as the first decades of the nineteenth century.

Until the mid-nineteenth century, Japan remained almost unknown to the Arab public, except for a very small number of cognoscenti who were affiliated with the Ottoman Empire or familiar with European writings about Japan. The belatedness of recognition of Japan or writing about it in the Arab world is due to several reasons. Perhaps the most significant of them is the marginalization of the countries in the region and throughout most of the Islamic World in the area of international trade after the discovery of alternative sea routes following the major geographical discoveries made between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. It was only after the success of the Meiji Restoration that Japan began to attract attention both in the Arab world and elsewhere.

However, what changed the course of interest in Japan in a more drastic way was its resounding victory over Russia on the eve of twentieth cen- tury, which could not but turn the attention and draw the fascination of Arab intellectuals and politicians. Then during the twentieth century, the association of Japan with the national experience of modernization became a recurrent theme throughout the Arab world. Though it re- mained enigmatic, Japan became a model for achieving a rapid transition from “backwardness” to modernization. For some countries, like Egypt, this transition was thought feasible enough to engage in reforms as early

JAPANESE STUDIES IN THE ARAB

COUNTRIES: A Preliminary Bibliography

as the first decades of the nineteenth century.

HISTORICAL REVIEW

Interest in Japan within the Arab world went through three major stages: a stage of admiration and fascination, one of mutual neglect and another of renewal of common interest.

In the early twentieth century Japan was still a country enveloped in mystery. For most knowledgeable intellectuals, comprehension about Japan went no further than the fact that it was a country located in the Far East which had achieved rapid socioeconomic development and had produced a miracle by its military defeat of a major European power.

But the most significant aspect was that it was a country belonging to the same “Orient” that included the Muslim and Arab worlds. It became a symbol of an Oriental nation that had awoken from its long slumber to shake off the dust of its backwardness, join the circle of powerful na- tions and even defeated one of its cohorts, while the bulk of the Arab countries were subjected to Western conquerors discharging nothing but colonization and national humiliation.

In comparison to the alarming situation faced by the Arab coun- tries, Japan seemed to their intellectuals as a shining star bearing hope for the Oriental nations. It looked like a lifesaving model that could actu- ally be emulated. It was perhaps Egypt, which had been enduring Brit- ish colonial rule since 1882, that was the most forward-looking country regarding the Japanese model. Moreover, Egypt had been witnessing a political dynamic in which ideas of the Salafi Movement was interacting with national aspirations. Thus, it is not surprising that the first Arab to show respect for the Japanese political model would be the well-known Egyptian politician and militant Mus.taf Σ KΣmil (1874–1908). In 1904, KΣmil published the first Arabic language book on Japanese history un- der the title al-Shams al-mushriqa (The shining sun). The choice of the title seems to be a deliberate reference to the sun both as the symbol of Japan and the radiance which represented that country’s renaissance.

More romantic than the title itself was the poetry composed on the oc- casion of its publication. H. Σfiz IbrΣh∏m, the well-known Egyptian poet, wrote a long piece praising Japan and urging his fellow Egyptians and Arabs to drew a lesson from this fellow Oriental nation.

Arab intellectuals and politicians evoked the example of Japan for

many reasons. In addition to the success of the Meiji era reforms and

the end of despotism, Japan also represented to them a perfect example

in which traditions and modernity had been combined in outstanding harmony. The adoption of modern Western values is even today still an acute and sensitive issue in the Arab world where Islam is dominant in both politics and ethics.

However, the outbreak of the Second World War and its conse- quences, especially the defeat of Japanese imperialism, cast a definite shadow on the shining Japanese model, while the successes of the Soviet Union and China provided Arab and third world intellectuals with an- other model for rapid development. For a while the name Japan all but disappeared from Arabic writing, especially in the aftermath of the Egyp- tian revolution, where the ideals of pan-Arabism and socialism came to prevail.

Then, when the 1973 oil crisis attracted the Japanese government and academic circles to the importance of the Middle East; a new era of mutual interest began. It is worth mentioning here that it was Japanese scholars who were the first to initiate and develop academic courses for Islamic and Arab studies at various Japanese universities and research institutes and thus were the ones who made the first move to develop exchange with their counterparts in the Arab world. For example, the bilateral conferences that were held at that time were mostly organized and financed by Japanese government and non-government organiza- tions. Due to this renewal of mutual intellectual interest, most of what has been written about Japan in the Arab world was accomplished dur- ing the last three decades of the twentieth and the first decade of the twenty-first century.

Although the title of this paper is “Japanese Studies in the Arab Countries,” one should perhaps raise the question, Is there really a field of Japanese studies in the Arab world? Unfortunately, the answer is no.

Despite the marked admiration for Emperor Meiji and his reforms since

the eve of the twentieth century and the return of Japan to the writing of

Arab politicians and intellectuals since the 1970s, Arab academic circles

have not followed their example, as no department or institute dealing

with Japanese studies has been organized in any Arab university. While

it is also true that with the exception of Egypt, most Arab universities

are newcomers to academia and are controlled by governments with

very limited budgets, such facts do not provide any excuse for the failure

of Arab academicians to study such an inspiring model or at least at-

tempt to demystify the enigma of Japan and explain the reasons behind

the model’s success. A few Arab universities can barely manage to offer

Japanese language courses as electives. Perhaps the only exceptions are

the Japanese language departments at the University of Cairo and Ain

Shams University in Egypt, which grant degrees in Japanese. The rea- sons for the existence of these departments is an attempt comply with the demands of the tourist industry and financial assistance granted by the Japan Foundation. Thus, it may have been more appropriate to en- title this paper “Japan as Seen in Arabic Publications.”

During my research in the field of Japanese history, I developed the hobby of collecting all books and articles written in Arabic dealing with Japan. Recently, I have been regularly perusing Arabic internet web- sites and book fair catalogs looking for any Japan-related title; but alas, the results have been meager and rather insignificant. There have been no more than one hundred and fifty titles dealing with Japan published throughout the whole Arab world during the twentieth century. More- over, the number of serious scholarly studies does not exceed ten. Most of this literature focuses on modern and contemporary Japan, so much so that early modern Japan—that is, the Edo period—has been neglected, despite the fact that it provided the foundations for the rapid moderniza- tion that followed the Meiji Restoration.

What follows is a bibliographical overview of what has been written about Japan in Arabic. The available work is classified into the follow- ing distinct categories reflecting the major domains of Arab interest in Japan:

Academic studies and books written by academicians General works

Translations of non-Arabic Western language works Translations of Japanese works

Periodical articles Travel accounts

Proceedings of conferences and forums Japanese language manuals

Table 1: Arabic Works on Japan According to the Main Domains of Interest

Category Number Percentage (%)

Academic works 11 7.6

General works 40 27

Translations 73 50.7

Travel accounts 9 6

Language manuals 6 4

Conference proceedings 5 3.5

Total 144

Notes:

･ Most of the books have been published in Beirut and Cairo.

･ Most of the translations are mainly from English works.

Authors of Note

･ Ra‘πf ‘AbbΣs, an Egyptian historian and a pioneer in the field of Japanese studies in the Arab world.

･ Mas‘π d D. Σhir, a Lebanese scholar who has written several books and articles about Japan.

･ BassΣ m al-T.ayy Σra, a Syrian scholar and a pioneer in writing Japa- nese language manuals in Arabic.

･ Muh.ammed ‘Ud.ayma, a Syrian poet who has translated the Kojiki and Japanese poetry into Arabic.

･ ‘Is. Σ m H.amza, an Egyptian scholar who has mastered the Japanese language and written several articles on Japanese culture and litera- ture.

S E L E C T B I B L I O G R A P H Y ANNEX. ARABIC WRITING ON JAPAN

1. Published Academic Studies

Aafif, Mohammed (A‘f∏ f, Muh.ammad). 2010a. Us. π l al-tah.d ∏th f∏ al-YΣbΣn 1568–1868 (The origins of modernization in Japan 1568–1868). Beirut:

Markaz DirΣsΣ t al-Wah.da al-‘Arab ∏ya. 575p.

‘AbbΣs, Ra’πf. 1980. al-Mujtama‘ al-YΣbΣn∏ f∏ ‘as.r M Σy∏j∏ (The Japanese so- ciety during Meiji era). Cairo: DΣr al-KitΣb al-JΣmi‘∏. 336p; Cairo: M∏r∏t, 2000. 238p.

—. 2001. al-Tanw∏ r bayna Mis.r wa al-Y ΣbΣn: DirΣsa muqΣrana f∏ fikr RifΣ ‘a al-T.aht. Σw∏ wa FπkπzΣwΣ Yπk∏ch∏ (Enlightenment, Egypt, Japan:

Comparative study of the thought of RifΣ ‘a al-T.ah.t Σw∏ and Fukuzawa Yukichi

). Cairo: M∏r∏t. 185p.

D. Σhir, Mas‘πd. 1999. al-Nahd.a al-‘Arab ∏ ya wa al-nahd.a al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya:

TashΣbuh al-muqaddimΣt wa ikhtilΣf al-natΣ’ij (The Arabic Renais- sance and the Japanese Renaissance: Similarity of the beginnings and difference of the outcomes). Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Wat.an ∏ lil-ThaqΣfa wa al-‘Ulπm wa al-Funπn. 399p.

—. 2002a. al-Nahd.a al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σ s.ira: al-Dur πs al-mustafΣda

‘Arab∏yan (The Japanese Renaissance and the lessons that Arabs learnt

from it). Beirut: Markaz DirΣsΣ t al-Wah.da al-‘Arab ∏ya. 479p; 2nd. ed.

2004.

—. 2005. al-YΣbΣn bi-‘uyπn ‘Arab∏ya, 1904–2004 (Japan through Arab eyes, 1904–2004). Beirut: Markaz DirΣsΣ t al-Wah.da al-‘Arab ∏ya. 351p.

al-Mah.jub ∏, ‘Al∏. 1999. al-Nahd.a al-h.ad ∏tha f∏ al-qarn al-tΣsi‘ ‘ashar: Li- mΣdhΣ fashilat bi-Mis.r wa T π nis wa najah.at f ∏ al-YΣbΣn (The modern Renaissance in the nineteenth century: Why it failed in Egypt and Tu- nisia and succeeded in Japan). Tunis: SirΣs lil-Nashr. 245p.

RashΣd, ‘Abd al-GhaffΣr. 1984. Taql∏d∏ ya wa al-h.ad Σtha f∏ al-tajriba al- YΣbΣn∏ya (Traditionalism and modernism in the Japanese experience).

Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Abh. Σth al-‘Arab∏ya. 192p; 2nd. ed. 1993.

Yπsuf, NΣ s.ir. 2010. D∏nΣm∏yat al-tajriba al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-tanmiya al- murakkaba: DirΣsa muqΣrana bil-JazΣ’ir wa MΣl∏zyΣ (Dynamics of the Japanese experience in combined development: Comparative study in Algeria and Malaysia). Beirut: Markaz DirΣsΣ t al-Wah.da al-‘Arab ∏ya.

414p.

2. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis

‘Abd al-Ghan∏, Sa‘∏d Rash∏d. 1992. al-Tajriba al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-tanmiya (The Japanese experience in the development). PhD diss., the College of Po- litical Sciences, Baghdad University.

H.asan, S.al Σ h.. 1997. al-‘Al ΣqΣt al-‘IrΣq∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Iraqian-Japanese relations). PhD diss., the College of Political Sciences, Baghdad Univer- sity.

3. General Books

‘AtΣ AllΣh, Da‘d Bπ Malhab. 1994. al-YΣbΣn min al-shurπq ilΣ al-sut. π‘: al- JiyπsiyΣs∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σsira (Japan from rising to shinning:

The contemporary Japanese geostrategy). Beirut: Maktabat LubnΣn.

224p.

‘Abd al-‘≠ t. ∏, Badr. 2003a. al-SiyΣsa al-YΣbΣn∏ya tujΣha ‘amal∏yat al-salΣm al-‘Arab∏ya al-IsrΣ’∏l∏ya: DirΣsa f∏ athar al-tah.awwul Σt al-‘Σlam∏ya ‘alΣ al-siyΣsΣt al-khΣrij∏ya lil-duwal (The Japanese policy toward the Arab- Israeli peace process: A study of international changes). Cairo: Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-SiyΣs∏ya wa al-IstrΣt∏j∏ya bil-AhrΣm. 325p.

Abπ Qah.f, ‘Abd al-Sal Σm. 1989. al-Tajriba al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-idΣra wa al- tanz. ∏m: al-Da‘Σ’im al-asΣs∏ya wa muqawwimΣt al-najΣ h. (The Japanese experience in the management and organization). Cairo: Markaz IdΣrat al-A‘mΣl al-Dawl∏ya. 130p; 2nd. ed. Beirut: al-DΣr al-JΣmi‘∏ya, 1992.

135p.

al-Bastak∏ , Nas.ra ‘Abd All Σh. 2004. al-YΣbΣn wa al-Khal∏j: IstrΣt∏j∏yat al-

‘alΣqΣt wa al-mashrπ ‘ al-nahd.aw ∏ (Japan and the Gulf: The strategic

relations and the renaissance project). Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arab∏ya

lil-DirΣsΣt wa al-Nashr. 255p.

Basyπn∏, HishΣ m Muh.ammad Hish Σm. 2006. al-D∏muqrΣ t. ∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn wa athar-hΣ ‘alΣ al-h.ad. Σra al-YΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σ s.ira (The democracy in Japan). Cairo: DΣ r al-Ah.mad ∏. 447p.

D. Σhir, Mas‘πd. 2005. al-IstrΣt∏j∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya tujΣ ha al-Sharq al-Awsat.

ba‘da ah.d Σ th al-h. Σd∏ ‘ashar Sibtambir (The Japanese strategy toward the Middle East after the events of September 11). Abu Dhabi: Markaz al-ImΣrΣt lil-DirΣsΣ t wa al-Buh. πth al-IstrΣt∏j∏ya. 60p.

—. 2009. al-Musta‘ribπn al-YΣbΣn∏yπ n wa al-qad. ΣyΣ al-‘Arab∏ya al- mu‘Σ s.ira (The Japanese Arabists in dealing with Arab’s destiny criti- cal issues). Abu Dhabi: Markaz al-ImΣrΣt lil-DirΣsΣ t wa al-Buh. πth al- IstrΣt∏j∏ya. 122p.

Darw∏sh, Fawz∏. 1988. al-Sharq al-Aqs. Σ : al-S. ∏n wa al-YΣbΣn 1853–1972 (The Far East: China and Japan 1853–1972). [Tanta]: n.p. 212p; 3rd ed.

[Cairo]: n.p., 1997. 268p.

—. 1989. al-YΣbΣ n: al-Dawla al-h.ad ∏tha wa al-dawr al-Amr∏k∏ (Japan:

The modern state and the American role). [Tanta]: n.p. 368p; 3rd. ed.

[Cairo]: n.p., 1994. 388p.

Darw∏sh, Khal∏l Tawf∏q. 1995. SiyΣsat al-ma‘πnΣt al-khΣrij∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya:

DirΣsa f∏ idΣrat al-ma‘πnΣt al-YΣbΣn∏ya lil-duwal al-Ifr∏q∏ya janπb al- S.ah.r Σ’ (Japan’s foreign aid policy: A study of the Japan’s foreign aid management toward the Sub-Saharan African countries). Trans. ‘Al∏

al-S. Σw∏. Cairo: DΣ r al-Nahd.a al-‘Arab ∏ya. 190p. (Orig. Japan’s foreign aid policy towards the Sub-Saharan African countries: A study in the management of foreign aid relations

. PhD diss., The University of Tokyo, 1989.)

al-Dasπq∏, ‘∞d Abπ al-Ma‘Σ t. ∏. 2008. al-Khibra al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ ta‘l∏m wa ta‘allum al-‘ulπ m: Ma‘a tat.b ∏qΣt-hΣ f∏ al-madrasa al-Mis.r ∏ya (The Japanese experience in the teaching and learning sciences and its ap- plication in the Egyptian schools). [Alexandria]: al-Maktab al-JΣmi‘∏ al- H.ad ∏th. 339p.

Far∏d, Sam∏r. 2001. al-S∏namΣ al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-naqd al-s∏namΣ’∏ al-‘Arab∏:

KitΣbΣt mukhtΣra (The Japanese cinema in the Arab cinema critics).

Damascus: WizΣrat al-ThaqΣfa. 304p.

Hadhπd, NΣj∏ ‘Abd al-BΣ sit.. 2007. al-YΣbΣ n wa ‘awlamat al-iqtis. Σd al-siyΣs∏

(Japan and the Globalization of Political Economy). Cairo: ‘Ayn lil- DirΣsΣ t wa al-Buh. πth al-InsΣn∏ya wa al-IjtimΣ‘∏ya. 257p.

—. n. d. al-YΣbΣn (Japan). [Cairo]: DΣr al-‘≠lam al-‘Arab∏.

al-H.ad ∏th∏, RΣm∏ H.ikmat, and F Σ’iz GhΣz∏ ‘Abd al-Lat. ∏f al-BayΣt∏. 2002. al- IdΣ ra al-s.in Σ‘∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ niz. Σm al-intΣj al-Σl∏: MuqΣrana ma‘a al- nuz.um al-s.in Σ‘∏ya al-gharb∏ya (The Japanese industrial management in the instantaneous production). Amman: DΣr WΣ’il. 309p.

H.asan, Hish Σm ‘Abd al-Ra’πf. 2003. TΣr∏kh al-YΣbΣ n al-h.ad ∏th wa al-

mu‘Σ s.ir: ‘As.ray T. Σyishπ–ShπwΣ 1912–1989 (The modern and contem-

porary history of Japan). Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjilπ al-Mis.r ∏ya. 370p.

H. Σ tim, Muh.ammad ‘Abd al-Q Σdir. 1990a. al-IdΣra f∏ al-YΣbΣn kayfa nastaf∏du min-hΣ (The management in Japan: How to profit from it).

Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb. 146p; Cairo: WikΣlat al- AhrΣm lil-Tawz∏‘, 1998.

—. 1990b. AsrΣr taqaddum al-YΣbΣn (The secrets of Japan’s progress).

Cairo: Mat. Σbi‘ al-AhrΣm al-TijΣr∏ya. 372p; 2nd. ed. Cairo: al-Hay’a al- Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb, 1998. 943p.

—. 1997. al-Ta‘l∏m f∏ al-YΣbΣ n: al-Mih.war al-as Σs∏ lil-nahd.a al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (The education in Japan: The axis of Japanese Renaissance). Cairo: al- Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb. 246p.

Haykal, Muh.ammad H.usayn. 1997. al-MaqΣlΣt al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Articles about Japan). Cairo: DΣr al-Shurπq. 198p.

al-H.usayn ∏, Ayman. 2000. Ta‘allam∏ min al-YΣbΣn∏yΣt: AsrΣr al-rashΣqa wa al-shirra al-nΣ‘ima (or : Ah.dath s.ayh. Σt al-rashΣqa) (Learn from Japa- nese women: The secrets of fitness). Cairo: DΣ r al-T.al Σ’i‘. 80p.

JalΣ l, Muh.ammad Nu‘m Σn. 1989. al-S.ir Σ‘ bayna al-YΣbΣ n wa al-S. ∏n (The struggle between Japan and China). Cairo: Maktabat Madbπl∏. 435p.

KΣ mil, Mus.t.af Σ. 1904. al-Shams al-mushriqa (The shinning sun). Cairo:

Mat.ba‘at al-Liw Σ’. 223p.

KhΣn, Najm al-ThΣqib. 1993. Durπs min al-YΣbΣ n lil-Sharq al-Awsat. (Lessons from Japan to the Middle East). Cairo: Mu’assasat al-AhrΣm. 185p.

Khansa, Waf∏q. 1994. al-Shakhs. ∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya: DirΣsa (The Japanese per- sonality: A study). Damascus: DΣ r al-H.as. Σd. 200p.

Khulπ s. ∏ , Ah.mad Ayman, and Muh.ammad M Σjid ‘AbbΣs Khulπ s. ∏. 2004.

K∏shπ K∏rπkΣwΣ wa ta’th∏r-hu f∏ al-‘imΣra al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Kurokawa KishΩ

and his impact on the Japanese buildings). [Beirut]: DΣr QΣbs. 404p.

al-Maqrah. ∏, M∏lΣd. 1997. TΣr∏kh ≠siyΣ al-h.ad ∏th wa al-mu‘Σ s.ir (The mod- ern and contemporary history of Asia). Vol. 1, Sharq ≠siyΣ , al-S. ∏n, al-YΣbΣn, KπriyΣ (Eastern Asia, China, Japan, and Korea). Benghazi (Libya): JΣmi‘at QΣryπnis. 268p.

al-Mun∏f, IbrΣh∏m ‘Abd AllΣh. 1998. IstrΣt∏j∏yat al-idΣra al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese management strategy). Riyadh: Maktabat al-‘UbaykΣn. 355p.

al-Mushayqih., ‘Abd al-Rah.m Σ n b. S. Σ lih.. 1994. al-Tafawwuq al-YΣbΣn∏ wa malΣ mih. al-tajriba al-‘Arab ∏ya (The Japanese supremacy and the char- acteristics of Arab experience). Riyadh: ‘Abd al-Rah.m Σ n b. S. Σ lih. al- Mushayqih.. 115p; 2nd ed. Riyadh: Maktabat al-‘Ubayk Σn, 1996. 145p.

al-NΣbuls∏, ShΣkir. 1988. al-ThaqΣfa al-ThΣlitha: AwrΣq f∏ al-tajriba al- YΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σ s.ira wa mawqif al-mutafarrij al-‘Arab ∏ min-hΣ (Papers on the Japanese experience). Beirut: al-‘As.r al-H.ad ∏th. 182p.

Najm, Najm ‘Abbπd. 2004. al-Madkhal al-YΣbΣn∏ ilΣ idΣrat al-‘amal∏yΣt al- istrΣt∏j∏ ya wa al-nuz.um wa al-as Σl∏b (The Japanese introduction to the management processes). Amman: Mu’assasat al-WarrΣq. 398p.

al-Naqr, ‘Al∏ Sayyid Fu’Σd. 2001. al-SiyΣsa al-khΣrij∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya: DirΣsa

tat.b ∏q∏ya ‘alΣ Sharq ≠siyΣ (The Japanese foreign policy: An applied

study on East Asia). Abu Dhabi: Markaz al-ImΣrΣt lil-DirΣsΣt wa al- Buh. πth al-IstrΣt∏j∏ya. 118p.

Sa‘fΣn, KΣmil. 1999. Mu‘taqadΣt ≠siyaw∏ya: al-‘IrΣq, FΣ ris, al-Hind, al-S. ∏n, al-YΣbΣn (Asian believes: Iraq, Persia, India, China, and Japan). Cairo:

DΣr al-NadΣ. 342p.

ShabΣna, ‘Abd al-FattΣ h. Muh.ammad. 1996. al-YΣbΣn: al-‘≠dΣt wa al-taqΣl∏d wa idmΣn al-tafawwuq (Japan: Habits, traditions, and addiction of ex- cellence). Cairo: Maktabat Madbπl∏. 137p.

Shar∏ f, H.usayn. 1993. al-Tah.add ∏ al-YΣbΣn∏ f∏ al-tis‘∏nΣt: DirΣ sa tah.l ∏l∏ya lil-awd. Σ‘ al-siyΣs∏ ya wa al-iqtis. Σd∏ya wa al-ijtimΣ‘∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn (The Japanese challenge: An analytic study of political, economical, and so- cial conditions in Japan). Cairo: Maktabat Madbπl∏. 338p.

Shukr∏, GhΣl∏. 1994. al-H.ulm al-Y ΣbΣn∏ (The Japanese dream). Cairo and Alexandria: DΣ r wa Mat. Σbi‘ al-Mustaqbal. 156p.

al-T.ayy Σra, BassΣm KhΣlid. 1993. Dal∏l al-musΣfir ilΣ al-YΣbΣn: Ashal al- t.uruq lil-mukh Σ t.aba bil-lugha al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (A guide to Japan for travel- ers). Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Ma‘Σrif. 96p.

al-TurkistΣn∏, ‘Abd al-‘Az∏z. 2006. al-Shakhs. ∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ ya min manz. πr

‘Arab∏ (The Japanese personality from Arab perspective). Riyadh: DΣr al-MufradΣt. 169p.

al-Zak∏ , Ah.mad ‘Abd al-Fatt Σ h.. 2006. al-Tajriba al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-ta‘l∏m:

Durπs mustafΣda (The Japanese experience in education: The learnt lessons). Alexandria: DΣr al-WafΣ’. 239p.

Zayn al-‘≠bid∏n, ‘AlΣ’ ‘Al∏. 2006. DirΣsΣt f∏ al-fikr wa al-thaqΣfa al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Studies in Japanese thought and culture). Cairo: DΣr al-‘Ulπm. 56p.

4. Transrated Books

Beauchamp, Edward R. 1985. al-Tarbiya f∏ al-YΣbΣn al-mu‘Σ s.ira (Educa- tion in contemporary Japan). Trans. Muh.ammad ‘Abd al-‘Al ∏m Murs∏.

Riyadh: Maktab al-Tarbiya al-‘Arab∏ li-Duwal al-Khal∏j. 68p; Cairo: DΣr al-HidΣya, 1986. 68p.

—. 2000. al-Ta‘l∏m al-YΣbΣn∏ wa al-ta‘l∏m al-Amr∏k∏: DirΣsa muqΣrina (Japanese and U.S. education). Trans. Muh.ammad T. ΣhΣ ‘Al∏. Riyadh:

DΣr al-Ma‘rifa lil-Tanmiya al-Bashar∏ya. 85p.

Chiba, Reiko. 1997. al-AbrΣj al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese fortune calendar).

Trans. Emmy SalmΣn. Beirut: DΣr al-Tal∏‘a al-Jad∏da. 59p.

Durant, Will (William James). 1949. Qis.s.at al-had. Σra (The story of civiliza- tion). Vol. 1, pt. 5, al-Sharq al-Aqs. Σ: al-YΣbΣn (The Far East: Japan).

Trans. Zak∏ Naj∏ b Mah.m πd. Cairo: al-IdΣra al-ThaqΣf∏ya, JΣmi‘at al- Duwal al-‘Arab∏ya. 220p; Repr., Beirut: DΣr al-J∏l, 1996.

Fukuzawa, Yukichi

. 2001. S∏rat FπkπzΣwΣ Yπk∏tsh∏ (al-dhΣt∏ya) wa muqaddimat a‘mΣl-hu al-kΣmila (The autobiography of Fukuzawa:

with preface to the collected works of Fukuzawa

). Trans.

KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Abu Dhabi: al-Majma‘ al-Thaq Σf∏. 528p.

Imai, Masa’aki

. 1997. al-IdΣ ra min mawqi‘ al-ah.d Σth: “J∏mbΣ KΣyzin,”

IdΣrat al-zamΣn wa al-makΣn f∏ al-YΣbΣn (Gemba kaizen: A commonsense low-cost approach to management). KhalΣ s. Σt Kutub al-Mud∏r wa RijΣl al- A‘mΣl 119. Cairo: al-Sharika al-‘Arab∏ya lil-I‘lΣm al-‘Ilm∏. 8p. (Surmarised translation)

Ishihara, ShintarΩ

. 1992. al-YΣbΣn taqπlu lΣ: Ayna mawqi‘-hΣ f∏

al-niz. Σm al-‘Σlam∏ al-jad∏d?; An takπna al-πlΣ bayna al-mutasΣw∏y∏n (The Japan that can say No

). Trans. As‘ad Razzπq.

Beirut: DΣ r al-H.amr Σ’. 163p.

Kawasaki, IchirΩ

. [1988]. al-YΣbΣn bi-dπna niqΣb (Japan unmasked

). Trans. ‘Abd AllΣh Makk∏. London: DΣr al-RΣfid lil-Nashr wa al-Tawz∏‘. 168p.

Kozlovskii, Yuri. 1995. al-Falsafa al-YΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σ s.ira (The contempo- rary Japanese philosophy). Trans. Khalaf Muh.ammad al-Jarr Σd. Beirut:

al-Mu’assasa al-JΣmi‘∏ya lil-DirΣsΣt wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawz∏‘. 240p.

Leestma, Robert, et al., ed. 1987. al-Ta‘l∏m f∏ al-YΣbΣn (Japanese education to- day =

). Trans. Sa‘d ‘Abd al-Rah.m Σ n and H.usayn H.amd ∏ al-T. πbj∏. Silsilat al-DirΣsΣt al-‘Ilm∏ya al-Mawsim∏ ya al-Mutakhas.s.is.a 5. Ku- wait: al-Jam‘∏ya al-Kuwayt∏ ya li-Taqaddum al-T.uf πla al-‘Arab∏ya. 176p.

Mahathir, Mohamad, and Ishihara, ShintarΩ

. 1998. S.awt ≠siyΣ:

Za‘∏mΣn ≠siyaw∏yΣn yunΣqishΣn umπr al-qarn al-muqbil (Voice of Asia:

Two leaders discuss the coming century

). Beirut:

DΣr al-SΣq∏. 125p.

Mizutani, Makoto Am∏n. 2007. al-AdyΣn f∏ al-YΣbΣn bayna al-mΣ d. ∏ wa al-mustaqbal: Ma‘a fas.l kh Σ s.s. ‘an al-Isl Σm f∏ al-YΣbΣn, madΣ intishΣr- hi, ‘alΣqat-hu ma‘a al-adyΣn al-ukhrΣ f∏ al-YΣbΣn, al-mu’assasΣt al- IslΣm∏ya, dawr al-Muslim∏n al-YabΣn∏y∏n (The religions in Japan from the past to the present times). Beirut: DΣr al-Kutub al-‘Ilm∏ya. 208p.

Nagai, Michio

, and Miguel Urrutia, eds. 1992. al-Thawra al-is.l Σ h. ∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn: M∏j∏ Ishin (Meiji Ishin: Restoration and revolution

).

Trans. ‘≠ dil ‘Awad.. Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb. 259p;

Nahd.at al-Y ΣbΣn: DirΣsΣ t wa abh. Σth f∏ al-tajriba al-inmΣ’∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya.

Trans. Nad∏m Abduh and FawΣz Khπr∏ . Beirut: Sharikat al-Mat.b π‘Σt lil- Tawz∏‘ wa al-Nashr, 1993. 346p.

Nakamura, Takafusa

. 1985. al-Tanmiya al-iqtis. Σd∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn al-h.ad ∏tha (Economic development of modern Japan). Trans. S.al Σh

‘Abd al-Maj∏d al-‘Arab∏. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (WizΣrat al- KhΣrij∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya). 101p.

Nakano, EijirΩ

. 1995. al-Rih.la al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya ilΣ al-Jaz∏ra al-‘Arab∏ya 1358 H/1939 M (The Japanese journey to the Arabic Peninsula 1358 H/1939 M

). Trans. SΣra Takahashi. Riyadh: DΣrat al-Malik

‘Abd al-‘Az∏z. 144p.

Nitobe, InazΩ

. 1990. al-Bπsh∏dπ: Rπ h. al-Y ΣbΣn (Bushido: The

soul of Japan

). Trans. Nas.r H. Σmid Abπ Zayd. Baghdad: DΣr al-

Shu’πn al-ThaqΣfya al-‘≠mma. 217p; al-Bπsh∏dπ: al-MukawwinΣt al-

taql∏d∏ya lil-thaqΣfa al-YΣbΣn∏ya. Kuwait: DΣr al-Su‘Σ d al-S.abb Σ h., 1993.

221p.

Nutahara, Nobuaki

. 2003. al-‘Arab: Wijhat naz.ar al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (The Arabs from Japanese point of view

). Cologne: ManshπrΣt al-Jamal. 141p.

∂tsuka, Takehiro

. n.d. al-Mufakkir al-wat.an ∏ al-YΣbΣn∏ WπkΣwΣ Shwπm∏: RΣ’id mabda’ ≠siyΣ al-muwah.h.ada (∂kawa Shπmei: The na- tionalist Japanese thinker

). Trans.

Ah.mad Muh.ammad Fath. ∏. n.p. 255p.

Ouchi, William G. 1985. al-Namπdhaj al-YΣbΣn∏ f∏ al-idΣ ra: Naz.ar ∏ya “Z”

(Theory Z : How American business can meet the Japanese challenge).

Trans. H.asan Muh.ammad Y Σs∏n. Riyadh: Ma‘had al-IdΣra al-‘≠mma.

338p.

Pascale, Richard T, and Anthony G. Athos. 1986. Fann al-idΣra al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The art of Japanese management: Applications for American execu- tives). Trans. H.asan Muh.ammad Y Σs∏n. Riyadh: Ma‘had al-IdΣra al-

‘≠mma. 325p; Trans. ‘Af∏ f Talh. πq. Beirut: DΣ r al-H.amr Σ’, 1990. 212p.

Peter, Wyden. 2002. al-Yawm al-awwal: Qabla H∏rπsh∏mΣ wa ba‘da-hΣ (Day one: Before Hiroshima and after). Trans. HΣ shim H.ab ∏b AllΣh. Abu Dhabi: al-Majma‘ al-ThaqΣf∏. 462p.

al-Qarrπ s., ‘Abd All Σh Makk∏, ed. and trans. 1999. KhafΣyΣ al-mu‘jiza al- YΣbΣn∏ya (The hidden facts of Japanese miracle). Beirut: al-DΣr al-

‘Arab∏ya lil-‘Ulπm. 79p.

Reischauer, Edwin O. 1989. al-YΣbΣn∏yπn (The Japanese). Trans. LaylΣ al- JabΣl∏ . Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Wat.an ∏ lil-ThaqΣfa wa al-Funπn wa al-≠dΣb.

444p.

—. 2000. TΣr∏kh al-YΣbΣn min al-judhπ r h.att Σ H∏rπsh∏mΣ (Japan: The story of a nation). Trans. Yπsuf Shalab al-ShΣm. Damascus: DΣr ‘AlΣ’

al-D∏n. 170p.

Smith, Patrick. 2001. al-YΣbΣn: Ru’ya jad∏da (Japan: A reinterpretation).

Trans. Sa‘d ZahrΣ n. Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Wat.an ∏ lil-ThaqΣfa wa al- Funπn wa al-≠dΣb. 469p.

Souvenirs. 1990. al-Mat.bakh al-Y ΣbΣn∏ (The Japanese kitchen). Cairo: DΣr wa Maktabat al-HilΣl. 240p.

‘Ud.ayma, Muh.ammad, trans. 1999. al-Kπj∏k∏: WaqΣ’i‘ al-ashyΣ’ al-qad∏ma, al-kitΣb al-YΣbΣn∏ al-muqaddas (Kojiki

). Beirut: DΣr al-Kunπz al-Adab∏ya. 335p.

Vogel, Ezra F. 1996. al-Mu‘jiza al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Japan as number one). Trans.

Yah.y Σ ZakariyΣ . Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb. 279p.

White, Merry. 1991. al-Tarbiya wa al-tah.add ∏: al-Tajriba al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese educational challenge: A commitment to children). Trans.

Sa‘d Murs∏ Ah.mad and Kawthar H.usayn K πjik. Cairo: ‘≠lam al-Kutub.

342p.

Wilborn, Thomas L. [1997]. al-SiyΣsa al-dawl∏ya f∏ ShamΣl Sharq ≠siyΣ:

al-Muthallath al-istrΣt∏ j∏ , al-S. ∏ n wa al-YΣbΣn wa al-WilΣyΣt al-

Muttah.ida al-Amr ∏k∏ya (International politics in Northeast Asia: The China-Japan-United States strategic triangle). Abu Dhabi: Markaz al- ImΣrΣt lil-DirΣsΣ t wa al-Buh. πth wa al-IstirΣt∏j∏ya. 86p.

