"IIvaudraitlapeinedemontrerdquelsexcesetaquelleserreursaconduit cett efa u sse c on c e p ti on;c'estd' abordlef8tichismedelalangue6crite,accompagn6, b i e n e n t e n d u , d ' u n m 6 p r i s s o u v e r a i n p o u r l a l a n g u e p a r l 6 e , q u a

THEENGLISHCONSONANTCLUSTERSINTHEINITIAL POSITON,COMPRISING/1/:

(APhonotacticandPsycho‑phoneticNote)

KiyoshiOBA

19

"IIvaudraitlapeinedemontrerdquelsexcesetaquelleserreursaconduit cett efa u sse c on c e p ti on;c'estd' abordlef8tichismedelalangue6crite,accompagn6, b i e n e n t e n d u , d ' u n m 6 p r i s s o u v e r a i n p o u r l a l a n g u e p a r l 6 e , q u a l i f i 6 e d e 〃 " 妙 加 , e t q u i e s t p o u r t a n t l a s e u l e v 6 r i t a b l e , p a r c e q u e l a s e u l e o r i g i n e l l e . "

(CharlesBally,LeLMgzZgE〃んW@,p.15)

"Etymology,then,hasIostabattlebutnotthewar,providedsomeofits d e v o t e e s a r e w i l l i n g t o t a k e t h e r i s k o f s e e i n g i t s c h a l l e n g e s , a s s e t s , a n d l i a b i l i t i e s i n anewperpective.

(YakovMalkiel,EMW20/Qgim/励む伽"α"es,Prefacevii.)

CONTENTS:

I.FOREWORDS:

11.THELIQUIDS:

TheDistinctiveFeaturesof/1/and/r/.

《Un‑differentiated'/rl/phoneme.

1I1．SOUNDSYMBOLISM:

A.Onomatopoeiavs.Soundsymbolism

SoundandSense‑‑‑FolkEtymologicalFallacy

B.Thesoundclusterscontaining/1/intheinitialposition‑‑

PhonotacticStudy w.AFTERWORDS:

V.APPENDIX:

w.SELECTREFERENCE:

ADDEM[ﾉ〃：

I・FOREWORDS:

Firstandforemostletmemakeaquotationfrom<JuliusCaesar'byWilliam

20 KiyoshiOBA

Shakespeare.(ActV,sc.5,1‑8)

Brutus:Come,poorremainsoffriends,restonthisrock.

Clitus:Statiliusshow'dthetorch‑light,but,mylord,Hecamenotback:heis

ta'enorslain.

Bru.

Sittheedown,Clitus:shZyj"gistheword;Itisadeedinfashion.Hark t h e e , C l i t u s . [W"""s]

Cli．What,I,mylord？No,notforalltheworld・

Bru.

Peacethen!Nowords.

Cli.I'l1rather〃〃myself. [WW"jW's]

Intheabovewefindthetwowordswhichmeanthenamething:!kill'and<slay., Theetymologicaldictionariessay:

(1)kill:

(Klein)MEkillen@tostrike,kill',causativeofcwelan,@todie'.Seequellandcp.

9Mz".

(AHD)*gwel‑'Topierce.OEcwellan'tokill,destroy.,

(UED)Etymol.unknown.Connexionw.We",fr.OEcwellan,$tokill'asbeen suggested,butisextremelyimprobable.

(Weekley)Earliestsenseapp.tostrike;cf・slay,whichithassupplantedin ordinaryspeech.Ofobscureorigin,butprob.cogn.withquell.

(2)slay:

(Klein)*slak‑!tohit'Cp.shZgshz囎力彪必0〃e溶肱昭力．

(24HDﾉ*slak‑i$Tostrike'.

(UED)…Todepriveoflife,tokill.Thewordisnowchieflyconfinedtopoetry, elevatedprosestyle,andtotechnicallegalusage;inordinaryuseithasbeen

replacedbykill.

(Weekley)…Replacedby"/exc.inhigherstyle.Theyareaboutequally

commoninAV.

Evidentlywhatiscommonbetweenthesetwowordsistheexistenceofthephoneme /1/.Well,then,aren'ttheyrelatedeachotherbyacertainundefined,innatephonetic propertyburiedinthem？Thissimpleandnaivequestionhasmotivatedthispaper・

Wehaveanaturaldesiretoadvancefromphenomenontonoumenon,todefinethe

indefinite.

