The S c i e n c e R e p o r t s o f t h e K a n a z a w a U n l v e r s i t y , V o l . 1 , N o . 2 , J u n e , ( 1 9 5 1 ) . p p . 1 1 3 ‑ 1 2 2 . Theoretical Consideratio n . for the Measurements of Attenuation of
Millimetre and Centimetre Waves inthe Rain Fall"
Ka ntaro SENDA and
Shuzo HATTORI 1 . Introduction
113
During t h e World War I I , s t u d y o f microwave r e g i o n In U. S . A .
,made . a r a p i d and remarkable p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h v a r i o u s an < l e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h e s . A f t e r t h e War , t h e r e s u l t s o f measurements o f a t t e n u a t i o n o f e l e c t r o ‑ r i m g n e t i c waves i n t h e r a i n ‑ f a l l r e g i o n have been r e p o r t e d i n s u c c e s s i o n t h e r e s u l t s f o r 3 . 2 c n t . and 1 . 0 9 c n t . wave l e n g t h by R o b e r t ‑ son and King 1 ) i n Apr i 1 1 9 4 6 , t h o s e f o r 1.25cm. wave l e n g t h
むYLloyd and Anderson 2)
i n Apr i 1 1 9 4 7 , and t h o s e f o r 0 . 6 2 c n t . wave l e n g t h by M u e l l e r 8) i n Apr i 1 1 9 4 6 . I n e i t h e r c a s e a t t e n u a t i o n which t o o k p l a c e between t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r a b o u t a hundred f e e t a p a r t , was measured i n db ter n t i l e , and r l t i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t t h a t t i m e was a l s o m e a s u r ‑ e d . These measurements a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n Figure 1 t o 4 by s m a l l c i r c l e s .
Meanwhile t h e o r e t i c a l r e , s e a r c h e s r e l a t e d t o t h i s s u 句 e c t have a l s o been made and propounded c o m p u t a t i u l 1 f o r t h e c o l o u r o f c o l l o i d by G. von Mie
のi l 1 1 9 0 8 , t h e o r e t i ‑ c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f w a t e r by P . Debye 5 ) i n 1 9 2 7 a l 1 d r e s e a r c h f o r a t t e n u a t i o n o f e l e c t r o ‑ m a g l 1 e t i c wave i l 1 c l o u d s a l 1 d f o g s by K. Franz 6) i l 1 1 9 4 0 . G. von Mie , s o l v i l 1 g M a x w e l l ' s e q u a t i o n e x a c t l y f o r t h e c a s e where t h e r e i s a d i e l e c t r i c s p h e r e o f a r b i t r a r y d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a l 1 t i l 1 p l a l 1 e wave f i e l d , d i s c u s s e d t h e phe l 1 0mena o f s c a t t e r i n g a l 1 d a b s o r p t i o l 1 o f l i g h t by d i l u t e c o l l o i d a l d i s p e r s i v e medium. I n t h i s c a s e i t was assumed
t h a t e ; f f e c t o f a number o f p a r t i c l e s i s e q u a l t o t h a t o f one p a r t i c l e m u l t i t l i e d by t h e
l 1 umber o f p a r t i c l e s .
The r a t i o of dime l 1 s i o l 1 o f r a i l 1 drop a s d i s p e r s e d p a r t i c l e t o c e n t i ‑ m e t r e wave , i s com‑
p a r a b l e t o t h a t o f c o l l o i d a l p a r t i c l e t o v i s u a l r a y he l 1 c e M i e ' s t h e o r y i s app I i c a b l e to o u r p r e s e l 1 t s t u d y .
Debye's paper h a s d i s c u s s e d d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t a l 1 d o t h e r m a t e r i a l CO l 1 s t a n t s o f l i q u i d composed o f d i p o l e m o l e c u l e s and how i t changes a s v a r y i n g f r e q l l e n c y , and d e d l l c e d Debye's Formulae.
Franz h a s computed t h e a t t e n l l a t i o l 1 o f s h o r t wave i l 1 c l o u d s and f o g s , on t h e b a s i s of
t h e c o m p l l t a t i o n o f G. von Mie , and w i t h t h e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f w a t e r gained from
Debye t h e o r y o f m o l e c l l l a r d i s p e r s i o n . The f a c t t h a t Franz h a s worked on t h e c l o u d s
o r f o g s i n s t e a d o f r a i n d r o p s , n i e a l l s t h a t diameterof W a t e r drop i s f a r s m a l l e r t h a n t h e
wave l e n g t h Q f e l e c t r o
開mag l 1 e t i cwave and t h a t he c o u l d t a k e up o n l y t h e f i r s t tβrm of
power s e r i e s o f diameter/wave l e n g t / z . Our c a s e i s of r a i l l d r o p . And I l l them i 1 l i m e t r e and
1 1 4 K. SENDA & S . HATTORI
c e n t i m e t r
記r e g i o ndrop s i z e ‑i s t h e same o r d e r with t h . e wave l e n g t h , s o t h
品tif we assume Rayleigh s c
品t t e r i n ga f t e r F 託 nz , t h e theory i s c o n t r a d i c t o r y t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n .
Todiscuss t h e c o t n p a r i s o r i u ! " t h e o r y and ‑ ¥ v e m ' u s t compute ' t h e o r
号t i c a l v a I u
日sgoing b
品ckt o M i e ' s p a p e r . F u r t h e r , s r n c o 0 1 1 1 y a t t e n u a t i o l 1 ' a n d ‑ p r e c i p i t
礼t i o n a r e measured i n t h e e x p e r i m ε n t s , we must o b t a i I 1 o f r a i n drop from p r e c i p i t a ト
i o n by assuming drop s i z e o r f a l l i n g speed , b ε c a u s
色i ti s only c o n c e n t r a t I o n i n t h e wave p a t h t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l i n t h e t h e o r
色t i c a ltreatmen
t.We h
品veassumed drop s i z e on t h e ground o f s
告v e r a ld a t a , s i n c e t h e r e i s a be
れlVeen s i z e and r
司i n ‑ f a 1 1 v e l o c i t y , we have b
告ena b l e t o e s t i m a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f r a i n drop s u s p e n d i l 1 g i n a i r from r a i n p r e c i p t t a t i o n .
I t i s t h
告s u b s t
乱nceo f t h i s a r t i c I eto compare t h e theoryof a b s o r p t i o n
品nd s c a t t e r i n g o f e l e c t r o m a g n ε t i c wave by r a i n ‑ f a l l
ョt h u sgaineq , w i t h t h e expe r i . m e n t s .
F i g . 1
10 100
,
r a i
.,p r o x i p ; t " t i o n (mm/hour ¥
F i g . 2
1
F i g . 3
o q
一u
‑‑ EA
勺戸EO‑u司
up cb o
占ω伺
u s
日.Calc l . l lation of aUenuation coe
盤c i e n t .
To compute t h e a t t e i 1 l l a t i o n t h e o r e t i c a l l y , w
巴mustbegin w i t h c a 1 c u l a t I u n o f a
抗告n u a ‑
tioncoe 伍 c i e n t .A f t e r
唱t h eg e n e r a l and e x a c t c
品l c u l
品t i o
l1,Mie gave f o l l o w i n g f O
rJl1u l a a s
Attenuati ・ on 0 /
踊 刀Imetreand CentimetreTVave i n t l z e Rain Fall t h e a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t . o f c o l l o i d a l s o l u t i o n ;
k=N
会f 隅 { 2 5 ‑ m a v ー が } ' . (1)
115
Where N i s number o f p a r t i c 1 e ter cm
3,
.1.i s wave l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wav~
i n cm , ん{
}卵白e 脚 t h eimaginarypartof { } . T1
由Equ , , ( 1 )
r::e
p ; 間 耐t o t a l a t t e n u a t i o n i n v o l v i n g a b s o r p t i o n and s c a t t e r i n g . Herein a t t e n u a t i o n due t o s c a t t e r
帽ing i s g i v e n by
.1.