Yanagita, Kunio

. 1991. Laqad jΣ’a al-tha‘lab hΣdhihi al-marra h.aqqan: al-Y ΣbΣ n wa azmat al-naft. 1973 (The foxe came, this time is true: Japan and the Petrol Crisis 1973

). Trans. Nat- sume Takao. Beirut: Mu’assasat Nawfal. 295p.

5. Travel Accounts

al-Ghπr∏, IbrΣh∏ m H.ilm ∏. 1997. Lu’lu’at al-sharq wa bilΣd al-shams al-mush- riqa: al-YΣbΣn (The pearl of the east and the land of the shinning sun:

Japan). Beirut: DΣr al-Sharq al-‘Arab∏. 166p.

H.am Σ da, Muh.ammad M Σhir. n.d. al-Rih.la al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese jour- ney). Beirut: Mu’assasat al-IntishΣr al-‘Arab∏.

al-H.aq ∏l, ‘Abd AllΣ h H.amad. 2010. Rih.la il Σ al-YΣbΣn (A travel to Japan).

Riyadh: Maktabat al-Tawba. 114p.

al-JarjΣw∏, ‘Al∏ Ah.mad. 1907. al-Rih.la al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese journey).

Cairo: [‘Al∏ Ah.mad al-Jarj Σw∏]. 240p; Ed. with an introd. by Sam∏r ‘Abd al-H.am ∏d IbrΣh∏m. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-RisΣla, 1996. 194p; With an introd. by Ra’πf ‘AbbΣs. Cairo: M∏r∏t, 1999. 222p.

al-Ma‘s. πm∏ , Muh.ammad Sult. Σn. 1949. Had∏ yat al-sult. Σn ilΣ muslim∏ bilΣd al-YΣbΣn: Hal al-Muslim mulzam bi-ittibΣ‘ madhhab mu‘ayyan min al-madhΣhib al-arba‘a? (The Sultan gift to the muslims in the coun- try of Japan: Should a Muslim follow a particular madhhab?). Cairo:

Mus.t.af Σ al-BΣb∏ al-H.alab ∏. 56p; Ed. Sal∏m HilΣl∏. Amman: al-Maktaba al-IslΣm∏ ya, 1984. 116p; Ed. Ah.mad Sh π h. Σn. Deir ez-Zor (Syria): Mak- tabat al-TurΣth. 1991.

Muh.ammad ‘Al ∏ BΣshΣ. 1910. al-Rih.la al-Y ΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese journey).

n.p. 144p; Ed. ‘Al∏ Ah.mad Kan‘ Σn. Abu Dhabi: DΣr al-Suwayd∏ and Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arab∏ya lil-DirΣsΣt, 2004. 139p.

al-Qu‘ayd, Yπsuf. 2001. MufΣkahat al-khillΣn f∏ rih.lat al-Y ΣbΣn (Entertain- ment of dearest friends by Japanese journey). Cairo: DΣr al-Shurπq.

317p.

Qulaybπ, ‘Al∏ H.usayn. 1988. AsrΣr al-YΣbΣn: RisΣla ilΣ al-h.ak ∏ m min T. πkyπ (The Japan’s secrets). Cairo: Maktabat al-≠dΣb. 264p.

al-Shuqayr∏ , Ah.mad M Σzin. 1999. KhawΣ t.ir min al-Y ΣbΣn (Impression about Japan). Riyadh: al-‘UbaykΣn. 142p.

6. Periodicals, Newspapers, and Chapters from Books

Aafif, Mohammed (A‘f∏ f, Muh.ammad). 2003. al-Wal Σ’ wa al-diblπmΣs∏ya: al-

‘AlΣqΣt bayna al-YΣbΣn wa HulandΣ f∏ al-qarn al-sΣbi‘ ‘ashar (The loy-

alty and diplomacy: The relations between Japan and Holland during

the seventeenth century). In al-TΣr∏kh wa al-diblπmash∏ya (History and

diplomacy), ed. ‘Abd al-Maj∏d al-Qaddπr∏, 141–72. Rabat: ManshπrΣt

Kull∏yat al-≠dΣb wa al-‘Ulπm al-InsΣn∏ya, JΣ mi‘at Muh.ammad al- KhΣmis.

—. 2010b. Us. π l al-tah.d ∏th f∏ al-YΣbΣn 1568–1868 (Excessive summary of the origins of modernization in Japan 1568–1868). al-Mustaqbal al-

‘Arab∏ (Beirut) 33, no. 380 (October): 36–51.

‘Abd al-‘≠ t. ∏, Badr. 2003b. Athar al-‘Σmil al-khΣrij∏ ‘alΣ al-siyΣsΣt al-khΣrij∏ya lil-duwal: DirΣ sa h. Σla lil-siyΣsa al-YΣbΣn∏ya tujΣha IsrΣ’∏l 1973–2003 (The impact of foreign factors on the foreign policies of the states:

Case study of Japanese policy toward Israel 1973–2003). al-SiyΣsa al- Dawl∏ya, no. 153 (July): 8–23.

al-‘Abdπl∏, al-TuhΣm∏ . 2003. H.iw Σr qad∏m bayna al-thaqΣfa al-‘Arab∏ya wa al-YΣbΣn∏ya: F∏ dirΣsa ‘Σda jΣmi‘a (An old dialogue between the Arab culture and the Japanese culture). al-Nahj (Damascus), no. 33 (Winter).

Ah.mad, N Σzl∏ Mu‘awwad.. 1990. al-Idr Σk al-YΣbΣn∏ lil-niz. Σm al-duwal∏ (The Japanese perception of international order). al-SiyΣsa al-Dawl∏ya (Cai- ro), no. 101 (July).

Ah.mad, ‘Abd al-Sam ∏‘. 1990. al-Ta‘l∏m f∏ al-YΣbΣn (The education in Japan).

al-Tarbiya al-Mu‘Σs . ira (Cairo) 7, no. 14 (January).

al-‘AmmΣ r, Mun‘im S. Σ h. ∏. 1999. al-YΣbΣ n wa al-naz.ra al-jad ∏da lil-Sharq al-Awsat. (Japan and the new point of view about the Middle East).

Nashrat Qad. ΣyΣ Dawl∏ya (Baghdad), no. 36.

al-‘Askar∏, SulaymΣn. 2004. Naqd al-YΣbΣn∏ lil-‘Arab 2004: al-Arab bi-

‘adasΣt YΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese criticism of Arab 2004: Arab through Japanese lenses). al-‘Arab∏ (Kuwait), no. 548 (July).

D. Σhir, Mas‘πd. 1991. al-‘Arab wa al-YΣbΣ n: Ad.w Σ’ ‘alΣ tajribat al-tah.d ∏th al- YΣbΣn∏ya (Japan and the Arabs: Lights on the Japanese experience in modernity). al-Wah.da (Rabat) 8, no. 85 (October).

—. 1993. S. πrat al-YΣbΣn ‘inda al-‘Arab (The images of Japan among the Arabs). Shu’πn ‘Arab∏ya (Cairo), no. 75 (September).

—. 1994a. Naz.ar ∏ya al-muqaddas f∏ al-fikr al-h.ad ∏th (The theory of the sacred in the contemporary Japanese thought). al-IttihΣd (Abu Dhabi), April 9.

—. 1994b. Naz.ar ∏ya al-muqaddas “KπkπtΣy∏” f∏ al-fikr al-siyΣs∏ al- YΣbΣn∏ (The theory of the sacred “Kokutai” in the Japanese political thought). al-H.ay Σt, September 25.

—. 1994c. al-YΣbΣ n min al-‘uzla al-t.aw‘ ∏ya ilΣ al-intishΣr al-‘Σlam∏ (Japan form the voluntary isolation to the worldwide expansion). al-DifΣ‘ al- Wat.an ∏ al-LubnΣn∏ (Beirut), no. 10 (October).

—. 1994d. al-YΣbΣn wa namπ dhaj ta’s. ∏ l al-h.ad Σtha (Japan and the mod- el of anchoring modernity). al-Fikr al-‘Arab∏ (Beirut) 15, no. 77 (Sum- mer).

—. 1997. al-‘AlΣqΣt al-‘Arab∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya ‘alΣ mashΣ rif al-qarn al-h. Σd∏

wa al-‘ishr∏n (The Arab-Japanese relations on the edge of the twenty first century). Shu’πn ‘Arab∏ya (Cairo), no. 89 (March): 106–16.

—. 2001a. IshΣmΣt al-fikr al-YΣbΣn∏ f∏ al-nis.f al-th Σn∏ min al-qarn al-

‘ishr∏n (The contributions of the Japanese thought in the second half of the twentieth century). al-Bah.rayn al-Thaq Σf∏ya (Manama) 8, no. 27 (January).

