࠙◊✲ࣀ࣮ࢺࠚ
ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ⣖せ ➨141㞟 ᖹᡂ24ᖺ㸱᭶!
έρϋΑ͈ࣞ൝ޗ֗٨ڟ̤̫ͥͅฎআޗ͈֗͒৾ͤழ͙̞̾̀ͅġ
Education Schemes for Doctoral Candidates as Part of Higher Education Reform
in France
܊ॄ! ݛঊ
ɖ!
ŊŘłŔłŌŊġ ŌŶŮŪŬŰ
!
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce education schemes for doctoral candidates in France as
part of higher education reform and discussions, by examining previous studies as well as
analyz-ing materials and information obtained through visits to organizations such as the French Ministry
of Higher Education and Research, universities, and the National Agency for Research and
Tech-nology (ANRT).
First, three reasons for higher education reform in France have been highlighted: the current
situation of universalized universities, such as the deteriorated learning environment, high
drop-out rates, and prolonged education period; the implementation of Bologna Process in higher
education in Europe; and the influence of international evaluation such as academic rankings of
world universities on French higher education. Second, legal provisions made in 2006 for
im-provement in higher education infrastructure, specifically research, have been illustrated; these
provisions aim to promote research and innovation in France. This led to the establishment of
sev-eral research parks around France, such as the Paris-Saclay Campus, the Evaluation Agency for
Research and Higher Education, and the National Agency of Research, which allocates research
funds. Third, some schemes were regulated by ministerial ordinance for doctoral education that
facilitates policies for doctoral education centers; these policies ensure uniformity in education and
transferable skills and recognition of doctoral degrees to aid researchers at the start of their careers.
In addition, financial assistance is also offered in many ways, such as provision of allowances
through contracts with doctoral candidates and holding of conventions among doctoral candidates,
firms, and research laboratories in universities to promote joint doctoral research.
Moreover, with the help of the data collected, factors giving rise to employment instability
among doctors, such as unemployment or fixed-term employment and the rapid increase in the
number of doctoral candidates, are clarified. Finally, ideas based on human capital theory, which
asserts that raising education standards can help sustain a knowledge-based economy and achieve
employment security, economic growth, and competitive advantage on an international level, are
discussed, and the relationship between prolonged education period and educational outcomes is
examined.
◊✲ࡸࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᥎㐍ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࢧࣝࢥࢪ㸦Sarkozy, Nicolas㸧⤫㡿ᨻᶒ㸦2007 ᖺ 5 ᭶㹼2012 ᖺ 5 ᭶㸧ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᨻ⟇㡿ᇦࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ1㸧ࠋ▱㆑ᇶ┙♫࡛ࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢ᥎㐍Ḣᕞ࡛ࡢ ᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆሀᣢࡋࡓ࠸ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣࠊ◊✲ࡸࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᣐⅬ࡞ࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࢆḢᕞࡢ ᯟ⤌ࡳἢࡗ࡚ᛴ⃭᥎㐍ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ᇶ┙ࡢᩚഛຍ࠼ࠊ ࣇࣛࣥࢫᨻᗓ␃Ꮫᒁ㸦CampusFrance㸧ࡼࡿ 27 ࡢ␗࡞ࡿゝㄒ࡛ࡢ␃Ꮫሗࡢᥦ౪ 2㸧ࡸࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ ᶵ㛵ࡸ◊✲ᶵ㛵࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒࡼࡿㅮ⩏࡞ࠊᅜࢆ࠶ࡆ࡚✚ᴟⓗ␃Ꮫ⏕ࡸ◊✲⪅ࡢㄏ⮴⟇ࢆ⾜ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣඃ⚽࡞ேᮦࢆୡ⏺୰ࡽ⋓ᚓࡋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࣉ࣮ࣝࡋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ ࡢ◊✲࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗᆅࡢ☜❧ྥࡅࡓᡓ␎ⓗືࡁࡶࢀࡿࠋ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊኟ┠㸦2007ࠊ2010㸧ࠊሙ㸦2009㸧3㸧ࡽࡼ ࡗ࡚ヲ⣽࡞⤂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞✚ᴟⓗ࡞㧗➼ᩍ⫱㔜Ⅼ࣭ᣑᨻ⟇ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕ࡢ㞠⏝ၥ㢟↔Ⅼࢆ࠾ࡁࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬ࠊᏛࠊ⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠᶵ㛵࡞࡛ྲྀᚓࡋࡓ㈨ᩱࡸ⫈ྲྀࡋࡓෆᐜࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ㆟ㄽࢆ⤂ࡍࡿ4㸧ࠋ
㸯㸬ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᅜᐙᡓ␎ࡋ࡚ࡢᏛ⾡యไࡢᣑ㻌
օ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㔜ᵓ㐀 ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡣࠊࣂ࢝ࣟࣞྲྀᚓ⪅ࡍ࡚㛛ᡞࡀ㛤ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏛᑐࡋࠊࡈࡃᑡᩘࡢ ேᩘࢆ㑅ᢤࡋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᐁ⏺ࠊᨻ⏺ࠊ⤒῭⏺ࡢᣦᑟⓗ❧ሙ❧ࡘᅜᐙ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿࢢࣛࣥ ࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࡤࢀࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀేᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 5㸧ࠋࡇࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㔜ᵓ㐀ࡢ୰࡛ࠊᐁ❧ࡢࢢࣛ ࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶࡾࢃࡅධᏛࡀཝࡋࡃࠊᅾᏛ୰ࠊᅜࡽ⤥ࢆᨭ⤥ࡉࢀࡿ㧗➼ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ 䠄École Normale Supérieure, ENS䠅ࡸ⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ䠄École Polytechnique䠅࠸ࡗࡓఏ⤫ᰯ࡛ࡣࠊᙜึࡽ≉ᶒⓗ࡞♫ⓗ⫼ᬒࢆࡶࡘᏛ⏕ࡢẚ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃࠊᩥⓗ㈨ᮏࢆᣢࡗࡓ㝵⣭ࡢ⏕⏘ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ6㸧ࠋ ୍᪉ࠊ┦ᑐࡍࡿᏛࡣࠊ1985 ᖺࢩ࣮ࣗ࣋ࢾ࣐ࣥ㸦Chevènement, Jean-Pierre㸧ᅜẸᩍ⫱⮧ࡀࣂ࢝ ࣟࣞỈ‽฿㐩ࡍࡿ⪅ࢆ 2000 ᖺࡲ࡛ྠᖺ௦ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 80㸣ࡍࡿࡢᩘ್┠ᶆࢆᥖࡆࡓࡇ࡛ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡀᛴఙࡧࡓ7㸧ࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᒙࢆ୍ᡭ྾ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࣂ࢝ࣟࣞྲྀᚓ⪅ဨ 㛛ᡞࢆ㛤࠸࡚࠸ࡿᏛࡔࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᛴቑࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࢆᢪ࠼࡚ᣑࡍࡿᏛᑡᩘඛ㗦ࡢࢢࣛ ࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ᱁ᕪࡣ୍ᒙᗈࡀࡾࠊྠࠊ⾗ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓᏛࡢࣥࣇ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥ ࡑࡢ౯್ࡢ┦ᑐⓗపୗࡼࡾࠊᏛࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸⪅ࢆྵࡴⱝᖺᒙࡢኻᴗ⋡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ㐲ᅉ࡞ࡗࡓ ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ8㸧ࠋ ֆ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ⫼ᬒ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࢆồࡵࡿ➨୍ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⥭⦰㈈ᨻࢆᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡿ୰࡛ࠊ⾗కࡗ࡚ᣑࡋࡓᏛ ࡢᏛ⩦⎔ቃࡢᝏ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊᏛࡣࠊᏛ⏕ࡢࢻࣟࢵࣉ࢘ࢺ⋡ࡢ㧗ࡉࡸᅾᏛᮇ㛫ࡢ㛗ᮇࠊ ᅜ㝿ⓗ➇தᕷሙᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿேