߇ޔߘࠇߦዞߡࠆᅚᕈߪߣ߃߫ޔߘ ࠇߪ߶ࠎߩ৻ីࠅߢࠆޕ▤ℂ⡯ోߢߪޔᅚᕈߩഀวߪડᬺౝߢߪ 7㧑ᒙߣᶏᄖߦᲧߴ ߘߩභࠆഀวߪૐޕ࿖ኅޔᣇ⥄ᴦࡌ࡞ߢ߽ૃߚࠃ߁ߥഀวߢࠆޕෘ↢ഭ⋭
߇ផㅴߔࠆޟࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦޠߢߪޔᄢડᬺߥߤࠍਛᔃߣߒߡᐲߩ⋥ߒޔల ታߩᣇะߢߪࠆޕߒ߆ߒోߣߒߡߩᚑᨐߪㆃޘߚࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎߩේ࿃ߪߤߎߦ
ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ
ᧄⓂߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥᜰዉ⊛┙႐ߣߒߡߩᅚᕈߩᓎോࠍᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒޔߘߩߦዞߊ ߎߣ߇ߥߗ࿎㔍߆ߦߟߡޔ▤ℂ⡯ߩᓎഀ⾗⾰ᛛⴚࠍ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᓎഀ⾗⾰
ᛛⴚߣߺߥߒ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ␠ળᔃℂቇ⊛㕙߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕߘߎߦߪ␠ળ
⼂(ߚߣ߃߫ޔ)ޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊޔࠠࡖ
ࠕᗧ⼂⢒ᚑޔߐࠄߦߪ⚵❱߇ᛴ߃ࠆᄙ᭽ߥⷐ࿃ޔߥߤߐ߹ߑ߹ߩ㗴߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆޕߎ ߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴ࠍᢛℂߒޔߎߩ࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᴫࠍ๒ߒߡࠆⷐ࿃ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔߐࠄߦߪߘߩ⁁
ᴫࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦసߔࠆ߆ߩᣇะߠߌࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚޕ
ߒ߆ߒࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߆ࠄߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⎇ⓥޔ․ߦ␠ળᔃℂቇߩ⍮ߪᭂ
ߡዋߥߩ߇⁁ߢࠆޕߣߎࠈ߇ޔߎߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⎇ⓥ߶ߤޔฎߊ߆ࠄ㑐ᔃ߇߽
ߚࠇޔߘߒߡ߹ߥ߅⣉శࠍ߮ߡࠆ㗔ၞߪߥߢࠈ߁ޕߘࠇߪ␠ળߩߥ߆ߢ࠳
ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇߆ߦ㊀ⷐߢࠆ߆ߩ⼂ߦઁߥࠄߥޕߘߒߡߎߩߎߣ߇․ቯߩቇ㗔ၞࠍ
߃ߡޔ⎇ⓥ⍮ߩᄙߐޔℂ⺰ߩᄙߐޔᔨⷙቯߩᄙߐߣ߽ߥࠅޔ⊖ኅ㡆ߩਛߢࠅޔ
߽ߘߩ㑐ᔃߩߪ߃ߡߥޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄߥ߅৻ቯߩᔨޔℂ⺰ߪߥߊޔߥ
߅⼏⺰ߩߥ߆ߢࠆޕ
ߘߎߢᧄⓂߢᛒ߁࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߪߊߟ߆ߩ㒢ቯࠍߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߢࠈ߁ޕߎ ߎߢߪ␠ળᔃℂቇߩᔨⷙቯ㧔␠ળᔃℂቇߢ߽ᄙ᭽ߥᔨⷙቯߢߪࠆ߇㧕ߣߒߡޔ߹
ߕ৻⥸␠ળߢߩవዉ⊛┙႐ߩੱߪᛒࠊߥޕ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰ߣߒߡޔฎ
᧪ޔㅪ✎ߣߒߡࠆᏂੱℂ⺰(great person theory)ߪ㊀ⷐߢࠆޕߎࠇߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ ࠍ⊒ើߒߡ␠ળߢᚑഞߒߚੱ‛ࠍᝒ߃ޔߘߩੱ․ߩᕈ⊛․ᕈ߆ࠄޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ ߩ⾗⾰ޔ․ᕈࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡߊℂ⺰ߢࠆޕߎࠇߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣ߁ࠃࠅޔ࠳
ߣߒߡߩ⾗⾰ߢࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩੱ⊛⾗⾰ߪ㊀ⷐߥⷞὐߢߪࠆޕߒ ߆ߒߎߎߢߪ␠ળ㑐ଥᕈߣߊߦ⚵❱ޔ㓸࿅㑐ଥߣߒߡߩ㓸วߦ߅ߌࠆ࠳࡚ࠪ࠶
ࡊߩⷞὐߢࠆޕ
Forsyth(2006)ߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࡊࡠࠬߣߒߡ㧠ߟߩࡊࡠࠬࠍቯߒߡࠆޕ߹
ߕޔԘ࠳ߣࡈࠜࡠࡢߣߩᕺ㑐ଥޔԙ ឵㑐ଥߣߒߡߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔ᤨ㑆
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡᛛⴚߥߤࠍ឵ߔࠆߎߣߢޔࠄ߆ߩႎ㈽ߣߒߡ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆੱޘߦㆶర ߔࠆߎߣ㧕ޕԚᵹࡊࡠࠬߣߒߡ㧔࠳ߪࡔࡦࡃࠍࠃࠅ㜞ᣇะ߳ዉ߈ޔ߆ࠇࠄߩ
േᯏࠍ㜞ࠆࡊࡠࠬߣߒߡ㧕ޔԛㆡᔕ⊛⋡⊛ᔒะ⊛ߦ㓸࿅߇⋡ᜰߔᣇะ㧔㓸࿅ߩ⋡⊛ࠍ
ߑߒޔ㓸࿅ࠍ⛔วߔࠆࡊࡠࠬߣߒߡ㧕ޕ࿁ᛒ߁␠ળ㑐ଥᕈߣߒߡߩ⚵❱㓸࿅ߣߊߦ
↥ᬺ⚵❱㓸࿅ߦ߅ߡ↢ߓࠆ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠅᣇࠍޔဈ↰㧔1996㧕ߦ୮ߞߡ࠳
ࠪ࠶ࡊㆊ⒟ߣߒࠃ߁ޕߎߩㆊ⒟ߢߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩ₪ᓧޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊⴕേࠆ
ߪࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ޔߘߒߡ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩലᕈࠍޕߛߛߒޔဈ↰ߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ
ലᕈࠍࡈࠜࡠࡢߦኻߔࠆᓇ㗀ߣߒߚ߇ޔߎߎߢߪߘࠇ߽࠳ߩᓇ㗀ਅߦࠆ⚵
❱㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈ߽ࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆޕ
㧝. ࠊ߇࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⁁
㧔㧝㧕⁁ߪ
↵ᅚหෳ↹␠ળߩታߦะߌߡޔࠊ߇࿖ߢ߽ߘߩၮᧄ⸘↹ߩቯᓟޔࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉࠕ
࡚ࠢࠪࡦㆇേߥߤડᬺޔ⥄ᴦߢߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᵴേߦࠆޕߒ߆ߒߢ߽ࠊ߇࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯ߩ⁁ߪ⻉ᄖ࿖ߣᲧセߒ෩ߒ߽ߩ߇ࠆޕᣣᧄߩߩ᭽⋧ߩታᘒࠍ␜ߒߚෘ↢ഭ
⋭㧔2009㧕߆ࠄ⊒ߐࠇߚޟᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕᐲᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏޠߦࠃࠆ⚿ᨐ߇ߘࠇࠍ ᅤታߦ‛⺆ߞߡࠆޕᓥᬺຬ30ੱએߩ᳃㑆ડᬺ5937␠ࠍኻ⽎ߦ⺞ᩏߒߚ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ
߹ߕޔଥ㐳⋧ᒰએߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߪડᬺߩ66.9㧑㧔66.6㧑ޔࠞ࠶ࠦౝߪ㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕޔએਅ ห᭽㧕ߢߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ▤ℂ⡯ࠍᜂߞߡߚޕ߹ߚߘߩߥ߆ߢޔㇱ㐳⡯ߢߪޔ10.5㧑㧔8.8㧑㧕ޔ
⺖㐳⡯ߢߪ 22㧑㧔21.1㧑㧕ޔଥ㐳⡯ߢߪޔ31.6㧑㧔32.0㧑㧕ߢࠆޕߎߩ㧟ᐕ㑆ߢ߶ߣࠎ ߤേ߈ߪߥޕ
ࠄ߆ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍߒߡࠆળ␠ߪඨᢙએߢࠆ߇ޔߘࠇߦዞߡࠆᅚᕈߪߣ
߃߫ޔߘࠇߪ߶ࠎߩ৻ីࠅߢࠆޕ▤ℂ⡯ోߢߪޔᅚᕈߩഀวߪડᬺౝߢߪ 6.9㧑ߣ ᶏᄖ(ߚߣ߃߫ޔ☨࿖ޔ42.5㧑㧧࠼ࠗ࠷ޔ37.3㧑)ߦᲧߴߘߩභࠆഀวߪૐޕห⋭߇ⴕߞ
ߚ㧟ᐕ೨ߣᲧセߒߡ߽ᄌൻߪᄢ߈߽ߩߢߪߥޕߚߒ߆ߦᄢડᬺࠍਛᔃߣߒߡޔᅚᕈߩ
▤ℂ⡯ߪᄙዋ㧔3.1㧑㧕Ⴧടߒߡߪࠆ߇ޔડᬺౝߢߪ6.9㧑ߟ߹ࠅޔ㧝㧜㧜ੱߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩ
ࠆળ␠ߢߪ㧣ੱᒙߒ߆ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߪߥߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߐࠄߦߒߊߺࠆߣޔ ㇱ㐳⡯ߢߪ3.1㧑ޔ⺖㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߢߪ5.0㧑ޔଥ㐳⡯⋧ᒰߢߪ11.1㧑ߣ⚵❱ౝߢߘߩ▤ℂ⡯ߣ ߒߡߩ߇߇ࠆߦᓥޔߘߩഀวߪૐਅߒߡࠆޕଥ㐳ࠢࠬߢߪߘߩㅴዷߩᚑᨐߪ ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔߘࠇએߩߢߪᓸޘߚࠆㅴዷߢࠆޕ
ߎߩㆇേࠍផㅴߒߡࠆቭᐡߢߪߤ߁ߢࠈ߁߆ޕౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚหෳ↹ዪ߇⊒ߒߚޟ⁛
┙ⴕᴺੱ╬ᅚᕈෳ↹⁁ᴫ⺞ᩏޠ㧔2007㧕ߢߪޔ⁛┙ⴕᴺੱ㧔148 ᴺੱ㧕߿࿖┙┙
ᄢቇᴺੱ㧔109ᴺੱ㧕ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚޕߘߩߥ߆ߢᅚᕈߪోᏱൕߩ36.2㧑ࠍභߡࠆ߽ߩ ߩޔ▤ℂ⡯ߩㇱ㐳⋧ᒰߢߪ6.3㧑ޔ⺖㐳⋧ᒰߢߪ15.7㧑ߢࠆޕᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ోߊߥ
ᴺੱ߽57㧑ߢࠆޕ৻ᣇޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇20㧑એߩᴺੱߣ߁ߩߪޔ⋴⼔Ꮷߣߒߡߩᅚ
ᕈ߇ᄙ∛㒮ᬺߢࠆޕߒ߆ߒߎߩ∛㒮ᬺ(㧟ᬺ)ࠍ㒰ߊߣޔోᏱൕ⡯ຬߩᅚᕈߩഀ
วߪ14.5㧑ߢࠆޕߐࠄߦᓎຬࠢࠬߢߪޔ2.4㧑ޔㇱ㐳ࠢࠬߢߪ1.6㧑ޔ⺖㐳ࠢࠬߢ
ߪ 2.5㧑ߣૐߊߥࠆޕߎࠇߪ᳃㑆ડᬺࠃࠅૐޕ߹ߚ࿖┙┙ᄢቇᴺੱ㧔㧝㧜㧥ᴺੱ㧕
ߢ߽ޔᅚᕈභࠆഀวߪޔోᏱൕᢙߪ53.7㧑ߢࠆ߇ޔᓎຬߪ㧞.㧠㧑ޔㇱ㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߪ8.0㧑ޔ
⺖㐳⋧ᒰ⡯ߢߪ7.1㧑ߢࠆޕ
ߐࠄߦޔหߓߊౝ㑑ᐭߩ⺞ᩏ㧔2007㧕ߦࠃࠆޔᣇ⥄ᴦ1827Ꮢ↸ߩ↵ᅚหෳ↹
ߩ⁁ᴫߪޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯㧔⺖㐳⚖એ㧕ߩᲧ₸ߪㇺᐭ⋵ߢޔ5.1㧑(.೨ᐕᐲᲧޔ0.1 ࡐࠗࡦ
࠻)ޔᜰቯㇺᏒߢޔ7.7㧑ޔᏒ↸ߢ8.6㧑(ห0.7ࡐࠗࡦ࠻)ߢࠆޕ10㧑ࠍ߃ߚ⥄
ᴦߪ㧡㧠㧟ߢޔ㧟ಽߩ㧝ߦㆊ߉ߥޕ߹ߚᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ࡠߩ⥄ᴦ߽ోߩ㧟ഀㄭ
㧡㧝㧟⥄ᴦߢࠆޕߘߒߡߘߩ߁ߜ㧠㧟㧥ߪ↸ߛߞߚޕりㄭߥޔ↢ᵴߦኒធߥ߆߆ࠊ ࠅߩࠆ⥄ᴦߢᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߪᭂߡਲߒ⁁ᴫߦࠆޕߒ߆ߒ৻ᣇߢᲧ₸ߩ߫ࠄߟ߈
߽ᄙߊޔߚߣ߃߫ޔ↸ߢ▤ℂ⡯߇㧡ੱߦ㧟ੱߩ⥄ᴦ㧔㐳㊁⋵ᦺᣣ㧕߽ࠆޕ
߹ߚ࿖ኅോຬߢߪޔੱ㒮߇2006ᐕߦႎ๔ߒߚ㨬ᅚᕈᐙㇱ⡯ຬࠍ⢒ᚑ⊓↪ߔࠆߚ
ߩ⎇ⓥળႎ๔㨭ߢߪᓎ⡯Ბ㓏ߩᅚᕈߩഀวࠍޔㆊᐔᚑ㧥ᐕ߆ࠄ㧝㧡ᐕ߹ߢߩផ⒖ࠍߺߡ
ࠆޕߘࠇߦࠃࠆߣޔଥ㐳ࠢࠬߢߪޔ14.5㧑߆ࠄ15.8㧑߳ޔ⺖㐳ࠢࠬߢߪ5.0㧑߆ࠄ
5.4㧑߳ޔᧄ⋭⺖ቶ㐳ᣇᯏ㑐ߩ㐳ߢߪޔ1.2㧑߆ࠄ1.3㧑ߣ㧢ᐕ㑆ߩផ⒖ߪߎࠇ߽߹ߚᓸޘ
ߚࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⁁ߪޔࠊ߇࿖ߢߪޔ࿖ߩ╷ߣߒߡᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩᵴ↪⊓↪ࠍឝߍߡࠆ ߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ⋡ᮡᢙ୯㧔2020ᐕ߹ߢߦ㧟㧜㧑㧕ߦߪ⒟㆙ޕߜߥߺߦᅚᕈߩ␠ળෳ↹
ߩᜰᮡߢࠆޔ࿖ㅪ㐿⊒⸘↹ߦࠃࠆ2009ᐕᐲߩޟੱ㑆㐿⊒ႎ๔ᦠ2009ޠߦࠃࠇ߫ޔࠫࠚ ࡦ࠳ࠛࡦࡄࡢࡔࡦ࠻ᜰᢙ㧔㧳㧱㧹㧕ߪޔࠊ߇࿖ߪ㧝㧜㧥߆࿖ਛ㧡㧣ߢࠆޕ
㧔㧞㧕ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥℂ↱
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥ⁁ߦኻߒߡޔᒰ⠪ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦߎߩߎߣࠍ⼂ߒߡ
ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕෘ↢⋭ߩ㨬ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕᐲᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏޠ㧔2010㧕ߢߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯
߇ዋߥℂ↱ߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ࿁╵ߪޔ̈ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎್ᢿ╬ࠍߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ߥ
̉ޔᰴߢ̈ൕ⛯ᐕᢙ߇⍴ߊޔ▤ℂ⡯ߦߥࠆ߹ߢߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆ̉ޔ̈᧪▤ℂ⡯ߦዞߊน⢻ᕈ ߩࠆᅚᕈߪࠆ߇ޔߘߩ⡯ᐕᢙߥߤࠍḩߚߒߡߥ̉ޔߘߒߡ̈ᅚᕈ߇Ꮧᦸߒߥ
̉ߢࠆޕߎߩ㗅ߪ↥ᬺޔડᬺߩⷙᮨߥߊᄢᣇห᭽ߩ⚿ᨐߢࠆޕ
߹ߚ⁛┙ⴕᴺੱߥߤࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ⺞ᩏ㧔ౝ㑑ᐭ↵ᅚหෳ↹ዪޔ2007㧕ߢߪޔᅚᕈߩ ᵴべࠍផㅴߔࠆߩ㗴ὐߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ࿁╵ߪޔ̈Ꮧᦸߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ̉ޔ̈ណ↪ߦ ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⢻ജࠍߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ̉ޔߘߒߡ̈ᤨ㑆ᄖഭޔᷓᄛഭࠍߐߖߦߊ̉
ߢࠆޕ߹ߚ⊓↪ߦߚߞߡߩ㗴ὐߪޔ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙ࿁╵ߪޔ̈▤ℂ⡯ߦᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⢻
ജࠍߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ዋߥ̉ޔᰴߢޔ̈Ꮧᦸߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ߔߊߥ̉ޔߘߒߡ㧟⇟⋡ߢ̈ൕ⛯ᐕ ᢙ߇⍴ߊ▤ℂ⡯ߦߥࠆ߹ߢߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ̉ߢߞߚޕߎߩ㧟ߟߩㆬᛯ⢇ߢޔో
ߩ㧡ಽߩ㧠ࠍභࠆޕ
߹ߚ㧔⽷㧕㧞㧝♿⡯ᬺ⽷࿅㧔2005㧕㨬ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⢒ᚑߣ⊓↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ㨭ߢߪޔ̈
↥⢒ఽࠍᄾᯏߦㅌ⡯ߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ࠆ̉ޔ̈ᅚᕈࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⢒ᚑߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆᗧ⼂ߦᰳߌࠆ̉ޔ
̈ᅚᕈណ↪ੱᢙ߇ዋߥߊోߦභࠆᅚᕈߩഀว߇ዋߥ̉ޔ̈ᅚᕈ߇ዞߊ⡯⒳߇㒢ቯߐࠇ ߡࠆ̉ࠍߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡࠆޕ
㧔㧟㧕ߘࠇߪᅚᕈ⥄りߩ㗴㧫
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥℂ↱ߣߒߡޔࠊ߇࿖ߢߪ᳃㑆ޔቭᐡߩ⚵❱ࠍ߃ᄙߊ ߩ㘃ૃߦࠆޕߎࠇࠄࠍ߹ߣࠆߣ㧟ὐߦ߹ߣࠄࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ߹ߕ߭ߣߟߣߒߡޔᅚᕈ ߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡߩ⢻ജ⍮⼂⾗⾰⚻㛎ਇ⿷ߢࠆޕ㧞⇟ߦߪޔൕോᐕᢙߩዋ ߥߐޔߟ߹ࠅᣧᦼㅌ⡯ߢࠆޕߘߒߡ㧟⇟⋡ߪᅚᕈ⥄り߇Ꮧᦸߒߥޔᦸ߹ߥߣ߁
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊേᯏߩૐߐޔࠆߪࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ߩૐߐߢࠆޕߎࠇࠍߺࠆߣ㧟ߟߣ߽ᅚ ᕈ⥄りߦߘߩℂ↱ࠅߣߔࠆޕࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߦࠃࠆੱౝⷐ࿃ߢޔᅚᕈ⥄り߇ߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߩේ࿃ࠍߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ
Ԙ ⢻ജࠬࠠ࡞ߩ㗴㧦
߹ߕޔᨐߚߒߡᅚᕈߪ↵ᕈߣᲧセߒߡޔߘߩᕈᏅ߆ࠄߺߡޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ⾗
⾰ߦᰳߌࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߘ߽ߘ߽࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജࠆߪࠬࠠ࡞ߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽
ߩߢࠈ߁߆㧫࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജࠬࠠ࡞ߣ৻⸒ߢߞߡࠆ߇ޔߎߩ⢻ജࠍᒰ⠪
ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߡࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ߹ߚ⚻㛎ߩዋߥߐߢߪޔዋߥߊߣ߽⚻㛎ߔࠆ ߣ߁ߎߣߪޔ߹ߕᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣࠍ೨ឭߦߒߡࠆޕᨐߚߒߡߘߩࠃ߁ߥߩ
࠴ࡖࡦࠬᯏળࠍਈ߃ߚߢߩᜰ៰ߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߟ߹ࠅ▤ℂ⡯߳ߩㅴߩᯏળߪࠆߩߛࠈ ߁߆ޕࠆߪߘߩߚߩ⹏ଔᩏቯߪᐔᕈ߇ߚࠇߚߢߩߎߣߢࠈ߁߆ޕ
ԙ ൕ⛯ᐕᢙ㧦
ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩዋߥߐࠍ߽ᜰ៰ߔࠆޕෘ↢ഭ⋭㧔2007㧕ߩ⾓㊄᭴ㅧၮᧄ⺞ᩏߢߪޔ㧞㧜㧜
㧢ᐕᐲߢޔᐔဋൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ↵ᕈ13.5ᐕޔᅚᕈ8.8ᐕߢࠆޕߎߩะߪ↵ᅚߣ߽ᄢ߈ߥᄌ ൻߪߥޕ⏕߆ߦ⛔⸘⊛ߦߪᅚᕈߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ⍴ޕߘߒߡߎߩ⍴ߐࠍޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋ ߥߐߣߒޔߘࠇߪޔߘߩߦ߰ߐࠊߒᐕᦼߦ㆐ߔࠆ೨ߦޔㅌ⡯ࠍߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߛߣߒ ߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐߣᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߪ⋧㑐⊛㑐ଥߛࠈ߁߆ޕߚߣ߃߫ޔ ᅚᕈߢ߽⥄ᴦ⡯ຬߪ߶߷ቯᐕ߹ߢൕോߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ᳃㑆ડᬺߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯⠪ߩ
ഀวߣᄌࠊࠅߥޕߘߎߦߪޔᣧᦼㅌ⡯ߦዉߊⷐ࿃ࠍੱౝⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߩࠠࡖࠕᔒะߦ
⚿߮ߟߌޔߘߩ⼂ߩૐߐߣߒߡࠆߎߣ߇⺒ߺขࠇࠆޕߎߎߢߪߥߗޔᅚᕈߪ↵ᕈࠃࠅ ᣧᦼߦㅌ⡯ࠍߔࠆ߆ߩᇦ⊛ᄌᢙ߽⠨ᘦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߛࠈ߁ޕߥߗᅚᕈߪൕോᐕᢙ ߩ⍴ߐߛࠈ߁߆㧫ᅚᕈ߇ኅᐸߣߩࡃࡦࠬࠍ⠨ᘦߒߟߟ▤ℂ⡯߇ൕ߹ࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߘߩ
⢛᥊ߦࠆ߽ߩߪߥߦ߆㧫ߘߒߡߘ߽ߘ߽ൕ⛯ᐕᢙߪ▤ℂ⡯ߦᔅὼ⊛ߥ߽ߩ߆㧫ߚߣ߃߫ޔ ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥᚲ㧔2004㧕ߩႎ๔ᦠߢߪޔᅚᕈ⚻༡⠪ߣ↵ᕈ⚻༡⠪ߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩᅚᕈᲧ₸ࠍ Ყセߒߡࠆ߇ޔൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩᐔဋߪᅚᕈ⚻༡⠪ߩਅߢߪ8.6ᐕޔ↵ᕈ⚻༡⠪ਅߢߪ10.5ᐕ ߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐࠍℂ↱ߦߒߡޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߪ㗴ߣߥߞߡߥޕ ߎࠇ߹ߢ⚳り㓹↪ᐲ߇ࠅޔߘࠇ߇೨ឭߢㅴߦߟߥ߇ߞߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ⢻ജታ❣ߢ
ㅴࠆߪ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ߁ᤨઍߢࠆߎߣߢߪޔᅚᕈߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙࠍߒߡޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ ߐࠍ⺰ߓࠆߎߣߪᗧ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁߆㧫
Ԛ േᯏᔒะߩૐߐ㧦
ߘߒߡޔ㧟ߟ⋡ߪޔᅚᕈߩേᯏᔒะߩૐߐߢࠆޕᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߪૐߊޔ
߹ߚ▤ℂേᯏ߽ૐߎߣߪᨐߚߒߡታߛࠈ߁߆㧫߽ߒߘ߁ߥࠄߘࠇߪߥߗߛࠈ߁߆㧫߹
ߚߤߩࠃ߁ߥᩮߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߚߣ߃߫ޔౝᶏ㧔2006㧕ߪᅚᕈㄘᬺ⠪࠳ળ
⼏ߩ⻠Ṷߥ߆ߢޔᅚᕈߩࠠࡖࠕᔒะ߇ૐߣ߁৻⥸⊛ߥ⸃߇ࠆ߇ޔߒ߆ߒߘߩౝ
ኈࠍߺࠆߣ̈ᓎ⡯ߦߪߟ߈ߚߊߥޔࠆߪߟ߈ߚߪ̉ਔᣇߣ߽ૐޕߘࠇߦኻߒߡޔ ߘࠇએᄖߩ80㧑ߪޔ̈ࠊ߆ࠄߥ̉ߩᔕߛߣ߁ޕ̈ࠊ߆ࠄߥ̉ߩᔕ⠪ߪޔ▤ℂ⡯ߦ ߥߞߚ႐วޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᘒࠆߪ⁁ᴫߦߥࠆ߆ߩ੍᷹߇ߢ߈ߥߩߢߪߥ߆ߣ⸒
߁ޕߟ߹ࠅ▤ℂ⡯ߩౕ⊛ࠗࡔࠫ߇ࠊ߆ߥߎߣޔࠊࠁࠆࡠ࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߩਇࠍᜰ៰ ߒߡࠆޕ
࠺࠲ߣߒߡߪߔߎߒฎߊߥࠆ߇ޔ⧯ᨋንḡᎹ㧔1983㧕ߢߪޔ᳃㑆ડᬺߩᅚᕈ▤
ℂ⡯㧝㧤㧝ੱߦኻߒߡޔ▤ℂ⡯ߩᒻᚑߦኻߒߡᗐቯߐࠇࠆߦዞߊߎߣߢ㒖ኂߐࠇ ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧝㧡㗄⋡ߩ⹏ቯࠍ᳞ߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔ㧟ߟߩ࿃ሶߩਅᔨߩ᭴ㅧߣߥߞߚޕ
╙㧝࿃ሶߢߪ↵ᅚᏅߩ㘑㧔↵ᅚᏅߩ㘑ầ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚޔ߇ࠎ߫ߞߡ߽ᱜᒰߥ⹏ଔ߇ᓧ ࠄࠇߥ㧕ޔ╙㧞࿃ሶߣߒߡޔ⢻ജᗧ᰼ߩᰳᅤ㧔⥄ಽߦ⢻ജ߇ߚࠅߥߣᗵߓߚޔ⥄ಽ߇
⡯ᬺੱߣߒߡߩ⥄ⷡߦᰳߌࠆߎߣ㧕ޔ╙㧟࿃ሶߢߪޔਔ┙㗴㧔ᄦ߿ሶଏߣචಽߥᤨ㑆߇߽
ߡߥޔߩ⇐ਛߩ⢒ఽߩ㗴㧕ߢߞߚޕേᯏᔒะߣߞߡ߽ޔߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪᄙ
᭽ߥ㗴߇ẜࠎߢࠆߣߺߡࠃߛࠈ߁ޕ߹߆ࠄ㧞㧜ᐕએ೨ߩߎߩᅚሶ▤ℂ⡯㒖ኂ᭴
ㅧߪߢߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧߢ߇ᄌൻߒޔ߇ᄌൻߒߡߥ߆⥝ߩḝߊߣߎࠈߢ
ࠆޕ
߽ߜࠈࠎޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦߩേ߈ߪ႐ߩჿࠍᤋߒޔฦડ
ᬺ߽ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥᐲࠍ⸳ߌޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩ⊓↪ߦⓍᭂ⊛ߢࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔࠊ߇࿖ߢ ขࠅߍࠄࠇࠆᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩℂ↱ߩ⢛᥊ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ⎇ⓥߪᭂߡ㒢ቯߐࠇߡࠆࠃ߁ߦᕁ ࠊࠇࠆޕ৻ᣇޔ⻉ᄖ࿖ߢ߽ޔਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯ߪჇ߃ߟߟࠆ߇ޔ߹ߛ߹ߛోߢߪޔᅚᕈ▤ℂ
⡯ߩ⊓↪ߪૐޕBowles & McGinn(2005)ߪᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩૐߐߩ⺑ߣߒߡޔԘ⡯႐ߢ ߪ⚵❱ߩጀㇱ㧔ᮭᆭ㧕߳ߩㅴߦࠄ߆ߩ᜔᧤߇ࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔ⋡ߦߺ߃ߥ߇ߥࠎ ࠄ߆ࡃࠕޔࠊࠁࠆࠣࠬࠪࡦࠣߩ㗴߇ࠆޕԙᅚᕈߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠬࠠ࡞ޔ
⚻㛎ߦᰳߌߡࠆޕࠆߪ࠻࠶ࡊࠍㅊ᳞ߔࠆࠬࠠ࡞ߦ߆ߌߡࠆޕࡑࡀࠫࡖࠢࠬ
ߪᄙ߇ޔ࠻࠶ࡊߩഀวߪዊߐޕԚᅚᕈߪࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉࠍߣࠆߎߣ߿ޔ࠳₪ᓧ ߦኻߔࠆേᯏߪૐߊޔ↵ᕈࠃࠅ⥝㑐ᔃ߇ૐޕԛᅚᕈߩ㑐ᔃߪኅᐸ↢ᵴ⢒ఽߩ㑐ᔃ ߪᒝߊޔ߹ߚߘࠇߦኻߔࠆ⽿ോ⽿છᗵ߽ᒝ㧔p192㧕ޕ
ߎࠇࠄߩℂ↱ߪࠊ߇࿖ߣߪหߓߢߪߥ߇ޔߘࠇߢ߽ࠊ߇࿖ߩ⁁ߩ⢛᥊ࠍតࠆߎߣߢ ߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⍮ߪᄢߦෳᾖߢ߈ޔ߹ߚࠊ߇࿖ߩ㗴ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߢലߢࠆߣ߅
߽߁ޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐࠍࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߣߒޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩⷞὐ߆ ࠄޔ▤ℂ⡯ߔߥࠊߜ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩᏅ⇣߇ߤߎ߆ࠄ↢ߓߡࠆ߆ߩේ࿃ࠍࠄ߆ߦ ߒࠃ߁ޕ
㧞 ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࠍ߽ߚࠄߔⷐ࿃ߣߘߩℂ⺰
ߎࠇ߹ߢߢࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚࠃ߁ߦޔࠊ߇࿖ߩ⁁ߪ᳃㑆ડᬺ߽ⴕ߽ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋ ߥߎߣߪ⊕ߢࠆޕߣߊߦㇱ㐳ߥߤߦߥࠆߦߟࠇ↵ᅚߩᲧ₸ߪᭂ┵ߦᐢ߇ࠆޕߎ ߩะߪࠊ߇࿖߫߆ࠅߢߥߊᄙߊߩᢥൻ࿖ߢ߽Ყ₸ߎߘ㆑߃ห᭽ߩะߦࠆޕߚߣ
߃߫Schein( 2001)ߪᢥൻߦࠃࠆ⒟ᐲߩᏅߎߘࠇޔ৻᭽ᕈࠍ␜ߒޔߘߩ⢛᥊ߣߒߡޔ⺑
ߐࠇࠆℂ⺰ߪᓎഀㆡวᕈℂ⺰ߢࠆޕ
㧔㧝㧕࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᓎഀߩᏅ⇣㧦ᓎഀㆡวᕈℂ⺰㧔The role congruity theory㧕 ߎߩℂ⺰ߪEaglyߣห⠪㧔Eagly, 2003; Eagly,Wood & Diekman, 2000; Eargly &
Karu, 2002,㧕ߦࠃߞߡឭ໒ߐࠇߚޕߟ߹ࠅޔᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߩ␠ળ⊛ᦸ߹ߒߐߩᕈᓎഀⷰߣ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡߩㆡᕈ⢻ജ߇ㆡวߒߥߎߣߢޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇↢ߓࠆߎ ߣߢࠆޕ␠ળ⊛ᓎഀߣߒߡޔ␠ળ⊛ߦᦸ߹ߒߣᦼᓙߐࠇࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣߒߡߩᓎഀⴕ
േߪޔ↵ᕈߣߒߡ߰ߐࠊߒ․ᕈޔ߹ߚᅚᕈߣߒߡ߰ߐࠊߒ․ᕈߣߒߡޔߘࠇߙࠇ⍮
⊛ࠬࠠࡑߣߒߡ⼂ߐࠇߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߣߒߡᒻࠄࠇߡࠆޕ৻
⥸ߦ↵ᕈ⊛․ᕈߪ┹⊛ޔ⋡⊛ᔒะޔ㊁ᔃ⊛ޔ⍮⊛ޔ₸వ⊛ߢࠅޔᅚᕈ⊛․ᕈߣߒߡߪޔ ද⺞⊛ޔេഥ⊛ޔ㙃⼔⊛ޔᗵ⊛ߥߤߢࠆޕ৻ᣇߢޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡᦸ߹ߒⴕ
േ․ᕈߪ⺖㗴㆐ᚑ⊛ޔ㕟ᣂ⊛ޔ㊁ᔃ⊛ߢࠆޕ߹ߚᄙߊߩ⚵❱㓸࿅ߪ⺖⺖㗴ᔒะߢޔ₸
వ⊛ޔᚢ⊛ߢࠆޕߘߎߢޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍㆡวߐߖߚ႐วޔ↵ᕈߩ႐
วߪޔ↵ᕈᕈ߇␜ߐࠇߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ࠲ࠗࡊޔ৻ᣇᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪᅚᕈᕈ߇
⊒ើߐࠇߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊဳ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޕ೨⠪ߢߪ⺖㗴ᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡ㓸࿅⋡
ᮡ㆐ᚑ߳ߩ߈߆ߌߢࠆޕᓟ⠪ߪ㑐ଥᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡޔ㓸࿅ౝߩኻੱ㑐ଥޔ㓸
࿅ߩ⛽ᜬߦ⠨ᘦߒߚޔᖱ✜⊛ߥ㥏⥰ޔ⪾⮮⸃ޔࠨࡐ࠻⊛࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ࠲ࠗࡊߢࠆޕߎࠇࠄࠍ߹ߣߡEaglyࠄߪേᕈ ( agenticism )ߣหᕈ 㧔communality㧕ߣߒߚޕߘߎߦ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇ࠫࠚࡦ࠳࠲ࠗࡊߣߔࠅวࠊߖ⺰ߓࠄ ࠇߡ߈ߚޕߟ߹ࠅ↵ᕈ߇㓸࿅ߣߒߡߩఝࠇߚᚑᨐࠆߪലᨐࠍ⊒ើߒޔหᕈߢߪᅚᕈ ߇ఝࠇߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⊒ើߔࠆޕ
ߐࠄߦޔ৻⥸⊛ߦ㓸࿅ㆊ⒟ߢߪޔ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑޔᚢߟ߹ࠅޔേᕈߩᣇ߇㊀ⷐߢޔఝߦ
᳞ࠄࠇࠆ․ᕈߢࠆޕߎߩ⾗⾰ߪ↵ᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߩⴕേࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ
․ᕈߣ㊀ߥࠅว߁(৻⥌ߔࠆ)ޕߒ߆ߒᅚᕈ߇ߎߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⊒ើߔࠆߥࠄ↵ᕈᕈࠍ
₪ᓧߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕᅚᕈߢߪᅚᕈߣ߁ᕈᓎഀߣఝߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡޔᦼ ᓙߐࠇߚᓎഀߩਇ৻⥌ߦࠃࠆਇㆡวᕈ߇ᅚᕈ⥄りߦ߽ޔ␠ળᗧ⼂ߢ߽ᷙੂࠍ߈ޔ⚿ᨐ⊛
ߦᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߦุቯ⊛ᘒᐲߣߥࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߣߒߡߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦ᒝ࿕ߥᕈᓎഀⷰ
␠ળޔࠆߪ⚵❱ޔ㓸࿅ߦߪࠆ৻ቯߩ್ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺ߇ࠅޔߘߩᨒ⚵ߺ߇ߘߎߢ ߩੱޘߩᕁ⠨ޔⴕേߩ್ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺ㧔frame of reference㧕ߣߒߡࠆޕߘߎߢޔ␠ળߢߪ
৻⥸ߦߺࠄࠇޔ߹ߚߘߩ್ᢿߩᨒ⚵ߺߢߘߩ␠ળ߆ࠄߩฃኈᜎุߩⷙḰߣ߽ߥࠆޕߎࠇ ࠍ␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߣ߁ޕⷙ▸ߪߘߩ␠ળߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠅޔ߹ߚߘࠇߪᄌኈߔࠆޕ␠ળ⚵❱
ߦߪᄙ᭽ߥⷙ▸߇ࠅޔߘࠇߪᔅߕߒ߽ᐲ⊛ᴺᐲߣߪว⥌ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߪߥޕᥧ㤩 ߩߥ߆ߢ␠ળߦሽߔࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙޕߐࠄߦ␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸ߦߪߘߩฃኈߩ⒟ᐲޔ⹏ଔߪᄙ᭽
ߢࠆޕߘߩฃኈࠆߪ⸵ኈߩ⒟ᐲߢޔࠃߊ↪ࠄࠇࠆಽ㘃ߪޔᒝ⊛ⷙ▸ߣ⸥ㅀ⊛
ⷙ▸ߢࠆޕᒝⷙ▸ߣߪᒝ⹏ଔࠍߣ߽ߥޔߘߩⷙ▸߆ࠄㅺ⣕ߔࠇ߫ޔߥࠎࠄ߆ߩ
ⵙࡃ࠶ࠪࡦࠣ߇ࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ߹ߚ⸥ㅀ⊛ߣߪ␠ળߢ৻⥸ߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ߇ޔߘࠇߦ
㆑ߒߡ߽̈ߜߞߣᄌߛ̉ߣߩශ⽎ࠍ߽ߟ⒟ᐲߩ߽ߩߢࠆޕᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߢߪޔࠫࠚࡦ
࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩේ࿃ߣߒߡޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߩਛߢ߽ޔߣߊߦߎߩᒝ⊛
ⷙ▸ߦᛶ⸅ߒߚߣ߈ޔᒝⵙࠍ߽ߞߡ⹏ଔߔࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡࠆޕ࠳ࠪ࠶
ࡊߣߒߡޔᅚᕈߪ㙃⼔ޔ␠ળ⊛ᗵฃᕈޔઁ⠪߳ߩℂ⸃ߣ㈩ᘦߥߤ߇ߎࠇࠍ⊒ើߔࠆ႐ߢޔ
ࠆߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥⴕὑߪ㜞ߊ⹏ଔߐࠇࠆޕߘࠇࠍหᕈߣߒߡޔᅚᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߩᒝ
⊛ⷙ▸ߣߔࠆޕ৻ᣇޔ↵ᕈߩ․ᕈߣߒߡߪޔേᕈߣߒߡߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊⴕേߢޔ⁛
┙ᕈޔ⢻ߐޔ㊁ᔃߥߤ↵ᕈߩߣߒߡߩᓎഀⴕὑߣߒߡ৻⥌ߔࠆޕ
⥄Ꮖᔨߣߒߡߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠠࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦␠ળ⊛ⵙߩ߅ߘࠇ
␠ળ⊛ᕈᓎഀߩାᔨⷙ▸ߪߐࠄߦ⥄Ꮖߩࠅᣇ߽ⷙቯߔࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ⥄Ꮖ⍮߿⥄Ꮖ⹏
ଔߪ␠ળ⊛ଔ୯ᗧߠߌߣኒធߦ㑐ଥߔࠆޕHeilman & Okimoto(2007)ߪޔ࠳ࠪ
࠶ࡊⴕേߪ↵ᕈᕈߣ⚿߮ߟ߈ޔߘࠇߪᒝ⊛ⷙ▸ߣߥࠅޔᅚᕈ߇ߚߣ߃ࡑࡀࠫࡖߣߒ ߡᚑഞߒߡ߽ޔߥࠎࠄ߆ߩࡃ࠶ࠪࡦࠣࠍ߁ߎߣࠍታ㛎⊛ߦᬌ⸽ߒߚޕ⺑ߪޔ↵ᕈߩࠬ
࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߢᚑഞߒߚᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖߦኻߒߡޔ↵ᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖࠃࠅޔᅢᗵ ࠍ߽ߚߕุቯ⊛ߥኻੱ⍮ࠍߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖߦหᕈߩⷐ࿃ࠍઃടߔࠆߣ
⹏ଔߪㅒォߔࠆߣߩ⺑ߢታ㛎ࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕၮᧄ⊛ᖱႎߪࡑࡀࠫࡖߣߒߡ⚻༡㒯ߩ 㜞⹏ଔߩࡔࡕߢࠆޕ᧦ઙߪหᕈߩઃടᖱႎ㧔ㇱਅߦ㑐ᔃࠍᛄޔ߆ࠇࠄߩⷐ᳞ߦᵈ ᗧߔࠆޔㇱోߩଦㅴߦദജߔࠆ㧕ࠅޔหᕈߣߪ⋥ធ㑐ଥߥࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉઃടᖱႎ㧔ㇱ
ోߩᚑᨐࠍଦㅴޔㇱౝߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠖࠕߩ឵ޔᐔߥᛒ㧕ޔઃടᖱႎߥߒ᧦ઙߩ㧟᳓Ḱߢ
ࠆޕ⚿ᨐߪ߹ߕᅢᗧߢߪޔઃട᧦ઙߣᕈᏅߦߪᗧߥ㑐ଥ߇ߞߚޕߟ߹ࠅޔઃടߥߒ ߢߪޔᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖ߇ᅢᗧࠍ߽ߚࠇߥߊޔ߹ߚ࠳ߣߒߡߩઃട᧦ઙߢ߽ᅢᗧߪ ૐޕߒ߆ߒหᕈߩઃട᧦ઙߢߪޔᅚᕈ࠳ߢ㜞ᅢᗧᕈ߇↢ߓߚޕ߹ߚᦸ߹ߒ
มߣߒߡߪޔᕈᏅߪ⋥ធ㑐ㅪߥߊޔᖱႎߩ㆑ߣߩ㑐ଥߢᏅ⇣߇ߖߚޕߟ߹ࠅޔ
หᕈߩߺߢᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⹏ଔ߇㜞ߊޔߘࠇએᄖߩ᧦ઙߢߪ↵ᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖ߇ᦸ
߹ߒߐߢ㜞ޕᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪޔหᕈߣ߁ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ઃ
ടߐࠇߡߪߓߡ࠳ߣߒߡߩ⹏ଔߦߟߥ߇ࠅޔ߽ߒߘࠇ߇ߥߌࠇ߫ߘࠇߪหᕈߦ
ᰳߌࠆߣ߁ࡍ࠽࡞࠹ࠖࠍ⽶߁ߣ߁ޔᭂߡᒝ࿕ߥᒝ⊛ⷙ▸߇ࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒ ߡࠆޕ
⍮⠪ߩ⍮⊛ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ㧦⍮⊛ߕࠇ
ߎߩℂ⺰ߩᨒ⚵ߺߪ␠ળ⊛⍮ߦ߅ߌࠆࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߢࠆޕߎߎߢߪೝỗࠆ
ߪᖱႎࠍขᝥㆬᛯߒߘࠇࠍᣢሽߩ⍮⊛ᨒ⚵ߺߣ㑐ㅪߠߌޔߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⍮⊛᭴ㅧൻ ߦߔࠆ߆ߩ㗴ߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ⍮⠪ߩ⼂ߩࠅᣇ߇㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆޕߎߩࠫࠚࡦ
࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߪ↵ᅚߤߜࠄߢߘߩࡃࠗࠕࠬߪᒝߢࠈ߁߆ޕ⧯ᨋቬᣇ㧔㧝㧥㧤㧢㧕ߢ ߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⍮⊛᭴ㅧߣߘߩ⹏ଔߦߪᕈᏅߪߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕߒ߆ߒ⹏ቯߐ ࠇࠆኻ⽎⠪㧔↵ᕈ࠳ޔᅚᕈ࠳㧕߹ߚ⹏ቯ⠪ߩᕈᏅߦࠃߞߡߘߩ᭴ㅧ߇⇣ߥࠆ ߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡࠆޕߘߒߡᕈߦࠃࠆᏅ⇣ߩ⒟ᐲߪ↵ᕈ߇ᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⹏
ቯߔࠆ႐วޔ↵ᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣᲧセߒߡޔߘߩᏅ⇣߇ᄢ߈ߊߥࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡ
ࠆޕߎߎߢߩ⺞ᩏߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߦኻߔࠆᘒᐲዤᐲ㧔WAMS㧕ࠍ↪ߡࠆޕ⚿ᨐߪ߅߅ ࠃߘ⺑ㅢࠅߢޔᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⹏ଔߢߪ⹏ଔ⠪ߣ↪ߩ㑐ଥߦߞߚޕߟ߹ࠅ
↵ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪ↵ᕈ࠳ߣᅚᕈ࠳ߢߪ↵ᕈ࠳ߦᗧߦ㜞⹏ଔ୯ߢࠆ ߇ޔᅚᕈߩ႐วߪߘߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐޕߐࠄߦ↵ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪޔᅚᕈ߅ࠃ߮ᅚᕈ⊛ⴕേߩਔ
⠪ߦ㜞⋧㑐㑐ଥߦࠅޔߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄ⪺⠪ߚߜߪ↵ᕈߦ߅ߡߪࠃࠅᕈᓎഀ⊛ࠬ࠹ࠝ
࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣ߇ᒝߎߣ߽ᜰ៰ߒߚޕߘߒߡᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߦᅢᗧ⊛ᘒᐲߩ႐วߢ߽ޔᅚᕈ⊛
㕙㧔㈩ᘦ⥄↱⸵ኈߎߎߢߪੱ㑆ਛᔃ᳃ਥဳ࿃ሶ㧕ࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚ⹏ଔߢߞߚޕ
ߎߩะߪߢ߽ࠆࠃ߁ߛޕਭ↰㧔2008㧕ߢߪޔࡈࠔࠬ࠻ࡈ࠼ᐫߩࡑࡀࠫ
ࡖߩ⡯ോߩᕈᏅߩㆡวᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚޕߘࠇߦࠃࠆߣޔᕈᏅࠍ߃ߡㅢߒߚ⢻ജߩઁޔ
ᅚᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߪᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖߩࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠪߦᄙ᭽ߥ⒳㘃ࠍ␜ߒޔ߹ߚߘࠇߙࠇߩ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߦห᭽ߩᅚᕈߩㆡวᕈࠍߚޕߒ߆ߒ↵ᕈ⹏ቯ⠪ߢߪࡑࡀࠫࡖߣߒߡޔ
↵ᕈߣߒߡ㆐ᚑ⢻ജޔ⸘↹⚵❱ജޔᄌ㕟ᔒะജޔഃㅧജߣᄙ᭽ߥࠦࡦࡇ࠹ࡦࠪࠍߚ ߇ޔᅚᕈߢ㜞ߩߪᔨ⊛ᕁ⠨ജߛߌߛߞߚޕవߩޟᅚᕈ㓹↪▤ℂၮᧄ⺞ᩏ㧔ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕ㧕ޠ ߢ߽ޔߥߗᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯߇ዋߥ߆ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ߽ߞߣ߽ᄙߩߪޔ̈ᔅⷐߥ⍮⼂߿⚻㛎ޔ
್ᢿ⢻ജ╬ࠍߔࠆᅚᕈ߇ߥ̉ߢඨᢙㄭߊߢߞߚޕߎߩ࿁╵⠪ߩᕈᏅߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ
ഀวߢߞߚࠈ߁߆ޕ
߽ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⢻ജ⾗⾰ߩૐߐ߇ᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㒖ࠎߢ
ࠆߣ߁⼂ߪᒝޕߘߒߡߎߩᲧ₸ߪ↵ᕈߦ߅ߡ㜞ޕ↵ᕈߦᒝߎߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠬ
࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ౕ⊛ߦᓇ㗀ߒߡࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠈ߁ޕߚߣ߃߫ޔੱᮭࠍី
ࠆ┙႐ߘࠇߪ▤ℂ⡯ߢࠆ߆ࠄㅴ߿㈩ዻߥߤߩᩏቯ⹏ଔࠍߔࠆ⠪ߪޔታᘒߪ߹ߛ↵ᕈ
▤ℂ⡯߇ୟ⊛ߦᄙޕߘ߁ߔࠆߣߎߩࠃ߁ߥᒝࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߢ⹏ଔߒߡࠆ߆
߽ߒࠇߥޕߐ߹ߑ߹ߥታᘒࠆߪᗧ⼂⺞ᩏߢߪ࿁╵⠪ߩᕈ⸥߽㊀ⷐߢޔᕈᏅߦࠃ ࠆಽᨆߪ╙৻⟵⊛ߥⷐ⺧ߛࠈ߁ޕ
ࠞ࠹ࠧൻߣߒߡߩᕈ
Eagly & Karau( 2002)ߪᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߎߣߣߒߡޔ↵ᕈߪᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖࠍ߽
ߟ⚻㛎ߦਲߒߎߣࠍߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔᒰ㕙ߩᅚᕈࡑࡀࠫࡖߦኻߒߡߩ
ࠬࠠࡑ㧔⍮᭴ㅧ㧕ߪᅚᕈ․ᕈߦࠃࠆࠬࠠࡑ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕߥߗߥࠄޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩ
ࠞ࠹ࠧߣࡑࡀࠫࡖߩࠞ࠹ࠧߩ㧞ߟߢᖱႎ߇ޘߢធㄭᕈ߇ࠆߩߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳
ߩࠞ࠹ࠧߢࠈ߁߆ࠄޕߘ߁ߔࠆߣޔࠞ࠹ࠧߢߪࡑࡀࠫࡖߣߒߡߩࠞ࠹ࠧ
⍮ࠃࠅޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣߒߡߩࠞ࠹ࠧ߇ఝవߔࠆޕߟ߹ࠅᒰੱ⥄ߩ⊛ᖱႎ ߢߪߥߊޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⍮⼂ߦ߽ߣߠߚࠫࠚࡦ࠳ో⥸ߣߒߡߩ⍮⊛ᨒ⚵(ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗ
ࡊ)ߢߣࠄ߃ߡߒ߹߁ߩߢߪߥ߆ߣߒߡࠆޕએ೨ࠆᦨᄢᚻߩ৻ߟߩࠦࡦࡇࡘ࠲ડ
ᬺߩᅚᕈ㧯㧱㧻߇⥄␠ߩ⽶ௌߢㄉ⡯ߦㅊ߿ࠄࠇߚߣ߈ޔߘߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ̈ᅚᕈߦߪήℂ ߥ̉ߣߩ⹏߇ࡔ࠺ࠖࠕߦᵹࠇߚ㧔↵ᕈߢ߽ήℂߥߩߦ㧍㧍㧕ޕ㧯㧱㧻ߩ⾰ߢߪߥߊޔᅚ ᕈߣߒߡߩ⹏ଔߢߞߚޕ
ᢥൻࠍ߃ߡ
ߎߩᕈᓎഀߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߩᒝ࿕ߐߪᢥൻࠍ߃ߡ৻᭽ߥ߽ߩߣᜰ៰ߒߡ
ࠆߩ߇Shein(2001)ߢࠆޕᓐᅚߪߎࠇࠍޔ’this is manager̆ this is male’ߣߒޔᒝᔃ ℂ⊛ࡃࠕߣᝒ߃ߚޕߘߒߡ߹ߢ߽⇇ਛߢߎߩାᔨߪሽߔࠆߣޕߚߛߒޔ↵ᕈߦ߅
ߡޕᓐᅚߪޔࠕࡔࠞޔࠗࠡࠬޔ࠼ࠗ࠷ޔਛ࿖ޔᣣᧄߩ㧡ࠞ࿖ߩ߹ߛࡆࠫࡀࠬߦዞ
ߡߥฦ࿖100ฬ߆ࠄ200ฬ೨ᓟߩ↵ᅚߦኻߒߡޔ㧥㧞ߩੱ․ᕈ(ಽᨆ⢻ജޔ⥄ାޔ⽿
છᗵޔ▤ℂࠬࠠ࡞ޔ┹ജޔᖱႎવ㆐⢻ജޔଦㅴജޔ㊁ᔃߥߤ)ࠍ␜ߔ↪⺆ࠍឭ␜ߒޔ৻⥸
⊛ߦ↵ᕈߣߒߡࠇࠆ․ᕈޔᅚᕈߣߒߡࠇࠆ․ᕈޔߘߒߡᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀࠫࡖߩ․ᕈ
ߩ․ᕈ⺆ࠍ㧡ઙᴺߢㆡಾߐࠍ⹏ቯߐߖߚޕߟ߹ࠅࡑࡀࠫࡖߩ․ᕈޔਔᕈߩᕈᓎഀࠍ
⍮⊛ߦ␜ߔࠆߎߣߢޔࡑࡀࠫࡖߩ․ᕈߣߒߡᕈᏅߩᔃ⊛㑐ㅪᕈࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ ߢࠆޕ⚿ᨐߪޔ↵ᕈߦ߅ߡᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀࠫࡖߣ↵ᕈߩ․ᕈߣ㜞⋧㑐㑐ଥߦߞߚޕ ߣߊߦਛ࿖ߢߪߘߩ⒟ᐲ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚޕᅚᕈߢߪޔᚑഞߒߚࡑࡀࠫࡖߢߪᅚᕈߩ․ᕈߣ
⋧㑐ߪ㜞ߊޔߟ߹ࠅ㘃ૃᕈߪ㜞ޕߘߩ⒟ᐲߪࠕࡔࠞ߇ᒝߊޔߘߩኻߦᣣᧄߢߪᅚᕈ ߩࡑࡀࠫࡖߣߩᅚᕈߩ㘃ૃᕈߪૐ߆ߞߚޕߟ߹ࠅᣣᧄߩ․ᓽߣߒߡޔᅚᕈ⹏ଔ⠪ߦ߅
ߡࡑࡀࠫࡖߣᅚᕈߩ⋧㑐߇ૐߊޔᅚᕈߢ߽ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߪᒝߣߩ⚿ᨐߢ
ߞߚޕ
㧔㧞㧕ੱ⊛․ᕈߣߒߡߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജޔേᯏࠆߪᔒะᕈ
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥℂ↱ߩ৻ߟߪᅚᕈ⥄りߩੱ⊛⾗⾰ߣߒߡޔ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒߡߩ࠳
ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⢻ജ⾗⾰ߦᰳߌࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߎߎߢ㗴ߥߩߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⾗
⾰⢻ജߪߥߦ߆ߣ߁ߎߣߢ߽ࠆ߇ޔᅚᕈੱߩ㗴ߣߒߡᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆߎߩࠃ߁ߥ
ੱౝߩⷐ࿃ߢߪߘߩઁߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡࡠ࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߩਇචಽޔࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ޔᚑഞᕟᔺぷ ふޔ␠ળ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞ቇ⠌ਇ⿷ޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈߥߤ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆޕᨐߚߒߡޔ ᅚᕈߩ⢻ജߪ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒߡ↵ᕈߣᲧセߒߡ⠴߃ࠄࠇߥ߽ߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ
Hyde(2005)ߪ ̈ᕈᏅߪᱴߤߥ̉ޟ㘃ૃᕈߩℂ⺰ޠࠍ߆߆ߍޔ↢ℂ⊛ᄌᢙޔㆇേ⢻ജᄌ
ᢙޔ⍮⊛⢻ജޔᔃℂ⊛ᄌᢙߢ↵ᅚ㑆ߩᲧセࠍ߅ߎߥߞߚޕᓐᅚߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥࠍࠫࠚࡦ
࠳ࠍਥߚࠆᄌᢙߣߒߡಽᨆߒߥ߅ߒߡޔࡔ࠲ಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚޕߘߩߥ߆ߢᔃℂ⊛ᄌᢙߣߒ ߡ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⢻ജ㧔ߎߎߢߪߘߩౝኈߪࠄ߆ߢߥ㧕ߢߪޔᕈᏅ㑆(between gender) ߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐߊޔߒࠈᕈᏅౝ㧔within-gender㧕ߩᣇ߇ᄢ߈ߣ߁⚿ᨐߢߞߚޕߟ߹
ࠅ↵ᅚ㑆ߩᏅࠃࠅޔ↵ᕈౝߢޔࠆߪᅚᕈౝߢߩᏅ⇣߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚޕ↵ᕈߦߖࠃᅚᕈߦ ߖࠃ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ․ᕈߪੱᏅߢࠅޔᕈᏅߢߪߥߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔ ᕈᏅࠍᒝ⺞ߒߔ߉ࠆߎߣߢ⡯႐߿ኻੱ㑐ଥߦ߅ߡߞߚ್ᢿࠍ߽ߚࠄߒޔ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦੱ᧚ ߩലߥᵴ↪ࠍᅹߍࠆࠊ߫ࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߣᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕᚒ߇࿖ߢ߽㚍႐㧔1989㧕
߽ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍ⺞ᩏߒߡᣢߦੱᏅߩᣇ߇ᒝߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡࠆޕ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍߣࠅߚ߇ࠄߥ㧔ᔒะᕈേᯏߩᕈᏅ㧕
ߎࠇ߹ߢޔᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߩૐߐޔߔߥࠊߜ࠳ᓎഀ₪ᓧേᯏ߇ૐ㧔ဈ
↰ޔ1996㧕ޔߐࠄߦߪࠠࡖࠕᔒะߩૐߐ(᳗ޔ1994)߇ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ࠍૐߡࠆߣߒ ߡߚޕߟ߹ࠅേᯏ⊛ᔒะ⊛㕙ߢࠆޕᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩੱ․ᕈߢߪ Abele(2000)ߦࠃࠆޟࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߩੑ㊀ᓇ㗀ㆊ⒟ޠߩߥ߆ߢޔࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߦߪ␠ળᦼᓙ
ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊޔߟ߹ࠅᕈᓎഀᦼᓙ⍮ߣઁᣇޔ␠ળൻߩㆊ⒟ߢ₪ᓧߐࠇࠆ⥄Ꮖലജᗵޔ
⡯ᬺ⏕┙ᗧ⼂ޔ᧪ዷᦸߩߥߤߩ㧞ߟߩ㕙ࠍߔࠆߣߒߡࠆޕߘߒߡߎߩࠃ߁ߥࠠࡖ
ࠕᗧ⼂ߩૐߐ߇␠ળ⊛႐㕙ߢ࠳⊛ᓎഀࠍᔒะߒߥߣߒߡࠆޕߎߩࠠࡖࠕᗧ
⼂ߣ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ㑐ㅪߢߪޔTin Tin Htun & Yamamoto(1998,2001)ߢߪޔ࠳
ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈࠍ࠳ߩᓎഀ߿ߦዞ߈ߚേᯏߣቯ⟵ߒޔߎߩᔒะᕈߩ㜞ߐߣࠠࡖ
ࠕᗧ⼂ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚޕࠊ߇࿖ߩᄢቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ⚿ᨐߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᗧ⼂ߪᅚᕈߪ
↵ᕈࠃࠅૐߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡࠆޕߒ߆ߒૐߣߞߡ߽ޔߘࠇߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߥ⒟ᐲߩᏅ
⇣ߢޔᅚᕈߢ߽ᔒะᕈߩࠆੱߪዋߥ߆ࠄߕሽߒߚޕ߹ߚޔߢࠄࠇߚޔ
ㅴേᯏޔ߳⽿છᗵޔ߳ߩ⥄⽶ᔃߥߤߩࠠࡖࠕᔒะᕈߣߩ㑐ㅪߢߪߘߩ⋧㑐ߪ㜞 ߆ߞߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߘߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈߪޔ㆐ᚑേᯏޔᮭജേᯏޔേᯏޔ⥄ዅᔃ ߣ㜞ߊ⋧㑐ߒޔߎࠇࠄߪ↵ᕈᕈߣኒធߦ㑐ଥߒߚޕߎߩߎߣ߇ᅚᕈߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะ ᕈࠍૐߊߒߡࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣ⠨ኤߒߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߣᕈᓎഀߣߒ ߡ↵ᕈߪേᕈ㧔ߎߎߢߪౕ⊛㧕ޔᅚᕈᓎഀߣߒߡหᕈ㧔ߎߎߢߪᕈ㧕ߣ㑐ㅪߠߌ ߚޕേᕈߢߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈߩᕈᏅߪߥߊޔߘߩᔒะᕈߩᒝߐ⒟ᐲߦࠃߞߡ㆑
ߢߞߚޕ߹ߚหᕈߢߪޔ↵ᕈߦ߅ߡޔᔒะᕈ߇㜞⟲ߢหᕈ߇㜞ߊޔᅚᕈߢߪ ᔒะᕈߦࠃࠆᏅߪߥޕߐࠄߦ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠬࠠ࡞ߣߒߡߎߎߢߪޔᛛⴚ⊛ࠬࠠ࡞㧔⋡
ᮡ┙᩺⢻ജ㧕ޔᔨߩࠬࠠ࡞㧔㗴ᛠី⢻ജޔቯߩᱜߒߐ㧕ޔੱ㑆㑐ଥࠬࠠ࡞ߣߒߡⷙቯ ߒޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈߣߩ㑐ㅪࠍߺߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔߎࠇࠄߩࠬࠠ࡞ߦߪᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ㆑
ߪߥߊޔߘࠇߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈߣᒝߊ㑐ࠊߞߡߚޕ
⚻㛎ਇ⿷ቇ⠌ਇ⿷
ࠊ߇࿖ߢߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⚻㛎߇ߥߎߣ߽ᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥߐߩᄢ߈ߥℂ↱ߢ
ࠆޕߎߩ̈⚻㛎̉ߪ⚿ᨐߢߞߡޔߥߗ⚻㛎߇ዋߥ߆ߩℂ↱߇ߥߌࠇ߫ޔ⚻㛎ߩዋߥ ߐߩℂ⸃ߦߪ❬߇ࠄߥޕߘߩߦ߰ߐࠊߒ⢻ജ߇ߥ߆ࠄ߆ޔᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥ
߆ࠄ߆ޔᒰ⠪߇ᦸ߹ߥ߆ࠄ߆ޔߥߤߥߤߎߩጀ⊛ߥ⚿ᨐߛߌߢߪℂ⸃ߒߦߊޕ ߒ߆ߒ⚻㛎ߩዋߥߐߢߪޔᯏળߩዋߥߐߢߊߟ߆ߩ⍮ߢࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡࠆޕEagly
& Karau(1991)ߢߪታ㛎⊛ᚻᴺߢޔᷙᚑߩ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒޔߘߎߢߩ࠳ߩߩᔕ ࠍߺߚߣߣߎࠈޔ↵ᕈߩ₸ߪ㜞ߊޔ߹ߚߚߣ߃ᅚᕈ߇ᅢᗧࠍ߽ߚࠇޔࠆߪ㓸࿅ࠍ ᒁߞᒛࠆߎߣ㧔ଦㅴജ㧕߇ࠄࠇߡ߽ޔ࠳ߣߒߡߪ↵ᕈߢߞߚޕWalker, Ilardi, McMahon, & Fennell(1996)ߢߪࡔࡦࡃ᭴ᚑߣߒߡޔో↵ᕈ㓸࿅ޔోᅚᕈ㓸࿅ޔᷙว㓸
࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒޔߘߎߢ㓸࿅⸛⼏ࠍⴕࠊߖࡔࡦࡃห჻ߩ⋧↪ࠍⴕߞߚޕߐࠄߦ㓸࿅ߦߪ ታ㛎⠪߆ࠄ࠳ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ㓸࿅ߣޔߘࠇࠍ⸳ቯߒߥ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߒߚޕฦ㓸࿅ߩ⸛
⼏ᓟޔ࠳ࠍߺߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߊߦ․ᓽ⊛ߛߞߚߩߪࠄ߆ߓ࠳ࠍ
ߥ↵ᅚᷙᚑ㓸࿅ߢߪޔ↵ᕈ߇ᅚᕈߩ㧡ߢ࠳ࠍᜂߞߚޕߘߩᷙᚑߢߪᅚᕈ߇㧝ੱ
ߢ߽↵ᕈ࠳߇ޔ↵ᕈ㧝ੱߢ߽↵ᕈ߇࠳ࠍോߚޕߐࠄߦޔߩ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ㧞
ੱ㓸࿅ߢޔหᕈߩ႐วߪޔ․ᕈ㧔ᡰ㈩⊛ะߥߤ㧕ߩⷐ࿃߇ఝ㧔㧣㧟㧑㧕ߢޔ․ᕈߦࠃ ࠅ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇ߒߚޕߒ߆ߒ↵ᅚᷙว㓸࿅ߢߪޔ㧥㧜㧑߇↵ᕈߢߞߚ 㧔Forsyth,2006㧕ޕߎߩߎߣߪޔ࠳ߩߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⾗⾰ߦࠃߞߡቯߐ ࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊޔ߹ߕᕈᏅߣ߁ࠞ࠹ࠧߘࠇ⥄ߢ࠳ߣ߁߇ቯߒߡߒ
߹ޔ⚿ᨐ⊛ߦ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᯏળࠍ⫋ߞߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦ߽ߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ
⚵❱㓸࿅ߩ࠻࠶ࡊߪήℂ㧫ߩนⷞᕈ㧔ᮭ㒢ઍᕈ㧕
ဈ↰㧔1996㧕ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩౝᄖߩ⎇ⓥࠍ߹ߣޔᅚᕈߪኻᄖ⊛ᒻᑼߣߒߡߪᦨ㜞ߩ ᓎഀߦዞછߒߥะ߇ࠅޔߎߩะߪ␠ળ⊛ᕈᓎഀⷰߩᄌൻ߿⺖㗴ߩᕈㆡวᕈߩᓇ 㗀ࠍฃߌߦߊߩߢߪߥ߆ߣߒߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ߇㜞ߊߥࠆߣߘࠇߦߟࠇߡޔߦ