—. 2001b. Ad.w Σ’ ‘alΣ al-kitΣbΣt al-tΣr∏kh∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya ‘an al-‘Arab (Lights on the Japanese historical writings on the Arabs). ‘≠lam al-Fikr (Kuwait) 29, no. 4 (April–June).

—. 2002b. S.uwar al-h.ad Σtha al-YΣbΣn∏ya f∏ al-fikr al-‘Arab∏ al-mu‘Σ s.ir (The images of the Japanese modernism in the contemporary Arab thought). ThaqΣfΣt (University of Bahrain), no. 2 (Spring).

—. 2003a. Ad.w Σ’ ‘alΣ siyΣsat “al-tasΣ muh. wa al-ghufr Σn” f∏ al-fikr al- YΣbΣn∏ al-h.ad ∏th wa al-mu‘Σ s.ir (Lights on the policy of “tolerance and forgiveness” in the modern and contemporary Japanese thought). al- TasΣ muh. (Masqat) 1, no. 1 (Winter).

—. 2003b. al-‘Arab wa durπs mustafΣda min al-tiknπlπjiyΣ al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The lessons that the Arab could learn from the Japanese technology).

al-Shu’πn al-‘≠mma = Public Affairs (Abu Dhabi), no. 22 (March).

FΣris, ShihΣb. 2002. al-Ta‘l∏m f∏ al-YΣbΣn: 4 sΣ‘Σ t tanjah., 5 s Σ‘Σt tarsub (The education in Japan: 4 hours you succeed, 5 hours you fail). al-Ma‘rifa (Riyadh), no. 84 (June): 12–23.

Fays.al, Gh Σz∏. 1992. al-YΣbΣ n wa mustaqbal al-niz. Σm al-duwal∏ (Japan and the future of the international order). ≠fΣq ‘Arab∏ya 17, no. 11 (No- vember).

H.amza, ‘Is. Σ m Muh.ammad Riy Σ d.. 1995. al-‘Awd. Σ‘ al-thaqΣf∏ya wa al-

‘aqΣ’id∏ya f∏ Sharq ≠ siya: H. Σlat al-YΣbΣ n wa al-muh. ∏ t. al-h Σdi’ (The cultural conditions and the believes in Eastern Asia: Case of Japan and the Pacific Ocean). In al-Numπr al-≠siyaw∏ya: TajΣrib f∏ haz∏mat al- takhalluf (The Asian leopards: Experience in the defeat of underdevel- opment), 127–58. Cairo: Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-SiyΣs∏ya wa al-IstrΣt∏j∏ya, Mu’assassat al-AhrΣm.

—. 1998. “al-AyyΣm,” wa manΣ h. al-dir ΣsΣt al-‘Arab∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn (“The Day” [An autobiography by Taha Hussein] and the atmosphere of Ara- bic studies in Japan). Special issue, Majallat Kull∏yat al-≠dΣb (Cairo University) 58, no. 2:771–81.

—. 1999. Masrah. tah.ta al-ard. f ∏ al-YΣbΣn al-mu‘Σ s.ira (The underground theater in contemporary Japan). In QΣmπ s al-masrah. (The dictionary of theater), ed. FΣ t.ima M πsΣ Mah.m π d, vol. 5. Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb.

—. 2000. al-H∏rπh∏tπ (Hirohito). In ‘Uz.am Σ’ ≠siyΣ f∏ al-qarn al-‘ishr∏n (The outstanding men of Asia in the twentieth century), 27–38. Giza (Cairo): Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏ yat al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-

‘Ulπm al-SiyΣs∏ya, JΣmi‘at al-QΣhira.

—. 2000. al-DirΣsΣ t al-Mis.r ∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn (The Egyptian studies in Ja-

pan). In al-‘AlΣqΣ t al-Mis.r ∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Japanese Egyptian re-

lations), 113–38. Giza (Cairo):Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏yat

al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-‘Ulπm al-SiyΣs∏ya, JΣmi‘at al-QΣhira.

—. 2001. al-Fikra al-≠siyaw∏ya f∏ al-YΣbΣn (The Asian thought in Ja- pan). In al-AfkΣr al-siyΣs∏ya al-kubrΣ f∏ al-qarn al-‘ishr∏n (The main Asian political thoughts in the twentieth century), 93–139. Giza (Cairo):

Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏ yat al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-‘Ulπm al- SiyΣs∏ya, JΣmi‘at al-QΣhira.

—. 2001. Masrah. T ∏rΣyΣmΣ Shπj∏ : H.awla masrah. ∏yat Bayt al-Dumya (The Terayama Shπji

’s theater about the Puppet Theater).

Special Issue, al-Masrah. .

—. 2005. al-MuqawwimΣ t al-h.iw Σ r al-h.ad. Σr∏ bayna al-YΣbΣn wa al-

‘≠lam al-IslΣm∏ (The components of the dialogue between Japan and the Islamic World). In H.iw Σ r al-h.ad. ΣrΣt bayna al-YΣbΣn wa al-‘≠lam al-IslΣm∏ (The dialogue of civilizations between Japan and the Muslim World), ed. Muh.ammad al-Sayyid Sal ∏m, 1–28. Giza (Cairo): Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏ yat al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-‘Ulπm al-SiyΣs∏ya, JΣmi‘at al-QΣhira.

—. 2009. IttijΣhΣt al-riwΣya al-YΣbΣn∏ya al-mu‘Σ s.ira (The tendencies of contemporary Japanese novels). al-RiwΣ ya: Qad. ΣyΣ wa ≠fΣq 2:149–59.

IbrΣh∏m, Sam∏ r ‘Abd al-Rah. ∏m. 2002. al-Bπsh∏dπ: Rπ h. al-Y ΣbΣn wa qiyam- hΣ (The Bushido: The Japan’s soul and values). al-Ma‘rifa (Riyadh), no. 84 (June).

—. 2004. H.iw Σr ma‘a al-Brπfisπr al-YΣbΣn∏ T.ayyib al-Mukht Σr Mπtπ (A dialogue with the Japanese professor Tayeb Mokhtar Muto). Majallat al-Fays.al (Riyadh), no. 337 (September–October).

Issawi, Charles (‘∞sΣw∏, ShΣrl). 1991. Li-mΣdhΣ al-YΣbΣn? (Why Japan?). In Ta’ammulΣt f∏ al-tΣr∏kh al-‘Arab∏ (Reflections on Arab history), 177–

96. Beirut: Markaz DirΣsΣ t al-Wah.da al-‘Arab ∏ya.

al-JΣbir∏ , Muh.ammad ‘ ≠bid. 1992. al-YΣbΣn f∏ al-fikr al-‘Arab∏ al-mu‘Σ s.ir (Japan in the contemporary Arab thought). al-Mawqif (Tunis), no. 1 (August): 44–50.

Katz, Richard. 2004. Iqtis. Σd al-YΣbΣn al-mutajaddid dawman (Japanese phoenix: The long road to economic revival). Trans. H.us Σ m H.isn ∏. al- ThaqΣfa al-‘≠lam∏ya (Kuwait) 23, no. 124 (May–June).

Khid.r, Muh.sin. 1999. al-Z. Σhira al-YΣbΣn∏ya: Wa kaifa narΣ-hΣ ka-‘Arab?

(The Japanese phenomenon: How the Arabs see it?). al-‘Arab∏ (Kuwait), no. 481 (January): 126–30.

Kuriyama, Takakazu.1990. IttijΣhΣt jad∏da li-siyΣsat al-YΣbΣn al-khΣrij∏ya (New tendencies in the Japan’s foreign policy). al-SiyΣsa al-Dawl∏ya (Cairo), no. 102 (October).

Matthews, Eugene. 2004. al-Qawm∏ya al-jad∏da f∏ al-YΣbΣn (Japan’s New Nationalism). Trans. H.amd ∏ Abπ Kal∏la. al-ThaqΣfa al-‘≠lam∏ya (Ku- wait) 23, no. 127 (November–December): 12–27.

Mudun, H.asan. 2004. F ∏ ‘uyπn YΣbΣn∏ya (In Japanese eyes). al-Khal∏j, No- vember 4.

Ollman, Bertell. 2002. MΣ h. Σjat al-imbarΣ t. πr ilΣ al-YΣkπzΣ?: Madkhal li-

naz.ar ∏ya MΣrkis∏ya ‘an al-dawla al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Why does the emperor

need the Yakuza? Prolegomenon to a Marxist theory of the Japanese state). Trans. Sa‘d ZahrΣn. al-ThaqΣfa al-Jad∏da (Kuwait), no. 111 (March–April).

al-Qad∏ h. ∏, An∏s. 2002. al-YΣbΣn∏yπn akthar shu‘πb al-‘Σlam qirΣ ’a li-s.uh.uf (The Japanese are most readers of Newspapers). al-Ma‘rifa (Riyadh), no. 84 (June): 96–99.

al-Qas.ab ∏, ‘Abd al-GhaffΣr RashΣd. 2011. QirΣ ’a li-us. π l al-tah.d ∏th f∏ al-YΣbΣn 1568–1868 ta’l∏ f Muh.ammad A‘f ∏f (Review of The origins of moderniza- tion in Japan 1568–1868). al-Mustaqbal al-‘Arab∏ (Beirut) 34, no. 386 (April).

al-Rumayh. ∏ , Muh.ammad. 2003. Kaifa yabd π al-‘Arab f∏ naz.ar al-Y ΣbΣn∏y∏n?

(How the Arabs are seen by the Japanese?). al-H.ay Σt (Kuwait), Janu- ary 7.

al-S.am Σd∏, SΣm∏. 2001. IttijΣhΣt al-‘Σmil∏ n nah.wa mad Σ tat.b ∏q namπdhaj KΣiz∏n al-YΣbΣn ∏ li-tah.s ∏n al-‘amal wa muwΣ jihat tah.addiy Σt al- tanΣfus∏ya f∏ al-alf∏ya al-thΣ litha: al-Qit. Σ‘ al-khΣ s.s. al-Urdunn ∏ (Tenden- cies of those who are working to apply the Japanese model “Kaizen” to improve work and confront the competition challenges in the third mil- lennium: The private sector in Jordan). Abh. Σth al-Yarmπk: Silsilat al-

‘Ulπm al-InsΣn∏ya wa al-IjtimΣ‘∏ya (Irbid): 17, no. 2 (June).

al-SΣmΣrrΣ’∏ , S. Σ lih. al-Mahd ∏. 2002. al-IslΣm f∏ al-YΣbΣn (Islam in Japan). al- Ma‘rifa (Riyadh), no. 84 (June): 70–85.

YΣs∏n, Sa‘d GhΣlib. 2001. al-‘Arab wa al-idΣra al-YΣbΣn∏ya: MΣdhΣ yumkinu an nata‘allama min al-YΣbΣn? (The Arabs and the Japanese manage- ment: What can we learn from Japan?). al-Mustaqbal al-‘Arab∏ (Beirut) 23, no. 265 (March): 51–65.

Yπsuf, NΣ s.ir. 2009. M ΣqπlΣ t al-tah.d ∏th al-inmΣ’∏ bayna al-YΣbΣn wa MΣl∏ziyΣ: al-InjΣz wa al-istimrΣr (The bases of developmental moder- nity between Japan and Malaysia). Majallat al-IslΣm f∏ ≠siyΣ = Journal of Islam in Asia 5, no. 2 (December).

7. Japanese Language and Literature

(1) Japanese Language

Anon. 2005. Ta‘allum kayfa tatakallamu al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Learn Japanese lan- guage). [Beirut]:DΣr al-Qalam. 96p.

FΣris, ShihΣb. [2001]. HayyΣ nata‘allamu h.ur πf al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Let’s Learn Japanese kana =

). Cairo: WikΣlat al-AhrΣm lil-Tawz∏‘

(Al Ahram Press). 132p.

al-SulaymΣn, SΣmir. 2005. Ta‘l∏m al-lugha al-YΣbΣn∏ya lil-‘Arab (Teaching Japanese language to the Arabs). Beirut: DΣr al-Kutub al-‘Ilm∏ya. 96p.

al-T.ayy Σra, BassΣm KhΣlid. 1998. Niz. Σ m al-lafz. al-Y ΣbΣn∏: ‘Ar∏b, madkhal ilΣ al-lugha al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The organization of Japanese sentences). Beirut:

Maktabt al-Ma‘Σrif. 159p.

—. 2003. Madkhal ilΣ qawΣ‘id al-lugha al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Introduction to Japanese grammar). Beirut: Maktabat al-Ma‘Σrif. 646p.

Wassπf, SirΣ. n.d. al-YΣbΣn∏ya bi-dπna mu‘allim (Japanese without teacher).

Beirut: DΣr al-J∏l. 155p.

(2) Literature

‘Abd al-Mun‘im, Bakr, Trans. 1996. H.ikmat al-Y ΣbΣn: MukhtΣrΣt min al- qis.as. al-Y ΣbΣn∏ al-qad∏m (Japan’s wisdom: Selected Japanese old sto- ries). Amman: DΣr al-Shurπq. 104p.

Abe, KΩbΩ

. 1988. al-Mar’a f∏ al-rimΣl (The woman in the dunes

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 263p.

Abπ al-Fad.l, S.abr ∏, trans. 1988. MukhtΣrΣt min al-adab al-YΣbΣn∏: al-Shi‘r, al-drΣmΣ , al-h.ik Σ ya, al-qis.s.a al-qas. ∏ra (A collection from Japanese liter- ature). Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb. 231p; Repr., 2005.

al-≠dΣd al-Ajnab∏ya. 1983. Special issue, al-≠dΣd al-Ajnab∏ya (Foreign lit- erature review) (Damascus) 10, no. 34 (Winter).

Dazai, Osamu

. 1965. al-Shams al-ghΣriba (The setting sun

).

Trans. FΣ’iz Bashπr. Damascus: WizΣrat al-ThaqΣfa wa al-IrshΣd al- Qawm∏. 169p.

EndΩ, Shπsaku

. 1985. al-Bah.r wa al-samm (The sea and poison

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr Al-Tanw∏r lil-TibΣ‘a wa al-Nashr. 181p; Rev. ed. Cairo: DΣr al-Sharq∏yΣt, 1997. 146p; Beirut:

al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arab∏ya lil-DirΣsΣt, 2005. 206p.

Fukazawa, ShichirΩ

. 1973. NΣrΣyΣmΣ aw jabal al-SindiyΣn (Naraya- ma bushiko

). Trans. Anwar KπzΣk. Damascus: WizΣrat al- ThaqΣfa. 87p; NΣrΣyΣmΣ . Trans. Muh.ammad ‘Al ∏ al-Yπsuf∏. Beirut:

DΣr al-Tanw∏r and DΣr al-Muthallath, 1982. 65p; Ughniyat NΣrΣyΣmΣ.

Trans. Shaf∏ q Sayyid S. Σ lih.. Cairo: M ∏r∏t, 1999. 76p.

Ishiguro, Kazuo

1991. al-TilΣl al-shΣ h.iba (The pale view of hills

). Trans. ‘Iz.z.at H.usayn Kubba. Baghdad: Maktab al- Shams. 232p.

—. 2006. FannΣn min al-‘Σ lam al-t.al ∏q (An artist of the floating world

). Trans. HΣ la S.al Σ h. al-D ∏ n H.usayn. Amman: D Σr Azmina.

227p; Cairo: al-Markaz al-Qawm∏ lil-Tarjama, 2009. 300p.

Kawabata, Yasunari

. 1980. al-Buh.ayra (The lake

). Trans.

‘Abd al-RazzΣq Ja‘far. Beirut: DΣr al-Tanw∏r. 134p.

—. 1983. D.aj ∏j al-jabal (The sound of the mountain

). Trans.

S.ubh. ∏ H.ad ∏d∏. Beirut: DΣr al-Tanw∏r. 240p.

—. 1986. BilΣd al-thulπj (Snow country

). Trans. Lat. ∏fa al-Dulaym∏.

Baghdad: DΣr al-Ma’mπn. 151p; Balad al-thulπj. Trans. BassΣ m H.ajj Σr.

Beirut: DΣr al-FΣrΣb∏, 1993. 207p.

—. 1989. al-Jam∏lΣt al-nΣ’imΣt (The house of the sleeping beauties

). Trans. MΣr∏ T.awq. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 140p; 2nd ed. 2006.

—. 1991. Sirb t.uy π r bayd. Σ’ (Thousand cranes

). Trans. BassΣm

H.ajj Σr. Beirut: al-Markaz al-ThaqΣf∏ al-‘Arab∏. 160p.

—. 1999. al-‘≠ s.ima al-qad ∏ma (The old capital

). Trans. S.al Σ h.

NiyΣz∏. Damascus: DΣr al-MadΣ lil-ThaqΣfa wa al-Nashr. 254p.

—. 2005. DhirΣ‘ wΣ h.ida wa qis.as. ukhr Σ (One arm

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Sharjah (UAE): D Σ’irat al-ThaqΣfa wa al-I‘lΣ m, H.uk πmat al-ShΣriqa. 264p.

Mishima, Yukio

. 1983. I‘tirΣfΣt qinΣ‘ (Confessions of a mask

). Trans. UsΣma al-Ghazπl∏. Beirut: DΣr al-Tanw∏r. 170p; Trans.

KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Cairo: D Σr al-HilΣl, 1994. 324p; Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arab∏ya lil-DirΣsΣt wa al-Nashr, 2004. 255p.

—. 1986. Had∏r al-amwΣj (The sound of waves

). Trans. Sa‘∏d Ah.mad al-H.ak ∏m. 2nd. ed. Baghdad: DΣr al-Shu’πn al-ThaqΣf∏ya al-

‘≠ mma. 202p; Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb, 1997.

186p.

—. 1988a. al-Bah.h. Σr alladh∏ lafaz.a-hu al-bah.r (The sailor who fell from grace with the sea

). Trans. ‘≠ yda Muh.raj ∏ Idr∏s. Beirut: DΣr al-≠dΣb. 176p.