Itisneedlesstosaythatsociallifeonthisearthneccesitatedcommunication

αど伽""yA66だ"〃"0"s：

Klein: Klein'sComprehensiveEtymologicalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage

AHD: AmericanHeritageDictionary

UED: Wyld'sUniversalDicionaryoftheEnglishLanguage

Weekley:EarnestWeekley'sEtymologicalDictionaryofModernEnglish

THE̲EMLIMEONsoNANTcLusTERsINTHEINITIALPosITIoN, ₂₁

fromtheverybeginning・Andcommunicationisusuallycarriedoutbyvisualand acousticmeans:signs(includinglettersandgestures)andsounds(includingvoices andnoises).Inlangugemorphemesarerelatedthroughsememestophonemes, whichmakeupamysterioustriangle・By@mysterious'Imeanthathumanspeechis asoldashumanoidsandthatallthatwecandotodayistotracetheirwritten recordsonlyasfarbackasabout4,000yearsago・So,factualevidencesonhand arenotenough.Butinorderforthispapertoshowanytruthabouttheancient, ambiguoustrianglementionedabove,Imuststartwiththeminimalunit,although thejobremindsmeofOdysseyandSirenes.Anyhow,asinglephone/1/andits allophonesanddistinctivefeatureswillbemyguide.

11.THELIQUIDS:

7〃as""cﾒ加凡α加忽sQr/1/:

The/Z/andthe/"/combinetobeso‑called@liquids'.Hereletushaveageneral surveryoftheEnglishphoneticsystem,whichwillbebestpresentedbythe!Fascia

ofCorrelation.，

O凡帥凡4NTS: I/OICELESS

h､voIcED

k

9

ｂｖｄ⑯

STOPS

〜 ｐｆｔｔ

Z CONTINUANTS

S

） フク

8

NASALS

LIQUIDS

n g

、 r n

1

r

SEMI‑VOWELS

W ］

VOWELS:

^{1 e u}

e 記 八 o

､ a / /

22

Takingadeliberatelookattheforegoingtable,thereisonethingwemust n o t i c e t h a t t h e l i q u i d s a r e s i t u a t e d o n t h e b o r d e r l i n e b e t w e e n v w e l s a n d c o n s o n a n t s . T o p u t i t a n o t h e r w a y , t h e y a r e n e a r v o w e l s i n t e r m s o f s o n o r i t y , b u t t h a n k s t o t h e s t a b i l t y i n t h e m s e l v e s , t h e y c o u l d s u r v i v e t h e t w o g r e a t c o n s o n a n t s s h i f t s i n t h e

historyoftheEnglishlanguage.

Whatabout，then,thehistoryoftheliquids？Leavingthedetailedtreatmentof t h e t o p i c t o S k e a t ( P r i n c i p l e s o f E n g l i s h E t y m o l o g y , s e c o n d s e r i e s , s e c t i o n l 5 9 , 1 6 0 ) , letmetellheremypersonalexperiencewiththeseliguidsounds.

Asaboy,whenlbegantolearnEnglishintheclassroom,eachandevery alphabetcharacterhadsamevaluetomyeyesandears.Butastimepassedonand IhabituatedmyselftoEnglishphonemes,Icametofeelaparticularattachmentto aparticularsound.Everyseveralphonemehascometocarryaspecificemotional appealbyandinitself.Thevoicedsounds,incontrastwiththevoicelessarenotto m y l i k i n g ・ I p r e f e r r e d t h e d e n t a l t o t h e l a b i a l . M y f a v o r i t e w a s t h e l i q u i d s . I m i g h t sayasortoflinguisticanimismwasgrowinginmind.Thecharacter/1/denotes thestretchedtongueandthecharacter/r/standsforthecurled‑upshapeofa tongue−−suchafancywasafunnyandchildishimaginativerecreation.Asa matterofcourse,Iwanderedintothegardenofonomatopoeiaandresultantfolk etymologicalfallacy,knowingthatfallacyisfallacy,andthat{allattemptssoto e x p l a i n t h e o r i g i n o f s p e e c h h a v e b e e n f r u i t l e s s . ' ( S a p i r , L a n g u a g e , p . 5 . )

Sapircontinuestosay:

...itisquiteimpossibletoshow.nordoesitseemintrinsicallyreasonableto suppose,thatmorethananegligibleproportionoftheelementsofspeechor anythingatallofitsformalapparatusisderivablefromanonomatopoetic source.Howevermuchwemaybedisposedongeneralprinciplestoassigna fundamentalimportanceinthelanguagesofprimitivepeoplestotheimitation ofnaturalsounds,theactualfactofthematteristhattheselanguagesshowno p a r t i c u l a r p r e f e r e n c e f o r i m i t a t i v e w o r d s . ( L a n g u a g e , p . 6 )

Withtheabovesuggestioninmind,Ihadtostartalloveragain.Byconversion

myinterestwasdirectedtoanewfield,e.g．thealphabetsongsandnurserysongs

andsoforth,whichlbelievedcanbeagreathelpforlanguagestudents.All

throughthetimeuptonow,whatmaybecalled<linguisticclimate'hasbeenmy

chiefconcern‑‑‑suchasinfantjingles,riddles,catches,countingrhymes,limericks

andthelike.(SeeAppendixNo.I)Theyare,andmusthavebeen,repeatedgeneration

aftergeneration,theirauralandoralmemoryremaininngasasub‑consciousnessall

throughpeople'slaterlife.Childrenwillgrowfromthestageofpicturebooksto

THEENGLIsHcoNsoNANTcLusTERsINTHEINITIALPosITIoN,

COMPRISING/1/:

²³

thatofstorybooks,withacorrespondingincreaseofabilitytoidentifyparticular objectsandnotionswithparticularsoundsandnoises.Thecasewillbethesame withtheadultwhoarebroughtupundersuchphonologicalcircumstances.Itwill bethishappyheritagethatmightfuseintolinguistichabitsorconventionsinthe goodsenseoftheword,nourishedandcherishedinunconsciousness.

《Un‑differentiated'/rl/phoneme:

Hereitmustbeaddedthatwecantranscribethe/1/withtheKANAcharacter

／る/or/ル/,whichwilllooklikesymbolsofnomeaningtothestangers.Butasit isan/1/allophone,itcanbepresentedby/rl/.Andtheterm$liquids'itselfis revealingitsturephoneticquality.Inotherwordsthesound/1/or/r/or/rl/can befoundinallthelanguagesonearth.Thepointisthateveniftheyarenot onomatopoeic,theyhaveapparentlysomeuniversalityinexpressiveandsuggestive value.Thelallationofchidren'spronuncitationisnoeoftheproofsofwhatlmean andanotheristhelamdacisminslovenspeechoftheadult・Theillustrative p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r c a s e w i l l b e d e t e c t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a l k :

Whatisthematterwithyou？／worlamarla…？／

Thewaterisleaking｡ /worlazli:king./

Ofthetwoallophones,thedark/1/hasanu‑likeresonance,duetothehollow shapeofthetongue・Anditisalsosaidthatthesameholdsgoodfor/7,/,ofwhich onevarianthasanu‑likeresonanceinOldEnglishperiod.Thiswillbethereal causeofthetroublewithliquidsfornon‑nativespeakers・Asthematteroffact,we t a k e f o r g r a n t e d t h e s u g g e s t i v e n e s s o f a p h o n e t i c q u a l i t y a n d y e t c a n n o t t e l l h o w a n d towhatexentitisfunctioningitspartinlanguages.(See,Prins,Ms加〃QfE"gﾉ紬 助0"e"2eS,p､197,229)

Inconnectionwiththeabove,Heffner'sopinionisworthlistening.

Thewell‑knowntendencyofChinese,Japanese,Turkish,Tartar,andCancasian s p e a k e r s t o f a i l a l w a y s t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n E n g l i s h / 1 / a n d E n g l i s h f r i c a t i v e /r/hasitsfoundationintheirnativeuseofalateralconsonantwhichbegins withthesoundresemblingafricative/r/andpassestoamorenormalalveolar /1/sound.Thiscomplexsoundiswritten/rl/.

Asfortheliquidsandthenasals,Entwistlesays:(AspectsofLanguage,p.106.) Lafteravowelreadilypassedinto",asLatinalteru‑toFrench"""e."and

"mayaffectaprecedingvowelwiththeirnasalquality,andthenthemselves

disappear;thevowelalsomaybecomedenasalized:…Risliabletobeconfused

with/ord,andofthepair7'//somelanguageshaveonlytheone,otherlanguages

onlytheother.

24

AndmoreoftheillustrationsoflamdacismcanbefoundinMaetzner'sMgﾉis"

Gm〃"､αγ,Partl,Sect.I.