2 ∞ I ~" 1 2
+1 T " 1 2 k=:N~"- 2J一一一一一一一ー
π " ‑ ‑ = 1 ' 2 ) ) + 1 (2)
1n E q u s . (1) and ( 2 ) k
,k ' a r e a t t e n u a t i o n coe 伍 c i e n t si n u n i t o f ter c m ; ' a
, ',,' t " are r e l a t i v e a m p l i t u d e o f e l e c t i o m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t h e p a r t i c 1 e t o i n c i d e n t ' e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave , which c Q r r e S p ond t o t h e coe 姐 c i e n t so f e x p a n s i o n o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e 1 d a f t e r s u r f a ‑ c e s p h e r i c a l harmonics , having two s o r t s o f t e r m s a and T r e s p e c t i v e l y , a s a r e s u l t s oI e x p r e s s i n g t h e f i e l d a S a sum o f t h a t have o n l y e i t h e r o f e l e c t r i c o r magnetic ' t a d i a l component. We c a l l a
,ta 2 , " ' t 1 , t 2 " ・a ・ ・ se l e c t r i c d i p o l e , q u a d r a p o l e , . . . a n d magnetic di~oIe ,
q u a d r a p o l e , … r e s p e c t i v e l y , a c c o r d i n g t o M i e . This a " and t" a r e g i v e n by
h e r e ,
んてめ・ん(月)・ β 一人 '(s) ・ 人 ( α ・ 〉 α
=(2
/.1+1) ・ ρ ・‑一一一 (3) J
じぺ‑α) ・ 人 (β) ・ β ーんて s) ・ K"C 一 α ・ 〉 α
ム=一 (2叶 1) ・ρ .l~(α)・ん~ßø二{"C!ぬ.1./(金主ー
( 4 ) Kν( ー α) ・ん叱め .s‑I
,,(s)'K , , ' ( ー α 〉 ・ 0
α 2 π p
‑ . 1 .s= 2~L.n ,
(5) (6)
and p i s r a d i u s o f r a i n d r o p ' ' , t i i s wave l e n g t h i n cm , n i s r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r , and t h e r e f o r e a" , t" a r e r e p r e s e n t e d a s f u n c t i o n s o f ‑ p /
.1.and n .
fνand A 九 a r ef u n c t i o n s deduced from B e s s e l f t m c t i o n o f h a l f an odd i n t e g e r o r d e r ,
and I , ' v K
,,'a r e f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e s e 人 Cx)=
計 十V コ手一・ノ山 (x) ,
守 ~x
K,,(x)=i" H! x叫1~/っ手-' ,
~xH
,,'!;!J.( x ) .
(7) (8)
Concret
疋formsa l l d v a r i o u s expanded forms o f t h e s e f u n c t i o l l s a r e g i v e n i n M i e ' s paper , b u t i t i s e x c e s s i v e f y
'lab o r i o u s t o g i v e p r e c i s i o n n u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o l l o f aν ,
t.・
But a " , t" can a l s o be r e p r e s e n t e d , U S i l l g
、power s e r i e s o f α, s u " , v " , w . . . , whict have u n i t y
,a s i n i t i a l t e r m j a s f o l l o w s ,
ν +1 a2
,,+ ,n2̲v
V.,=(-l)V-l~. 1 2 ̲ U 2 ̲ E O . . .
I1 " ¥ 2 ' . U 'IJ.~一三"---・ e f.a. ( 9 ) 1 2 . 3 2 ・ (2ν+1 ) 2 ・ U V 2 ν + 1
n~+ 一一ー-w~
/.1
K. SENDA
&S . HATTORI v ! . ! 十 1 α ν
十l ‑ z l y
t,,= (‑1)一 一 一 @ ← 一 一 一 一 叩 十 一 一
1 2 . 3 2
ベ2!.!+1).."‑" ! . ! 十 1
1+~ 7i'J" μ E
1 1 6
( 1 0)
50 s i n c e t h
♀s e a r e o f o r d e r o f 0 . 2 ν
十f o r t h e c
品s eo f α く 1,点く1,
i t comes 凶 ocons 討 i d
町e r a
抗t i o 叫 1 I
丘
fwe p u t u
的t臼1,
V1, W be q u a l u n i t y f o r al ( e l e c t r i c d i p o l e ) , i t b号conles~
,~
n 2 ‑1
aiL : αo , e
り 明 @ 一 一 一 一 一 ‑n 2 +2
So i t r e d u c e s t o 50 ・ c a l l e dRayleigh s c a t t e r i n g f o r m u l a .
However , f o r t h e c a s e i s
110Wunder c o n s i d e r a t i o n , s i n c e we can n o t regard a s αく1, β く1, o r d e r tenns o f e x p a n s i o l l o f al a s w e l l
品shigher mode terms o f
( l ) and a r e e s s e n t i a 1 .
Therefore , v v e intended , r e t u r n i 略 的 E q u s . and仰, t o c a l c u l a t e e l e c t r
Icmagn
告t i cd i p o l e e t c
叶a l l df o r t h e f i r s t p l a c e we have l u a d e e x a c t ca I c u l a t i o n f o r
Ul・ Ast h e r e s n l t o f t h i s , ca I c u l a t e d v a l u e s o f
忌andk ' due t o
Ula r
日shown i n F i g . 6 . t o t h i s , a t t e n u a t i o n no
1'11 ε a n s i n c r e a s e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o
εscattering formul
乱ヲb u ti t shows maximum
はt t e n u a t i o n f o r some
い b O l l t
( 1 1 )
f u n c t i o n forms ,
︑1tBBBEg‑81Iztφw曲目MME
司 ︑︐ MM 圃阻 明司 自
R姐包
gg aa
也E
︐周目目EZ'ataM
At t h i s ca I c u l a t i o n we employεd f o l l o w i n g stnx
= ‑COSX
+ 一 一 一 一I l x
←8
+
ね ー か ‑ 十 6
四 号Z
ベl+i ょ う
•
e‑包>;,{ ( 1 十
ix}.An d . . a s f o r v a l u e o f r e f r a c t i v e index
7Zi n c l u c l e c l i n s , s i n c e i t h a s d i s p e r s i n g r
色gion a r o l l n d a b o u t a s i t i s w e l l known ヲ i tbecomes an imaginary number which v a r i e s w i t h wave Ther
告f o r ew i t h o u r c
品l c l l l a t i o n
,we
邑d i e l e c t r i cc o n s t
品n t and t a
l10 r e s u l t i n g from Debye's f O r m l l l
品,which h a s been d e s c r i b e d I n F r a n z ' s p
品pera s showed i n F i g . 5 , c a l c u l a t i n g r e f r a c t i v e index from
n =
下/三一云 7
工= 十 Z
t h i s n v a l u e s
ρ
りFor t h e v a l u e s o f 川 ; t
己n u a t i o
l1showed I n
e
v
悶dv e
y
つ M
I l
唱し
P A
E V
︑ι
e n
e
‑id u p u e l r
w m
此
IH. Cons
'ideratio
羽田ofRain Drop
S'i z e .
Exact e s t i m
,日t i o no f r a i n drop s i z e i s a very hard problem , because i t d i
fl:' e r s w i t h r a i n c h a r a c t e r , a n d ' a l s o becanse ev
告ni n one r a i n f a l 1 i t has c o r n p l i c a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e r
岩田f o r e i t bec
Olues d i f f i c u l t t o g e t prop
町、c o n c l u s i o ni n comparison o f theory and measure
由m e n t s . Fortunately , alnong p a p e r s o f measurements , t h a t o f Lloyed and Anderson gave
r e s u l t s o f e f f o r t s t o g e t c o r r e l a t i o
l1betw
母enr a i n drop s i z e and r a i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n . This i s
1 1 7 Atte
lZ1ta t i
,)Jlof l I I i l l i m e t r e a
月a C e l l t u " eI re T V i l Z ) e i n t / J e Rai
1lT i l l l
d r
shown i n F i . g . 7 . A c c o r c l i n g t o t h i s , m . e a n c l r o p c l i a l l
:le t e r s a r e mostly l J etween 1 t o 2
111m.Here we have t o pay a t t e n t i o l l t o s t a t i s t I c 日 . 1t r
巴a t m e l l ti n e v a l u a t i n g t h e m e a l l c l r o p c l i a m e t e r i n one r a i l l f a l l .
l¥1ean diameter i s g a i n e c l f r O l l l f r e q l 1 ency d i s t r i b u t i o n f l 1 l 1 c t i o l l , b u t f r e q u e l 1 cy d i s t r i b u t I o l 1 f u n c t i o l 1 d i 任 . ' e r swith independent v a r i a b l e employed. Frequency c u r v e i s d e f i n e d , by
F i g .
fω=
含,when we t a k e t h e l l
Ulnber o f measured v a l u e which f a l l i n 古 t ox+ax
孔s a n . Therefore
,frequency c u r v e f o r t h e f u n c t i o n o f x ; y = チ (x)must be o b t a i
附df r o
!llt h e r e l a t i o n
f(
♂〕ぬ=g(y)
の=g 帆.t')}
.ヲトゥ( 1 3)
伊
a '‑ e p .