—. 1988b. ‘ At.ash lil-h.ubb (Thirst for love

). Trans. Muh.ammad al-‘∞tΣn∏. Beirut: DΣr al-≠dΣb. 224p.

—. 1990. Thalj al-rab∏‘ (Spring snow

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn.

Beirut: DΣr al-≠dΣb. 539p.

—. 1991. al-JiyΣd al-hΣriba (Runaway horses

). Trans. KΣmil Yπsuf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 532p.

—. 1993. Ma‘bad al-fajr (The temple of dawn

). Trans. KΣmil Yπsuf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 457p.

—. 1995. Suqπ t. al-mal Σk (The deacy of the angel

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 335p.

—. 2008. H.ubb muh.arram (Forbidden colors

). Trans. Sharika ≠lΣ’

lil-Tarjama. Ed. FΣ’id Za‘∏ tar. Beirut: Sharikat al-Mat.b π‘Σt lil-Tawz∏‘ wa al-Nashr. 752p.

Murakami, Haruki

. 2007a. KΣfkΣ ‘alΣ al-shΣ t.i’ (Kafka on the shore

). Trans. ∞mΣ n H.irz All Σh. Beirut: al-Markaz al-ThaqΣf∏ al-

‘Arab∏ and Abu Dhabi: Kalima. 672p; 2nd. ed. Beirut and Casablanca:

al-Markaz al-ThaqΣf∏ al-‘Arab∏, 2010. 621p.

—. 2007b. Janπ b al-h.ud πd, gharb al-shams (South of the border, west of the sun

). Trans. S.al Σ h. S.al Σ h.. Beirut and Casablanca:

al-Markaz al-ThaqΣf∏ al-‘Arab∏. 238p.

NΣ s. ∏f, ‘Abd al-Kar∏m, trans. 1983. MukhtΣrΣt min al-adab al-YΣbΣn∏ al- mu‘Σ s.ir: Qiss.s.a - masrah. ∏ya (A collection form contemporary Japanese literature: Novels and plays). Damascus: WizΣrat al-ThaqΣfa wa al- IrshΣd al-Qawm∏. 535p.

Natsume, SΩseki

. 1988. Kπkπrπ (Kokoro

). Trans. ‘Abd al-WΣhid Muh.ammad. Baghd Σd: DΣr al-Ma’mπn. 310p.

∂e, KenzaburΩ

. 1987. Mas’ala shakhs. ∏ya (A personal matter

). Trans. Wad∏‘ Sa‘Σ da. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Abh. Σth al-

‘Arab∏ya. 158p.

—. 1988. ‘Allim-nΣ an natajΣwaza junπna-nΣ (Teach us to outgrow our madness

). Trans. KΣmil Yπsuf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 216p.

[∂e, KenzaburΩ, et al.]. 2000. Zahrat al-S.ayf: Qis.as. min al-adab al-Y ΣbΣn∏

(The catch and other war stories). Trans. NajΣ h. Safar. Cairo: Markaz al-H.ad. Σra al-‘Arab∏ya. 160p; Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Qawm∏ lil-ThaqΣfat wa al-Funπn wa al-≠dΣb, 2002. 171p.

∂oka, Makoto

. 1996. Muh. Σ d.ar Σt f∏ al-taql∏d al-shi‘r∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya (Lectures on Japanese poetry traditions). Trans. Muh.ammad ‘Ud.ayma.

Latakia (Syria): DΣr al-MawΣqif. 140p.

S.abr ∏, NΣdiyΣ ‘Umar, ed. and trans. 2005. Zuhπr al-khπ kh: Mukht. ΣrΣt min al- ghazal al-YΣbΣn∏ (Plum flowers: A collection of Japanese love poems).

Beirut: Mu’assasat al-IntishΣr al-‘Arab∏. 136p.

Tanizaki, Jun’ichirΩ

. 1964. al-Shaq∏qΣt al-arba‘ /al-Shaq∏qΣt MΣkiwkΣ (The Makioka sisters

). Trans. Mah.m πd ‘Izzat MπsΣ.

Cairo: al-Mu’assasa al-Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-Ta’l∏f wa al-Tarjama. 679p.

—. 1988. al-Mad∏ h. al-z.ill (In praise of shadows

). Trans. H.ab ∏b al-SΣlim∏. Casablanca: DΣr TπbqΣl. 56p.

—. 1989. al-TΣr∏kh al-sirr∏ li-Am∏r MπsΣsh∏ (The secret history of the Lord of Musashi

). Trans. KΣmil Yπ suf H.usayn. Beirut: D Σr al-≠dΣb. 272p.

—. 2006. al-MiftΣ h. (The key

). Trans. S.al Σ h. S.al Σ h.. Casablanca: Al-Markaz al-ThaqΣf∏ al-‘Arab∏. 143p.

‘Ud.ayma, Muh.ammad, and Yamamoto, Kaoru

, trans. 1993. Saf∏nat al-mawt: D∏wΣn al-shi‘r al-YΣbΣn∏ al-h.ad ∏ th; H.iw ΣrΣ t wa qas. Σ’id (The ship of death: Selected poems from contemporary Japanese poetry).

Latakia (Syria): DΣr al-MawΣqif. 171p; Saf∏nat al-mawt: AnkπlπjiyΣ al- shi‘r al-YΣbΣn∏ al-h.ad ∏ th; muqaddimah wa al-h.aw ΣlΣt. Damascus: DΣr al-Takw∏n, 2006. 264p.

Yasuoka, ShΩtarΩ

. 2002. al-BashshΣra: D∏n ayna tashπwafπ (The moth

). Trans. Ah.mad Fath. ∏. Cairo: M∏r∏t. 222p; Cairo: al-Hay’a al- Mis.r ∏ya al-‘≠mma lil-KitΣb, 2008. 226p.

Yasuda, Kenneth. 1999. WΣ h.ida ba‘da ukhr Σ tatafattah.u azh Σr al-barqπq:

DirΣsa f∏ jamΣl∏ yΣ t qas. ∏dat al-HΣykπ al-YΣbΣn∏ya ma‘a shawΣhid mukhtΣra (Apricot flowers blossoms one after one: A study of the beauty of the Japanese Haiku). Trans. Muh.ammad al-As‘ad. Kuwait: al- Majlis al-Wat.an ∏ lil-ThaqΣfa wa al-Funπn wa al-≠dΣb. 381p.

8. Forums and Conferences

‘≠bid∏ n, al-Sayyid S.idq ∏, ed. 2000. al-‘AlΣqΣ t al-Mis.ir ∏ya al-YΣbΣn∏ya (The Egyptian-Japanese relations). Giza (Cairo): Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-

≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏ yat al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-‘Ulπm al-SiyΣs∏ya, Cairo Univer- sity. 275p.

Annon. 2002. Tπnis-al-YΣbΣ n: H.iw Σr thaqΣf ∏; WaqΣ’i‘ al-nadwa al-

muntaz.ama bi-qas.r al-majma‘ yawmay 2 wa 3 M Σy 2001 (Tunisia and Japan: Cultural dialogue; The proceeding of the conference organized in Tunis: 2–3 May 2001). Tunis: al- Majma‘ al-Tπnis∏ lil-‘Ulπm wa al-

≠dΣb wa al-Funπn. 165p.

D. Σhir, Mas‘πd, et al., ed. 2001. al-Nahd.a wa taf Σ‘ulΣt-hΣ f∏ al-‘Σlam al-‘Arab∏

wa al-YΣbΣn mundhu al-qarn al-tΣsi‘ ‘ashar: Fa‘‘Σl∏yΣt al-liqΣ’ al-fikr∏

al-muntaz.am bi-qas.r Bayt al-H.ikma al-jum‘a 26 J Σnf∏ 2001 (The renais- sance and its interactions in the Arab world and Japan since the nine- teenth century: The proceedings of the intellectual meeting organized in Bayt al-H.ikma, Carthage, 26 January 2001). Tunis: al-Majma‘ al- Tπnis∏ lil-‘Ulπm wa al-≠dΣb wa al-Funπn. 117p.

Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya. 2005. al-H.iw Σ r al-h.ad. Σr∏ bayna al-YΣbΣn wa al-‘≠lam al-IslΣm∏ (The civilized dialogue between Japan and the Islamic World). Giza (Cairo): Markaz al-DirΣsΣt al-≠siyaw∏ya, Kull∏yat al-Iqtis. Σd wa al-‘Ulπm al-SiyΣs∏ya, Cairo University.

YΣs∏n, al-Sayyid, ed. 1992. al-‘Arab wa al-YΣbΣ n: H.iw Σr ‘Arab∏ YΣbΣn∏ h.awla

al-h.ad Σra wa al-qiyam wa al-thaqΣfa f∏ al-YΣbΣ n wa al-wat.an al-‘Arab ∏

wa tat.allu‘ Σt ilΣ al-mustaqbal (The Arabs and Japan: An Arab-Japanese

dialogue about the civilization and cultural values in Japan and the

Arab world). Amman: MuntadΣ al-Fikr al-‘Arab∏. 208p.