Tosumupindiagram:

/r/into/1/

^MEmarbel

Lperigrinus ModEpilgrim /n/into/1/ O H G h i m i l G . H i m m e l

Theabovechangesarefollowingthelineofgeneraltrendinlanguage‑‑the economyofspeech.Thatistosay,asememeinawordisstressedorclearly articulated,thesecondaryonebeingpronouncedordisplacedbythesound/r/or /1/,‑‑‑thesoundsutteredbythemostrelaxedspeechorgans.Theeupside‑down

/e/isanothercase.

III.SOUNDSYMBOLISM:

Almostallofus,specialistorlayman,makenoquestionofsoundsymbolismin language.Theideathatthereisanaturalaffinitybetweenwordformandword meaningisveryold(Esper,A"αjOgy""Assoc"io"p.3),whiletherearesomefeW scholarswhoareinthenegative.Tonameoneofthem,Carroll,J.B.,whosays(フル S加ZyQfZ,α"gMgep.238):

<Certainspeechsoundsappeartohaveaninherentsemanticvalue;Sapir suggestedthatthesound/i/connotessomethingsmall,whilethesound/u/connotes sometingbig.ItisoftenobservedthatmanyEnglishrodsbeginningwith/sp/

connotesomethingbeingemmited,asinS",SMZy,etc・Itisdoubtful,however, whetheranygeneralphoneticsymbolismexistsacrossVariouslinguisticfamilies, andSapir's(1920)andS.S・Newan's(1933)studiesshowatmostonlythatitexistsin a n a r t i f i c i a l e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h i s a n d o t h e r r e a s o n s , w e r e j e c t anyargumentsbasedonphoneticsymbolism.，

Justtakealookthroughanylistofhomonyms,andwecaneasilyrecognizethat therecanbenonecessityinpretendingthecloserelationshipbetweensoundsand referents.Thereisnoexplaininginwhatrespectsthefollowingtwowordsare relatedtooneanother？

(1)swallow=amigratorybird:swallow=toabsorb,engulf

(2)vice=ablemish,fault:vice=aninstrumentforholdingfast Andyetwecansensesomethingcommonamongthosebelow.

(3)black−‑bluecar‑‑carry‑‑cart‑‑course beat−−bat−−battle

cross−‑crook−−crazy drip−−drop−−droop

flash−−flicker−−flamegreen−−grass−−ground−−grow

26

againstthedangers.Everythingislefttous;itisuptoustocipheroutavague andenigmaticgeneraltrendlatentinsoundclusters.

OfalltheselectedreferenceslistedinAppendix,thebriefandbestonewillbe 艶"2α""bs:A〃ん加伽c"0卯加〃"Sb泥"cgq/j化α"j"g'byStephenUllmann.Letme putdownbelowsomeremarkablepointspickedupfromtheabovereferences.

(1)$Sy"tz6ﾉなsα"Wwe"た'editedbyBell,A.andHooperJ.B.Theregothe followingatpagelO:

(a)Glides(nonsllabicvocoids)arethemostpreferredinteriorsegments.

(b)Liquidsarepreferredovernaslasasinteriorsegments.

(c)Liquidsarepreferredoverobstruentsasinteriorsegments.

(d)Obstruent‑nasal‑liquid‑glide:

inorderofincreasingaffinitywiththeadjacentvowel,whichisofcoursemost

sonorantofall.

(2)DISSIMILATYONANDASSIMILATYOIV

Dissimilation(includinglambacism)wastracedbacktotheearlierphaseof languages,sothatcomparedwithassimilation,thewordsformedbydissimila‑

tionarefewinnumberinEnglsh.

Assimilationmaybesaidtobeanaturalphonicchange,whiledissimilationoccurs duetocarelessnessoraversiontotherepetitionofasimilarsound.

Dissimilationinlanguagewasactiveandbefore4000B.C.,whenvocabularymusthave c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l a n d s i m p l e , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s i m p l i c i t y o f s o c i a l l i f e t h e n . (3)(T"""〃"gqfE"gIis"):Theinitial/bl‑/wasperhapssuggestedbytheverb b l o w ; t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e s y l l a b l e s i n v o l v e s a n i ㎡ l a t i o n o f t h e c h e e k s w h i c h i s symbolicalofthenotioncommontothethreewords,andthedifferentdegreesof fullnessinthevowelsareobviouslysignificantofdifferencesofsizeintheobject20 denoted.Otherinstancesinwhichthenotionexpressedby"cowso"α"〃s陀吻加卯 ismodified｡bydifferenceinthevowelareノ樫ﾉｾ,ノQ盤/な；〃地加か刀";c"地cﾉ c"妙;/加肋,允加肱,〃加肱;/"zs",/7"s".