︐ 唱
. .
@.
@. ‑ 0
. . .
曾4・'.
・..
p
・ .
・ a
・ @ .
. ・ ' . 1 舎.
e @ ・ ・
4・
".
.~
81.1P
. . , .
命 酬
p
.
. .
. . . a . ‑ 前 回 甲 田 帽
2
吋
mediumd i a m
日t e r o f
1a i n d r o p F l g .
0 .
7
e‑
・
va
・
9 e
5 0
3 0
1 0
。
ハ
8 0
b
明王
司 7 0
E
E
閉o z
ゆd
d宅3 0.
540
c.2 0
20
F i g
,~ <0句
1
抗H削 吋10"dHeflUoltfOf1 by ~Cd'ψ
6
1.
8
1; 1.
4 12 E
1.0
0 . 8
118 K. SENDA & S . HATTOR1
Therefore , t o o b t a i n t h e approximate mean diameter , t h e r e i s a method t o d e f i n e medium d i a m e t e r a S X o ga i ned from
ff ω
ぬ=2ff ω dx ( 1 4 ) According t o t h i s , f o r t h e o t h e r v a r i a b I e s medium v a l u e amoUnt t o yo コ チ ( x o ) , and f o r t h e c a s e i n which homogeneous random v a l u e i s unknown , we can a v o i d c o n t r a d i c t i o n t h a t mean v a l u e s a r e d i f f e r e n t f o r v a r i a b l e u s e d . By t h e paper o f Lloyed and Anderson medium d i a m e t e r i s employed a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s method. However . i , t i s nece
鎚aryt o t a k e a mean d i a m e t e r which i s e f f e c t i v e t o t h e phenomena o f s c a t t e r i n g and a b s o r p t i o n . Now p u t t i n g frequency c u r v e f o r drop r a d i u s a s f(p) , a t t e n u a t i o n c o r i s t a n t k , f u n c t i o n o f
(1a s k (p) ,
止
(p)=CK(p)
C = N + i T p
3c o n c e n t r a t i o n gr / cm
3and e f f e c t i v e .mean r a d i u s i s P o gained from
f 的 ) 州 ( 1 5 )
8 t r i c t l y , i t can be gained o n l y a f t e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f K (p) c u r v e , s i n c e , however , v a r i a t i o n o f K ( p ) i s s m a l l , P o i s o b t a i n e d a s mean v a l u e f o r t h e f r e q u e n c y c u r v e p 3 f(p)dp.
f 州 ( I ) 命 2 2 1 p s 仰み ( 1 6 ) And we t a k e medium v a l u e i n p l a c e o f t h i s . We c a l l t h i s p/ a s mass medium r a d i u s f o r convenience s a k e . 80 t h e r a t i o o f t h i s t o t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l medium r a d i u s
p/
一 明P o ( 1 7 )
i s c o n s t a n t f o r t h e d e f i n i t e frequency d i s t r i b u t l o n c u r v e .
1 t i s d i
伍c u l tt o determine t h e form o f frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n c u r v e , b u t a u t h o r s o b t a ‑ i n i n g
{lo ' ,
{lo from two r e s u l t s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a t hand (we e x p r e s s t o M
r.Takahashi , d i r e c t o r o f Nagoya Local Me
旬o r o l o g i c a l O b s e r v ‑
,,.1 A"
沼、1 9 1 5'T fphoon I ( d l h e 押 ・
' " I
''!Ii n ~.
NlIgOY1l'凡a t o r y , f o r o f f e r i n g the d a t a genero 凶 y 〉andobta‑i mil‑'hHh
パU I 1 ‑ ‑
: ¥ ,ined 1.5 and 2 . 1 f o r ヲ o fEqt バ 1 7 ) . An example i . 1 8 J 久 l
久fl
i s shown i n F i g . 8 . Comparing
めi s v a l u e s o f
守?81/h
j.1i!jv¥
w i t h F i g . 7 , i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t o
閃gardt h a t med‑ ' . 1 / XV ¥ i j
ium diameter f a l l s i n 1 t o 4 mm.
1) V /1' ¥ ¥ J
1 1 1 t h e n e x t p l a c e , a s f o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s h i p
b~tween r a i n drop s i z e and r a i n f a l l v e l o c i t y , t h e o r e t i c a l l y i t can be o b t a i n e d from S t o k e s ' s and
, ‑ ' /'
02 0
.40 G 08
1.0 1
.2 1
.4一 ‑ 1 . o p diam~te・<'"""
F i g . 8
1 1 9 Newton's r e s i s t a n c e l a w j b u t a c t u a l l y i t approaches to Newton's l a w when drop s i z e i s l a r g e and t o 8 t o k e s ' s lawwhen i t i s s m a l l . And u s u a l l y measurements o f Mr. 8chmidt o f A u s t r a r i a , o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l formula which i s combination o f two t h e o r i e s i s i n u s e : ' r h i s r e l a t i o n between drop d i a m e t e r and r a i n f a l l v e l o c i t y i s shown i n F i g . 9 .
Attenuation 01 Mi l/ imelre a 1 i d Centimelre Wave i n t h e Ra
I1t Fa l/
ト , 以 」 1 1 1 」
3
t
ヲ長 出 場 出 / 戸三悶
/づ 十 1 1
,
0 . 0 1 n .
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︒ ﹄ 信
U・C
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さ "
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RM E‑‑E Ta
‑
0 . 1
1 ∞
1 0
F i g .
IV. Theoretical Value of Attenuation.
1 drop d i i l m e t e r I
lTJm)
9
,♀ s守 一 一 砂 l 忌
As we mentioned i n p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n , medium d i a m e t e r e f f e c t i v e f o r a t t
四 l Ua t i o ni 事
1‑4 mm , and trom
宮i g . 9 . r a i n f a l l v e l o c i t y v cm/sec i s f i x e d , s o c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f . r a i ; n d r o p s C gr/cm 3 wiU b~found from p r e c i p i t a t i o n h mm/hour
踊f o l l o w s ・
CC再二
a
手0.1h
J!rJ/ cm
ミ
60x60xvx100 6'
I( 1 . 8) While C i s a l s o
C
田N t ー π p S
) . 2 ̲ • C ) . 2 8 C ) . 2
k = N :.~ Im{‑al}=
一一一一一一‑Im{‑all= m
l.‑"11 ‑
一一一8n 2 p τIm{‑all
"3 π p S . 2 π l a 1 . 1 2 C ) . 2 k/=N一一斗旦ム=一~;~s-I a l l
22 π 8
8π2p~80 p u t t i n g ( 1 8 ) i n t h s e s ,
8 ) . 2 h
= 一 一 一 一 つ 司 ー ‑
8 π 2 p 3 36 ・ 1 0 " v Im{‑all ) . 2 h
z 一一:K~百一 I 8 π 2 p 3
部・l O o v a l l
2( 2 0 ) '
Where k , k / i s i n nater/cm , r e d u c i n g t h i s i n t o db/mile which , i s adopted i n mesurements , ) . 2 h
ko= 1 0 1 0 g 1o e x 1 . 6 1 x
一一一ー一一1 2 ・ 8 π 2p3 V Im{'‑all=β " ' m . . "'J . I r 。 h .
~2A、
k o / = l O ! o g l o e X 1 . 6 1 x 一 一
リ」
リ・8 π p γ l a . v , 2 1 = s o / h
There a t t e n u a t i o n i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n ; Therefore
(19)
(2 1 )
( 2 2 )
120 K. SENDA & S . HATTORI
From t h i s formula and from F i g . 5 , β
。i so b t
心 配c la s I n Tab. 1 . F 廿 r . t h e comparison w i t h mesurements o f F i g . 1 t o 4 , t h e l i n e s o f Fqr
口1 . (2 1 )
止んo
口o b t a
血l 註 i 山 i t 凶 f 台 romt h e t a b l e
品
rεdrawni n cυrresponding f i g u r
日S
T a b ! e 1 β
υ
(iridbpe1' mileI m m p r e c ) 2 P l u m i ‑ ‑ │
忽7 , 刀 1 1 3600x xlOO
勿 Aニ0 . 6 2
,(=1.0 9 A=L25
1.