ઃ㓐ߒߚᮭ㒢߅ࠃ߮ઍᕈ߇Ⴧߒޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥᄢ߈ߥᮭ㒢ઍᕈߢߪᅚᕈߪ࠳ᓎ
ഀߦዞછߔࠆน⢻ᕈߪᷫዋߔࠆߣߒߚޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥߦઃ㓐ߒߚജᮭ㒢ઍᕈࠍ ᓐᅚߪߩนⷞᕈ㧔position visibility㧕ߣߒޔ㓸࿅ౝᄖ߆ࠄᛚߐࠇࠆ⒟ᐲࠍߔᰴర ߣߒߡޔߘߩ⒟ᐲ߇ᅚᕈ࠳ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆߣߒߚޕ㓏ጀ߇߇ࠆߎߣߢߘߩ⒟ᐲߪ ᒝ߹ࠅޔߘߩ⚿ᨐᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩᲧ₸ߪૐਅߔࠆߣߒߚޕ
ߘ߁ߢࠇ߫ޔ㓸࿅ߩᕈ⾰ߣߒߡޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥߩนⷞᕈߩૐ႐ว㧔ߚߣ߃߫ޔNPO ᴺੱޔ⊛ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧕ߢߪޔᅚᕈߩ࠳߽น⢻ߢࠆޕߘࠇߪᮭᆭࠍࠊߔ
࠳ࠃࠅࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠲ޔ߹ߣᓎޔࠦ࠺ࠖࡀ࠲ߥߤߩ↪⺆ࠍᅢࠎߢ߁ 㧔Andrews, 1992㧕ߣߩᜰ៰ߦ߽ㅢߓࠆޕ
ᨐߚߒߡ㜞ߩᲧ₸߇ૐߎߣߪߩนⷞᕈ߇ߘߩⷐ࿃ߣߥࠆ߆ߪ⏕ߢߪߥޕ ߚߣ߃߫ޔEagly (2003),Eagly & Karau(2002)ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯ޔࡑࡀࠫࡖࠢ
ࠬߢߪࠕࡔࠞߢߪ㧠㧡㧑ߣᅚᕈ߇භߡࠆ߇ޔࠕࡔࠞߩ࠻࠶ࡊ㧡㧜㧜ડᬺߢߪᅚᕈ ߩ㜞⠪ߪ㧠㧑ߢޔߐࠄߦCEOߣ㒢ቯߔࠇ߫ޔ0.4㧑ㆊ߉ߥߣ߁ޕߎߩ㗴ߪࠆ
৻ቯߩએߦߪ߇ࠇߥ߆ޔ⋡ߦ߃ߥ⤑߇ࠆߣ߁ࠊࠁࠆࠣࠬࠪ
ࡦࠣߩ㗴ߢ߽ࠆޕߎߎߢߪޔߘߩේ࿃ߣߒߡޔ࠻࠶ࡊߩߩ▤ℂ⡯ߢߪޔ㜞ࠛ
ࠣࠢ࠹ࠖࡉ⢻ജߣߒߡޔ⥄ାޔᒝࡔ࠶ࠫᕈޔ⚵❱߳ߩᒝᓇ㗀ജޔ㐳ᦼ⊛ዷᦸߣ ߘߩଦㅴജࠍ߽ߣࠄࠇࠆޕߎࠇߪઁߩࠬ࠹ࠫ(ਛ㑆▤ℂ⡯)ߩࡑࡀࠫࡖࠃࠅᒝജߥ
േᕈߣߒߡߩ․ᕈࠍ⊒ើߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ߆ࠄޔ߇㜞ߊߥࠆߎߣߪޔࠃࠅᒝߊࠫࠚࡦ
࠳ߣ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ㑆ߩਇㆡวᕈ߇↢ߓߡߒ߹߁(Bowles et.al.,2005)ޕ߹ߚߘߩߦ
߰ߐࠊߒ․ᕈޔᖱႎࠍᓧࠆᯏળޔᖱႎ✂ߣߒߡߩࡄࠗࡊࠍᜬߚߥޔࠊࠁࠆ̈ࡄࠗࡊ
ࠗࡦ㗴㧔pipeline problem㧕̉߇ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ
ኅᣖኅᐸߩ⽿છᗵߣਔ┙ߩ⁜㑆ߢ㧦ࡢࠢࡈࠔࡒࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻
㊄㧔2002㧕ߪޔኅᐸ߆ࠄⷐ᳞ߣੱߩࠠࡖࠕ㐿⊒ᔒะ߇ળߞߚ㓙ߦ↢ߓࠆ⪾⮮ࠍ ࡢࠢࡈࠔࡒࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߣࠎߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔኅᐸߢߩᓎഀ߇⡯႐ߦ߅ߌࠆᓎ
ഀߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߒޔ⡯႐ߢߩᓎഀ߇ኅᐸߦ߅ߌࠆᓎഀߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߔࠆߎߣߢߎߩਔ⠪ߩ
⁜㑆ߢ↢ߓࠆࠬ࠻ࡦߢࠆޕߣߊߦ▤ℂ⡯ߢࠇ߫ޔࠠࡖࠕᔒะߪᒝߊޔ⡯႐ߢߩᓎ
ഀ߽⽿છ߇㊀ߊߥࠅޔࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߪᒝ߹ࠆߢࠈ߁ޕߘߒߡߎߩࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߪኅᐸߢ ߩ⽿ോࠍ㊀ⷐߣߺߥߔᗧ⼂ߩᒝߐ߇ߘࠇߦㅊ⸛ߜࠍ߆ߌࠆ㧔Bowles & McGinnޔ2005)ޕ
ട⮮㊄㧔2006㧕ߪޔ߈ኅᐸߢߣኅᐸߩਔ┙ߩ⪾⮮ߣߘߩኻಣⴕേߦߟߡ ᬌ⸽ߒߚޕߎߎߢߪᓎഀ߆ࠄߩജߣኅᐸᓎഀ߆ࠄߩജ߇⍦⋫ߔࠆ႐วߦ↢ߓࠆ⪾
⮮ߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅ߆ࠄߩⷐ᳞߇ኅᐸߢߩ㆐ᚑࠍ㒖ኂߔࠆߎߣߢ↢ߓࠆޟ̆ኅᐸ⪾
⮮ޠߣޔߘߩኻߩޟኅᐸ̆⪾⮮ޠޔߘߩਔ⠪ߦ߆ߌࠆᤨ㑆߇ߥߎߣߢ↢ߓࠆ㨬ᤨ㑆
⪾⮮㨭ޔߐࠄߦߪਔ⠪ߩ৻ᣇࠍㆬᛯߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥߎߣ߆ࠄ↢ߓࠆޟㆬᛯ⪾⮮ޠ߆ࠄᝒ߃ߚޕ ኻ⽎⠪ߪ㧟㧜ઍߩ߈ߢሶߤ߽ࠍ⢒ߦㅢࠊߖߡࠆ㧟㧜ઍߩ߈ߢࠆޕߎߎߢ ߪ▤ℂ⡯ߣߩኻᔕߪߥ߇ޔ▤ℂ⡯ߢߪߎߩ⪾⮮ߪᒝߊߥࠆߣߪߞߡ߽ޔᒙ߽ߩߢߪ ߥߛࠈ߁ޕ
㧔㧟㧕ᣂߚߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰߆ࠄᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ
⛔ว⊛࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞
␠ળߩᄌേߩߥ߆ߢޔ࿖㓙ൻޔᖱႎ࠹ࠢࡁࡠࠫߩ⊒㆐ޔᄙ᭽ߥੱޘߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅߥߤޔ
⚵❱ߩౝᄖߩ㑐ଥߪޔ㓸࿅⚵❱ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⛽ᜬᄌኈߐߖࠆ߆ߢޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ
ࠅᣇߪ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⺧ߣߥࠆޕߐࠄߦޔੱࡌ࡞ߢ߽ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻޔ⚵❱ߣ
ੱߩ㑐ଥߩᄌൻޔ߹ߚ⚵❱⥄ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻ߆ࠄߺࠆߣޔߘࠇߦኻᔕߒߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ
⺰߇᳞ࠄࠇࠃ߁ޕᦨㄭߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⺰ߩᄙߎߣ߽ߎߩㄝࠅߦ࿃ߔࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ
ޕ
ߘߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡޔBass(1985)㧘Bass & Riggio (2006)ߪޔ⚵❱㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈ߆ࠄ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩⴕേ․ᕈߟ߹ࠅࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞߆ࠄℂ⺰᭴▽ࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ߆ࠇࠄߪߘࠇࠍᄌ㕟ဳ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔transformational leadership㧕ℂ⺰ߣߒߡឭ໒ߒߚޕ␠ળᄌേᕈߩ㜞
ઍ␠ળߩ⚵❱ߢߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪ⚵❱㓸วࠍ৻ߟߩ߹ߣ߹ࠅߣߒߡޔᄖߩ␠
ળߩ㑐ଥᕈࠍ߆ߦ᭴▽ߔࠆ߆ߢࠅޔߘߩߚߩ⚵❱ߩᄌ㕟ޔࡔࡦࡃߩᄌ㕟ࠍଦߔߎ ߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆޕߎߩᄌ㕟ဳ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪౕ⊛ߦߪޔㇱਅ߆ࠄା㗬ߣାછࠍᓧࠆߎ ߣߦࠃߞߡࡠ࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡ⥄りࠍ⥄ⷡ⥄ᓞߐߖߡߊߎߣߢࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥ
࠳ߪ⚵❱㓸࿅ߩ⋡⊛⋡ᮡࠍ⏕ߦߒޔߘߩ㆐ᚑน⢻ߥࡊࡠࠬޔࡊࡦࠍឭ␜ߔࠆޕ
߹ߚ⁁ߦḩ⿷ߖߕ⛘߃ߕ⚵❱ࠍᚑഞߦዉߊࠃ߁ߦᄌ㕟ߔࠆޕߘࠇߦߪㇱਅࠍ㥏⥰ߒޔࡔ ࡦࡃߘࠇߙࠇߦㆡวߒߚ߆ࠇࠄߩജࠍ⊒ើߐߖޔ߹ߚߐࠄߦജࠍߟߌࠆࠃ߁ߦଦߒዉߊޕ ᣂߚߥࡆ࡚ࠫࡦࠍࠅޔᣂߚߥᢥൻߩഃㅧޔㇱਅߩ᰼᳞ଔ୯ାᔨߩ⒖ⴕ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆޕ
ߒ߆ߒޔߘߩᓟޔߎߩᄌ㕟⊛ߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߛߌߢߪߥߊޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩࡔࡦࡃߣ
࠳㑆ߩ⋧឵⊛㑐ଥ߽㊀ⷐߣߩ⼂߆ࠄޔ឵⊛ⴕേࠍട߃ߡޔࡕ࠺࡞ߩౣ᭴▽ࠍ
࿑ߞߚޕߎࠇ߇⛔ว⊛࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ㧔full range leadership :FRL㧕ߣߥߞߚޕ឵⊛
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߪޔㇱਅࡔࡦࡃߩੱ⋉ࠍᦨᄢߦߔࠆߚߩ឵㑐ଥࠍߟߊࠆߎߣ ߢࠆޕㇱਅߦኻߒߡ⽿છࠍ⏕ߦߒޔ⚵❱ߦߣߞߡᱜᒰߣߐࠇࠆⴕേࠍଦߒޔߘࠇߦ
ߔࠇ߫ᜎุߔࠆߚߩ⛔▤ℂࠍߔࠆޕߐࠄߦޔዤᐲߢߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߣߒߡሽߔ ࠆ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߪޔછဳ߽ട߃ߎࠇࠄߩⴕേࡌ࡞ߣᲧセߔࠆޕ
ߎࠇࠄߪMultifactor Leadership Questionnaire(MLQ)ߣߒߡⷙḰൻߐࠇߚዤᐲߣ ߒޔߎࠇࠍ 7 ߟߩਅࠞ࠹ࠧߦಽߌޔ᷹ቯߩⷙḰߣߒߚ㧔Bass & Avolio, 1997㧧
Avolio ,2004)ޕԘࠞࠬࡑᕈޔԙԚℂᔨ⊛ᓇ㗀ߣߒߡߘߩାᔨߣⴕേޔԛേᯏߩ㥏⥰㧔 േ ᯏࠍ㜞ࡔࡦࡃࠍ㥏⥰ߔࠆࡔࡦࡃߦߩᗧࠍ⺑߈ޔ߿ࠆ᳇ࠍ߅ߎߐߖࠆ㧕ޔԜ⍮⊛
ೝỗޔԝੱ⊛㈩ᘦ㧔;ࡔࡦࡃޘߩ㆐ᚑ߿ᚑ㐳ࠍ⠨ᘦߒޔㆡಾߥഥ⸒ࠍߔࠆ㧕ޔԞ㓐
⊛ႎ㈽ޔԟⓍᭂ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂޔԠฃኈ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂߢࠆޕߎߩℂ⺰߇ឭߐࠇߡޔ
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߣߩ㑐ㅪߢ߽ᄙߊߩታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥ߇㊀ߨࠄࠇߡ߈ߚޕ
ᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᣇ߇ఝࠇߡࠆ㧫
Early ,Johannesen-Schmicdt & Engen(2003)ߪޔ1990ᐕઍ߆ࠄ2000ᐕ߹ߢޔߎߩ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⛔วࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪ߚ⎇ⓥߢޔ㐿ߐࠇߚታ⸽⎇ⓥ㧠㧡ὐߩ࠺࠲ߩౣᬌ⸛ࠍ ⴕߞߚޕߎߎߢߪᣂߚߥ⺑ᄌᢙߦࠃߞߡߘࠇࠄߩᣢሽߩ࠺࠲ࠍౣಽᨆߔࠆᚻᴺޔߔߥ ࠊߜࡔ࠲ಽᨆߢᬌ⸽ߒߚޕߘߩਥⷐߥᄌᢙߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߢޔߘࠇߙࠇਅࠞ࠹ࠧ߆ࠄ ᕈᏅߩᣇะ(ലᨐࠨࠗ࠭)ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ࠺࠲ߪ⥄Ꮖ⹏ଔޔઁ⠪(ㇱਅ)⹏ଔ߽
߹ࠇޔ߹ߚ⚵❱߽ࡆࠫࡀࠬޔᢎ⢒ޔቭᐡ㑐ଥߣᄙ᭽ߢࠆޕ
⚿ᨐߪᕈᏅ㑆ߦߪ⏕ߥᏅ⇣߇␜ߐࠇߚ(࿑㧝)ޕ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߢߪޔᅚᕈ
࠳ߪᄌ㕟ဳߩోߢ㜞߆ߞߚޕ߹ߚฦࠨࡉࠬࠤ࡞ߢ߽㜞ߊޔࠞࠬࡑᕈޔേᯏߩ㥏
⥰ޔ⍮⊛ೝỗޔߘߒߡੱ⊛㈩ᘦߪߤࠇ߽ᅚᕈ࠳ߢᗧߦ㜞ߊߘߩⷐ⚛ࠍࠃࠅᒝߊ
ߒߡߚޕ߹ߚ឵ဳߢߪᅚᕈ࠳߇㓐⊛ႎ㈽ߢߪᗧߦ㜞ߊޔ↵ᕈ࠳
ߢᅚᕈ࠳ࠃࠅ㜞ߩߪ㧞ߟߩⓍᭂ⊛ߣฃኈ⊛ߩㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂⷐ࿃߅ࠃ߮છဳߢ
ߞߚޕߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⍮ߢߪޔోᄌ㕟ဳ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ޔᄌ឵ဳߩ㓐⊛࠲ࠗࡊߪ
⚵❱㓸࿅ߩലᨐᕈߣࡊࠬߩ⋧㑐ߦࠅޔ⚵❱ߩ⋡ᮡࠆߪ↢↥ᕈߣᒝߊ⚿߮ߟߡ
ߚޕ߹ߚࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߩ⋧㑐ߢߪᄌ឵ဳߩⓍᭂ⊛ฃኈ⊛ㅺ⣕ⴕേ▤ℂߣછဳߢߞߚޕ
Bass ࠄ㧔2006㧕ߪߎߩ⚿ᨐࠍᡷߡᬌ⸛ߒޔߥߗઍޔᅚᕈ߇ᄌ㕟ဳ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ ߢఝߦߥߞߚ߆ߩ⺑ߣߒߡડᬺ⚵❱ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩᄌኈࠍᜰ
៰ߒߡࠆޕ⚵❱ߪੱߩᚑ㐳ࠍḩ⿷ߐߖࠆߚߦㇱਅߘࠇߙࠇߩ᰼᳞ߦᓥߞߡ⢻ജࠍિ
߫ߒ⊒ើߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ⥄ⷡߐߖޔࠆߪߘࠇࠍଦߔߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆޕߘࠇߦߪ␠ળᗵฃᕈޔ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦࠬࠠ࡞߇᳞ࠄࠇޔᅚᕈߪߘߩ⢻ജߦఝࠇߡࠆޕ߹ߚᅚᕈߪᓼ
⊛ߢޔᱜࠍ㊀ࠎߓ߹ߚ⥄Ꮖᄺ⊛ߢߞߡᮭᆭߦߪ᜔ᵆߒߥߣޕઍ␠ળߢߪޔ␠ળ
ડᬺߩਅ㓸࿅ߪ࠴ࡓߣߒߡഃㅧᕈࠍ㜞ޔᄖߩ⇇߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᒝߡࠆޕߘߩࠃ ߁ߥ␠ળߪᄌ㕟ဳ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇⋧ᔕߒߊ߹ߚᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ㓸࿅ߢߩ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪዉߒ߿ߔޕߒ߆ߒޔߣᓐࠄߪᒝ⺞ߒߡޔ␠ળߪฃߌࠇ߿ߔߊ ߥߞߚߌߤޔߘࠇߦߪᅚᕈ৻ੱ৻ੱߩ⏕ߥ⥄Ꮖਥᒛޔ⥄ᓞᕈޔᢎ⢒ޔࠠࡖࠕᔒะ߇㆐
ᚑߐࠇࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣ㧔P.124㧕ޕ
ߎߩ⚿ᨐߪޔᅚᕈ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᣇ߇⚵❱ߢߪఝࠇߡࠆߎߣߩ⸽ߢࠆޕߒ߆ ߒޔߥߗታ㓙ߩ႐ߢߪޔߘߩഀวߪૐߊޔ߹ߚ⹏ଔ߽ਇቯߥߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕߘߩℂ↱ߣߒ ߡᕈߦ߅ߌࠆ࠳ࡉ࡞ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߩ㗴ߛߣ⠨ኤߒߚޕ߹ߕᅚᕈ⥄りߦ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⡯
ോ߳ߩぷふ߇ࠅޔ࠳ߦㅴߔࠆߎߣߢߪࠃ߶ߤߩ⏕ା߇ߥߌࠇ߫ߘࠇࠍฃߌ
ࠇߥޕ߹ߚᅚᕈ߳ߩ⹏ଔ߇↵ᕈߦᲧߴ෩ߒ߽ߩߢࠆޕߚߣ߃߫৻⥸⊛ߦ⚵❱ߩ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߣߒߡޔേᕈߩ߶߁߇หᕈࠃࠅ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀߣߩ⼂߇ᒝޕߘ ߎߢᅚᕈ߇ขࠅߦߊേᕈ߆ࠄߩ⹏ଔߪૐߊߥࠅ߇ߜߛޕ߹ߚᅚᕈ߳ߩㅴ߳࠴ࡖࡦࠬ
ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߽ዋߥޕ
㧟 ␠ળᄌേߩߥ߆ߢߩᣂߚߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะ 㧔㧝㧕 ␠ળߩᄌൻߩߥ߆ߢ
␠ળ⁁ᴫߩᄌൻ㧦
ߎࠇ߹ߢᄙ᭽ߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰ߩℂ↱ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡߍࠄࠇࠆߩߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶
ࡊߩᔨޔ᭴ㅧޔലᨐ߇ᤨઍߩ․ᕈޔ␠ળߩ⁁ᴫߣኒធߦ⛊߹ࠅޔߘߩᤨઍޔ⁁ᴫ߇ߥߦ ࠍ᳞ߡࠆ߆ߢ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⺰߽ᄌኈߔࠆߚߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕ࠷ࠕࠗ࠻ࠟࠗࠬ࠻ℂ⺰
ߩࠃ߁ߦޔᤨઍᕈޔ␠ળߩᄌേߩߥ߆ߢߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊℂ⺰߽ᄌኈߔࠆߎߣ߇᳞ࠄࠇ ߡ߈ߚޕᧄ⺰ߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊⷞὐ߆ࠄߪޔ࿁ޔὶὐࠍ⛉ߞߚ↥ᬺ⚵❱ߩ᭴ㅧᄌൻޔߘ ߎߢੱޘߩߩࠅᣇޔᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻޔળ␠ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߿㑐ଥᕈߥߤߩᄌൻߪޔߤߩ ࠃ߁ߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆ߆߽ᤨઍߩᤋߪᄢ߈㧔Bennis, 2007㧕ޕ
⚵❱᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ㧦
Forsyth(2006)ߪડᬺߥߤ↥ᬺ⚵❱ࠍਛᔃߣߒߡޔㄭᐕߩ⚵❱᭴ㅧߩᄌൻߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆޕ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⚵❱ߩ㓏ጀߪᄙጀ⊛ߢޔ߹ߚߘߩ㓏ጀᲤߩᮭ㒢ᓎോߥߤ߇⚦ಽൻߐࠇ ߚ⚵❱᭴ㅧߢߞߚޕߘࠇ߇ᄌൻߒᮭജߩ৻ᭂ㓸ਛߢߥߊޔࠆߪޔ㓏ጀ߇ዋߥ᭴ㅧޔ
ࠊࠁࠆࡈ࠶࠻ߥ⚵❱߇ᄙߊߥߞߚߣߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚ࿕ቯߒߚߩ㓸࿅ߢߪߥߊޔ
⚵❱⋡ᮡߦะߌߡޔߘࠇࠍ㆐ᚑߔߴߊౕ⊛⋡ᮡ⸳ቯࠍ┙ߡޔߘߩ㆐ᚑߦᦨㆡߥ࠴ࡓߩ ߚߦࡔࡦࡃࠍࠅޔᣂߚߥ㓸࿅ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆޕߘߒߡ⋡ᮡ㆐ᚑߒߚᓟߪߘߩ㓸࿅ߪ⸃ᢔ ߔࠆߣ߁ޔࠊ߫ޔࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻࠴ࡓ⊛㓸࿅߇Ⴧ߃ߚޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻࠴
ࡓߢ᳞ࠄࠇࠆ࠳ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ࠳ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ߽ߩߛࠈ߁ޕߐࠄߦߪᖱႎߩ࠹
ࠢࡁࡠࠫൻ߇࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠅᣇࠍᄌൻߐߖߚޕߘࠇߪㇱਅߣߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪ
ࡦ߇⋥ធ⊛ߦߥࠅޔߘߎߦᣂߚߥㇱਅߣߩ㑐ଥ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕฎ࠳
ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ᭽ᑼ߆ࠄߎߩⅣႺߦㆡวߒߚㇱਅߣߩ⋧㑐ଥ߇߽ߣࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ 㧔P204㧕ޕ
ߐࠄߦ⚵❱ߢߪޔߘߩ᭴ᚑߔࠆࡔࡦࡃߪᄙ᭽ൻߒޔᄙ⒳ᄙ᭽ߥੱ᧚ࠍߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ ߞߚޕࠄߚߦડᬺ߇ขࠅ⚵ߺᆎߚߩߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥᄙ᭽ߥੱ᧚ࠍᛴ߃ߚ⡯႐ߩࠅᣇ 㧔࠳ࠗࡃࠪ࠹ࠖ㧕ߩ㗴߇ࠆޕߎߎߢߪޔᄙ᭽ߥ↢ᵴ⢛᥊ޔଔ୯ⷰޔࠆߪ⢻ജߥ ߤࠍߘߩᄙ᭽ᕈࠍ⚵❱ߩ⪾⮮ߣߔࠆߩߢߥߊޔߘࠇࠄߩⷐ⚛ࠍ߆ߦ⚵❱ߦ↢߆ߒޔ
⚵❱⋡ᮡߦ❬ߍࠆ߆ߢࠆޕߎࠇ߹ߢߦ߅ߡ߽̈ឥߞߚޔ৻᭽⊛ޔ↹৻⊛̉ߥߎߣ ߇ఝవߐࠇߡ߈ߚࠊ߇࿖ߩ⚵❱᭴ㅧޔᗧ⼂ߦኻߒߡޔᄙ᭽ߥ⢛᥊ࠍᜬߟ␠ຬߣߩᗧᕁߩ⇹
ㅢޔᜰߥߤⓍᭂ⊛ߥ⋧ߩ㑐ଥߩߚޔ߹ߢએߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠅޔ ᣂߚߥ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩࠅᣇ߇ࠊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ
ߊߎߣޔࠠࡖࠕߩᗧ⼂ߩᄌൻ㧦
ߩࠅᣇߩᄌൻ㧔ቛൕോޔࡈ࠶ࠢࠬ࠲ࠗࡓൕോߥߤ㧕ޔߣળ␠㧔⚵❱㧕ߩࠦ
ࡒ࠶࠻߿Ꮻዻߣߞߚ␠ળ⊛⼂ޔଔ୯ⷰߩᄌൻߥߤ߇ࠆޕߣߊߦߎߩ㕙ߢߪᅚᕈߦ ᄙ᭽ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ߹ߚޔߎࠇ߹ߢ৻ቯᤨ㑆ޔ⋥ធߩⓨ㑆ࠍߔࠆ⡯႐ߢߩ⡯
ോ߇೨ឭߢߞߚ߇ޔࡃ࠴ࡖ࡞ߥ⡯႐ߢߪߎࠇ߹ߢߣ⇣ߥߞߚ㓸࿅วᗧߣ⋡ᮡޔಝ 㓸ᕈ߇᳞ࠄࠇޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⡯႐ⅣႺߩࠅᣇߪᄌࠊࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ
ߐࠄߦࠍ⛯ߌࠆߎߣߩࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߢߪᔅߕߒ߽ޔ․ቯߩડᬺߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅߢߪߥߊ ߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߟ߹ࠅ․ቯળ␠ߩࠦࡒ࠶࠻ࡔࡦ࠻㧔ࠊࠁࠆળ␠ੱ㑆㧕߆ࠄޔ⡯ോ߇ࠆߩ ߢߪߥߊޔޘੱߩ↢ᶦߩࠠࡖࠕᒻᚑߩਛߢޔᒰ㕙ߩ⡯ോࠍࠆੱߚߜ߇Ⴧ߃ࠆ ߛࠈ߁ޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥਛߢߪޔ▤ℂ⡯ࠆߪ࠴ࡓߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߪࡔࡦࡃߩࠠࡖ
ࠕࠍ⢒ߡޔ⥄ᓞ⊛ߦߦ┙ߜะ߆߁߈߆ߌߥߤޔߘߩࠅᣇ߽ᄌኈߔࠆߎߣߛࠈ߁ޕ
㧔㧞㧕࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆⷐ࿃ߩᬌ⸛㧦
Chemers(2001)ߪߘࠇ߹ߢߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊߩᕈᏅߩࡧࡘ߆ࠄޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ
࠲ࠗ࡞ߩᏅ⇣ޔ↢↥ᕈߩᏅ⇣ߪዊߐߊޔᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ㆑ߪขࠆߦ⿷ࠄߥߣߒߡࠆޕߒ ߆ߒߥߗߩ࠳߇ዋߥ߆ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡޔࡀࠟ࠹ࠖࡉߥࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߣߘߩ੍
᷹ߥߤޔ߹ߛ߹ߛᅚᕈߩ⢻ജࠍ߈ߜࠎߣ⼂ߔࠆߚߩ␠ળ⊛⼂ߣߒߡߩ㓚ኂ߇ᱷߞߡ
ࠆ㧔㨜.㧟㧞㧟㧕ߣߒߡࠆޕߟ߹ࠅᄖ⊛ⷐ࿃ߣߒߡޔ⚵❱߿ߘࠇࠍขࠅᏎߊ␠ળߩࠅ ᣇߢࠆޕBass ࠄ㧔2006㧕߽వߦ߽⸥ߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔઍ␠ળߢߪޔ␠ળડᬺߩਅ㓸
࿅ߪ࠴ࡓߣߒߡഃㅧᕈࠍ㜞ޔᄖߩ⇇߳ߩ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᒝߡࠆޕߘߩࠃ߁ߥ␠ળߪᄌ 㕟ဳ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇⋧ᔕߒߊ߹ߚᅚᕈߦߣߞߡߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ㓸࿅ߢߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ
࠲ࠗ࡞ߪዉߒ߿ߔߊޔታ㓙ߘߩ⡯ߦࠆᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߪఝࠇߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍ
⊒ើߒߡࠆߣߎࠇ߹ߢ⍮߆ࠄ⠨ኤߒߡࠆޕߘߩߚߦ߽ᓟ߹ߔ߹ߔᅚᕈ৻ੱ৻ੱ
߇⥄ⷡ⊛ߦ⏕ߥ⥄Ꮖਥᒛޔ⥄ᓞᕈޔᢎ⢒ࠠࡖࠕᔒะ߇㆐ᚑߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߣㅀߴ ߡࠆޕ
Chemers߽ޔߥ߅ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩኻߔࠆડᬺ␠ળోߩߞߚ⼂ߩሽࠍᜰ៰ߒߟ
ߟޔ৻ᣇߢޔ߹ߛචಽߣߪ߃ߥޔᅚᕈߩ߳ߩേᯏޔࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ޔ࠳ࠪ࠶
ࡊᔒะࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩ⠨ኤ߇⒟ᐲߩᏅߎߘࠇޔࠊ߇࿖ߩᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ࠍዋߥߊ ߒ߹ߚਇቯߦߒߡࠆߎߣߪផ᷹ߐࠇߡࠃߛࠈ߁ޕ
ᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥේ࿃ߣߒߡᄙߊߩⷐ࿃߇ឭߐࠇߚ߇ߘࠇࠄࠍᢛℂߒޔߘࠇࠄߩⷐ
࿃㑆ߩ㑐ଥߣ㑐ଥߩᒝߐࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠠࡖ࠶ࡊߣߐࠇࠆේ࿃ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔ ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩⷐ࿃ࠍଢቱ⊛ߦੱౝⷐ࿃ޔ⚵❱ⷐ࿃ߣ␠ળⷐ࿃ߦಽߌ⛔ว⊛ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡ
ࡖ࠶ࡊࡕ࠺࡞ߣߒߡឭߒߚ(࿑㧞)ޕ߹ߕੱౝⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߪޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะᕈޔ
ࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ޔߐࠄߦߪࡢࠢࡈࠔࡒࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ޔࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ߢޔߐࠄߦᄙ᭽
ߥㆬᛯ⢇ߢࠆޕ⚵❱߆ࠄߪ⹏ଔᩏቯߩੑ㊀ⷙḰ(ᐔᕈ)ޔᯏળޔᐲߣߘߩታ㓙ߩ ᵴ↪ޕߘߒߡ␠ળ⊛ⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߪޔࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߦኻߔࠆ⼂ޔ␠ળᗧ
⼂ߢࠆޕߎߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ߩࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡇࡦࠣߢߪ߹ߛ߹ߛߎࠇߪᩮᒝ߽ߩ߇ࠆޕ
ߣߊߦࠞ࠹ࠧ⍮ߪᒝ߽ߩ߇ࠆޕ
ߒ߆ߒߎߩ㧟ߟߩⷐ࿃ߪ⋧ߦኒធߥ㑐ଥߦࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔᕈᏅߦࠃࠆ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ
ℂ↱ߢߪޔൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩዋߥߐߢࠆޕᅚᕈੱߩൕ⛯ᐕᢙߩ⍴ߐߢߪޔߘࠇߪනߦࠠࡖ
ࠕᗧ⼂ߩૐߐޔࠆߪኅᐸߢߩ⽿ോߩᄢ߈ߐߛߌߢߪߥߊޔൕ⛯ߒ⛯ߌߡߊ⁁ᴫ߇
⢛᥊ߦࠆߣᗐቯߢ߈ࠆޕߎࠇ߹ߢ߽⸒ࠊࠇߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦޔࠊࠁࠆࡢࠢࠗࡈࡃࡦ
ࠬߩ፣უߟ߹ࠅޔኅᐸߣߩਔ┙ߩ⪾⮮ߩᧃ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕࠆߪ⛯ߌߡ߽ࠠࡖࠕ ᒻᚑߦ❬߇ࠆ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߥߊޔ߈⛯ߌࠆേᯏࠍᄬߞߡߩㅌ⡯߆߽ߒࠇߥޕጀ⊛
ߦߪ৻ޔᅚᕈ⥄りߩ㗴ߢࠆ߇ߘߩᇦߔࠆⷐ࿃ߢߪ⚵❱ߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߇ᷓޕߐࠄߦ৻
ᣇߢߪᐕᢙߪࠊ߫ޔ⛮⛯ᕈߢࠆޕߎࠇߪߦኻߔࠆኾ㐷ᕈޔ߳ߩ⥝ࠦࡒ࠶
࠻ࡔࡦ࠻ߣ߽߆߆ࠊࠆޕ⛮⛯ᕈߪ߭ߣߟߩડᬺߩߥ߆ߢߩ⛮⛯ᕈߣ߁ࠃࠅޔ⥄ࠍ
⛮⛯ߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕߟ߹ࠅࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ߣߩ㑐ଥߢࠆޕ߅ߘࠄߊᓟ৻ߟߩ⚵❱ߩߥ ߆ߢኾ㐷ᕈࠍ⏴߈ޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⢒ᚑߒߡߊߩߢߪߥߊޔ⥄ࠍㅢߒߡޔ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⢒ᚑߒߡ߈ޔ▤ℂ⡯ߣߒߡߩᓎഀࠍ₪ᓧߒߡߊߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕൕ
⛯ᐕᢙߣߞߚห৻⚵❱ౝߢߩ⛮⛯ᕈࠃࠅޔߩ⛮⛯ᕈߣߒߡߩࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ߩᣇ߇
㗴ߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕߣߊߦᅚᕈߩ႐วޔ↵ᕈߣᲧセߒߡޔߎߩળ␠ߣߩ㑐ଥߩ⛮⛯ᕈ
␠ળ⊛ⷙ▸
␠ળᗧ⼂ޔࠞ
࠹ࠧൻ
ࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ޔ ࡢࠢࠗࡈࡃࡦ
ࠬޔ⛮⛯ᕈߣㆬᛯ⢇
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⚻㛎
ડᬺᢥൻ ᯏળ
ᐲߣㆇ↪ޔ⚵❱᭴
ㅧޔ ⹏ଔၮḰ
ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖࡊ
⚵❱ⷐ࿃
ੱౝⷐ࿃
␠ળⷐ࿃
࿑㧞㧧ࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࠡࡖ࠶ࡊߩ⛔ว⊛ࡕ࠺࡞
ߩᗧ⼂ߪૐ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ
㧔㧟㧕߹ߣޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ߦઍ߃ߡ㧦
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩᢥ₂ዷᦸ߆ࠄޔᅚᕈߩ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥේ࿃ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ ᔒะߩૐߐ߇ߞߚޕߎߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᔒะߪࠠࡖࠕᗧ⼂ߣ㑐ㅪ߇ᒝߎߣߢࠆޕ
ᓟߎߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᢎ⢒⢒ᚑ߆ࠄߚ႐วޔ⊒㆐ㆊ⒟ޔᢎ⢒⺖⒟ߢߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⟎
ߠߌࠆ߆߇ࠊࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ߪࠠࡖࠕᢎ⢒ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡߥߐࠇࠆߎ ߣ߇ലᨐ⊛ߛࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒޔࠠࡖࠕᢎ⢒ࠍ⁜ዞ⡯ᵴേߣߒߡߢߪߥߊޔ↢ᶦߩ⥄Ꮖߩ
ࠅᣇࠍ߁ᢎ⢒ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌߚ႐วޔ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒߽߹ߚනߦ⚵❱ߣߊ ߦડᬺߩ▤ℂ⡯ߦߛߌߦߘߩⷞὐࠍวࠊߖࠆߴ߈ߢߪߥޕ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⊛ⷞὐ߿ⴕὑ ߪ␠ળߩ৻ੱߣߒߡࠃࠅᐢ␠ળ↢ᵴߦ߅ߡ㊀ⷐߥⷐ࿃ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߴ߈ߢࠈ߁ޕ
࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ⾗⾰ߪߚߣ߃߫ޔฃኈ⊛ᘒᐲޔᒰ⠪ᗧ⼂ޔ₸వޔࠨࡐ࠻ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ
࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߥߤߥߤޔ࠳ߣߒߡߩ⟎ߠߌ߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ⥄ᓞߒߚ␠ળ⊛ੱߣߒ ߡ㊀ⷐߥ⾗⾰ߢࠆޕ
ߔߢߦ⻉ᄖ࿖ߢߪᣢሽߩ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ࡉࡠࠣࡓ㧔ߚߣ߃߫ޔRiggio, Ciulla, &
Sorenson,2003㧕߇ࠆޕߎࠇࠄࠍෳ⠨ߦࠊ߇࿖ߢߩㆡ↪ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠈ߁ޕ
߹ߚ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊᢎ⢒ߩౕ⊛ᣇᴺߩ৻ߟߣߒߡࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠠࡦࠣ߇ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ
ޕᅚᕈ▤ℂ⡯ߩዋߥ⡯႐ߢߪޔ߹ߛ߹ߛ⋥ធ⊛ߥࡠ࡞ࡕ࠺࡞ߣߥࠆኻ⽎⠪ߪዋߥޕ ߘࠇ߇ࠠࡖࠕߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ᓧࠄࠇߥߊޔࠆߪ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊޔߘߩⴕὑࠍ⋥ធ ߺࠆᯏળ߇ߥߎߣߦ߽ߥߞߡࠆޕߐࠄߦߪ᧪ߩ⥄Ꮖࠍ੍᷹ߒߚࠅޔᦼᓙߒߚࠅߢ ߈ߕޔਇࠆߪぷふߣߥࠆߎߣ߇ᄙޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍࠨࡐ࠻ߔࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡޔ ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠠࡦࠣߩᵴ↪߇ࠅߘ߁ߛ(TinTin Htun,2003)ޕኻᄖ㑐ଥߣߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠠࡦ
ࠣޔࠆߪᄢቇߥߤ߇ߘߩᩭߣߥߞߡߩᖱႎ㓸ߥߤᒰ㕙ߩ⡯႐ࠍ߃ߡޔᮮߩߟߥ߇ ࠅࠍᒝࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
ઃ⸥㧧ᧄⓂߪ㧞㧜㧜㧣ᐕᐲޔᣣᧄᅚሶᄢቇ㊀ὐൻ⾗㊄ߦࠃࠅߥߐࠇߚ⎇ⓥႎ๔ᦠࠍട╩ޔ
ୃᱜߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎߎߦ㑐ଥฦߦ⻢ᗧࠍߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ᒁ↪ᢥ₂
Abele, A.E. (2000). A dual-impact model of gender and career-related process. In T.Eckes & H.M.Trautner (eds.) The developmental social psychology of gender.
Mahwah ,NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc.
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㧔߶ࠎ߹ ߺߜߎ రᣣᧄᅚሶᄢቇੱ㑆␠ળቇㇱᢎ㧕