(4)(Jespersen,血"gMzgE,XXSb""〃Sw@加"s'"):

/ch/derisiOn,endearment /1/slipping,sliding

/i/smallness.Cf.diminutives /o/,/a/largeness,

/fl‑/fastness,flickering (5)Boulton,T"eA"伽"@yqf""y,p.58:

Ingeneral,longvowelstendtosoundmorepeacefulormoresolemnthanshort

o n e s , w h i c h t e n d t o g i v e a n i m p r e s s i o n o f q u i c k m o v e m e n t , a g i t a t i o n o r t r i v i a l i t y .

KiyoshiOBA

28

combinations.Thisiswhymypaperhastakenupthe/1/clustersasoneofthe mosteffectivetotheintendedeffect.

Itisrecentlythatphonotacticstudieshavebeenontheincrease,thanksto whichwehavenowaclearerpictureofEnglishmorphemes.Mycheck‑upshows

asfollows:

PhonotacticcTable:

Listqf/1/

肋娩 ､：

CO"so"α〃c雌花だ"E"g"s〃：

MSSIBILITY

(0=possible:X=impossible)

んj伽ﾉ加sj加刀： A吻加ﾉ&/Mz/加s"0":

O b l u e O a b l e 0 b l u e a b l e O c l o s e O u n c l e O c l o s e m c l e

X O h a n d l e

O f l o w O t r i f l e O f l o w t r i f l e O g l a d O e a g l e O g l a d e a g l e

X X

X X

X X

O p l a n O m a p l e O s l o w O c a s t l e O s l o w c a s t l e

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

O s p l a s h X

X O h u s t l e

X X

X X

iewhicharedifficulttopronounceinthemselvesare /svl/;/szl/andsoon.

Ⅲ山川Ⅳ馴抑川伽山訓釧釧釧馴仙釧汕汕釧釧釧 ｊ／ノノノノノノノノノノノノノノノノノノ／

aredifficulttopronounceinthemselvesareexcepted

;/szl/andsoon.

RE』仏RK:Those

fromthelistsuchas:/

Theabovetablelooksquitecutanddrybecauseeachitemhasnoechowith

sememes・Inorderforthistabletobeofanyvalue,itmustbeconnectedwith

sememes.Forthispurposelhavemadeanothertableoftherootscontaininginitial

/1/clusters,quotedfromSkeat'sEtymologicalDictionary｡

KiyoshiOBA 30

climax,climate,clinical;

loud,listen c l y s t e r lambent,lap

tohear,listento towash,cleanse tolapwiththe tongue

todesire

toacquireasspoil toletgo,leave

tocollect;hence, toputtogether, toread

toliedown KLEI(HLEI)

KLEU(HLEU) KLEU(D) LAB(LAP)

l u s t , l u s t y , l i s t

l a s s i t u d e , l e t , l a t e , l a s

ｊ ｕ ａ

ｌｌ

ＳＵＤ ＡＡＥ ＬＬＬ

l o g i c , e c l o g u e , s y l l o g i s m ,

‑logy;legend,legion, e l e c t , d e l i g h t

l i t t e r ; l i e , l a y , l o w , l a w , lair,log;ledger,beleaguer

LEG

LEGH(LEG)

seeREI todistil,flow

tosmear,cleave,

relnaln

toleave,lend

REI

LEIGH(LEG) LEIP(LEIF)

lime,loam

l i f e , l i v e , l e a v e

r e l i n q u i s h , r e l i c , r e l i c t ; leand,loan

d e l i r i o u s ; l a s t , l o r e ,

learn

l e v i t y , a l l e v i a t e ; light,lights,lmg LEIOW(LEIH)

totrace,follow

atrace

toleapover (hence,togo l i g h t l y ) topeel

togain,acquire ( a s s p o i l ) . todesire,love

LENGH(LENG)

leper;library

lucre,guerdon,reward

ＰＵ ＥＥ ＬＬ

lief,love,leave,believe l u c i d , l u m i o u s , l u n a r , l u s t r e , i l l u s t r a t e , i l l u s t r i o u s , l i g h t , l e a ablution,deluge,dilute, LEUBH(LEUB)