0 1 4 . 4 0 . 1 7 9 0 . 0 6 9 0 . 0 4 8
1.9 2 0 . 0 0 . 0 5 0 0 . 6 5 0 0 . 1 5 8 。 . 0 9 3
3 . 1 2 5 . 2 0 . 0 4 0 。 . 2 8 5 。 . 2 1 8
3 . 7 2 7 . 0 0 . 0 3 7 0 . 2 2 8 4 . 0 2 8 . 1 0 . 0 3 6 0 . 0 5 8 0 . 2 0 5 0 . 1 7 7 7 . 0 3 5 . 0 0 . 0 2 8 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0 3 ヲ
a t t e n u a t i o n c O e : f f i c i
じn t β
。(dbpe1' mile/抑 制 p r e c i p i t a t i o n )
,¥
=3.2 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 7 2
v . Co
賀lparisonof
'1'heory w
':ith
到x p e :
l'Imentsand General CO I l . s
Idera
tIon.
Comparing theory and experiments onFigs. 1 t o 4 , t h e s e a r e i n agreement i n t h
合o r d e ro f magnitude. And i n t h e a t t e n u a t i o i 1 i s t o t h e p i t
品t i o n , i n harmony w i t h t h e t h e o r y . But looking over t h
色s e p r e c i s
邑i nF i g . 1 , f o r t h
邑w
乱γeo f
B.2 cmw
品vel e n g t h a t t e n u a t i o n i s g r e a t e r t h e theory t h a n measure
回m
官n t , and t o one t o t h e o t h e r we must t a k
官t h
色s i z eas7
式11mf o r r a i n drop s i z e . 1n F i g . 2 f o r 1 . 2 . ' )
cmwave , observed v a l u
日sa r e a l s o g r e a t e r and observed v a l u e s
品
r es t i l l
品l i t t l eg r e a t
記rthan t h e d o t t e d 1 i ne o f = 3.7
111mi n t h e 自 g u r
己whichg i v e s t h e n 1 a
五imumt h e o r e t i c a l a t t e n u
乱t i o n .1n F i g . 3 f o r 1.09
cmwave
ヲwe s e e b e t t e r agreement than f o r 3.2 and 1.25
cmwave , b u t l i n e o f 2 p = 3 .
1mmi n t h e f i g u r e g i v i n g t h e maximllm t h e o r e t i c a l a t t e n u
品t i o n , s t i l l a p p e a r s t o be a l i t t l e l e s s than t h e o b s e r v
品t i o n .1
日F i g . 4 f o r t h e 0 , 6 2
cmwave , l i n e o I 2 p = 1 .
9mmi n t h 告白 gurewhich g i v e s t h e maximllm t h
巴o r e ‑ t i c a l a t t e n u a t i o n shows g o o c l
品greementwith t h e o b s e r v a t i o n .
Now we hav
日c a l c u l a t e donlyεlectric d i p o l e al e x a c t l y , which i s no more complete one , 50 we w i l l d i s C l l S S thεpoints which i s t o be considered f o r f u r t h e r e x a c t n e s s .
F o r t h e . f i r s t p l a c e
品sf u r t h e c a l c l l l a t i o n o f a t t e n l l a t i o n c o n s t a n t k , according t o t h e assumption employed Mie
1 . Assumption o f sphen~shapecl d i e l e c t r i c s appcars t o be properfor t h e c a s e o f r a i n . B
l1t t h e assumption t h a t k i s N t i m e s t h a t o f 011
日p a r t i c l e , i s n o t r i g h t f o r o u r c a s e
,b u t come I n t o q n e s t i o n a t two p o i n t s a s f o l l o w s
2 . Rain drops r e c i e v e s
巴condarywaves r e H e c t e c l from o t h e r drops i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i n c i d e n t
告wave , 50 t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s o ‑ c a
l1e c l m u l t i p l e d i W r a c t i o n .
B . P u t t i n g t h
巴s c a t t e r e c le l e c t r i c and magnetic f i e l d from t ・ . ‑ t ' 1 ti n d i v i d
l1乱r a i ndrop t o
品
nd
之子宮,t h ε t o t
品1energy l o s s e d by s c
品t t e r i n gi s
A t t e 1 2 u a t ル
1t" f i J I i t t
か' l e t r ea l l d Centime t 7 ‑ eH'a
l'e i 1 l t
Ile R a i 7 1 T
'all1 2 1
L