LEUO(LEUH)

towash

LOW(LAW)

laundress,lave,lotion,lustre,lute;

l y e , l a t h e r .

melancholy;mullet

molar,mill,mauve;meal,mellow;

mallow;melt,malt;mild,mould milk,milt

p e e l ; f e l l , f i l m

tostaln

togrind

M E L

MEL(D)

tomilk

toflay,skin

M E L G

PEL

32

S,E:

SMELD(SMELT) SQEL

TEL(THEL)

U L

W E L

W E L

KiyoshiOBA

tosmile,laugh

tomelt

t o c l e a v e , s p l i t ,

divide

tobear,tolerate,

tohowl

( i m i t a t i v e ) towill,tochoose,

towind,turn, roll;wellupas asorubg.

admire,marvel,miracle,mirage,

nllrror;

smile.

smelt,smalt・SeeMEL.

s c a l e , s c a l l , s c a l d , s k i l l ,

SeesMfs"た〃・

t a l e n t , a t l a s , t a n t a l i s e ; extol,tolerate,trot,

e l a t e , p r e l a t e , r e l a t e , o b l a t e , p r o l a t e , d i l a t e . , d e l a y , c o l l a t i o n , l e g i s l a t o r , t r a n s l a t e ; t h o l e .

owl,howl.

voluntary,voluptuous;

will,weal,wealth,welcome,

welfare

helix;voluble,volute, revOlve;valve;well;waltz, welter.AIsowale;cf.walk.

Theabovetableneedstobesupplementedbythatwhichappedixedtothe AmericanEnglishDictionay・Oneneedsharpandcriticaleyessoastodetectany generaltrendofmeaningintheroots.whichishopedtobeaccomplishedinanother

paper.

IV・AFTERWORDS:

Thereseemstobenothingtobeconcludedhere‑‑‑justafewafterwords whichareanothernametoexcusevariousdeficienciesinthispaper・Theonlything Icouldmakesure,Ishouldthink,isthatthe/1/soundstandsincontrastwith raspingandsasurration,allofwhichhavesomethingtodowithsymbolicmeaning, andthatalthoughphoneticsisaphysicalscience,phonologicalstudyisapsychical sciencealwaysindangerofsubjectivityinviewofthefactthatthedifference betweenvowelsandconsonantsisthatofvibrationwithintherangeof30to30,000

persecond.

Onretrospection,Ihaveafeelingthatactuallyoureverydayexperencetakes

forgrantedthesuggestivenessofwordsandstillcannotdefinewhatandhowit

works・Wecanonly@recordthefactsthatrevealitandpointtothenumerouscases

34

Fwasafarmer,andfollowedtheplough.

Gwasagamester,whohadbutill‑luck

Hwasahunterandhuntedabuck.

Ianinnkeeper,wholovedtocarouse, Jwasajoiner,andbuiltupahouse.

KwaskingWilliam,oncegovernedthisland, Lwasalady,whohadawhitehand.

Mwasamiser,andhoardedupgold, Nwasanobleman,gallantandbold.

Owasanoystergirl,andwentabouttown, Pwasaparson,andworeablackgown.

Qwasaqueen,whoworeasilkslip, Rwasarobber,andwantedawhip.

Swasasailor,andspentallhegot, Twasatinker,andmendedapot.

Uwasausurer,amiserableelf,

Vwasavintner,whodrankallhimself.

Wwasawatchman,andguardedthedoor, Xwasexpensive,andsobecamepoor.

Ywasayouth,thatdidnotloveschool, Zwasazany,apoorharmlessfool.

(TomThumb'sPitcureAlphabetin!TheOxfordNurseryRhymBook',Opie,I&

Opie,P.,Oxfordl955) L:Longedforit

(TheTragicalDeathofAnApplePie)

XshallstandforplaymatesTen;

VforFivestoutstalwartmen;

IforOne,asl'malive;

Cforhundred,andDforFive;

MforaThousandsoldierstrue, AndLforFifty,I'lltellyou.

(RomanFigures)

Thenextwouldhavebeenafavoriteoneinhomeeducationofhistory

WilliamtheConqueror,tensixty‑six,

PlayedontheSaxonsoft‑crueltricks

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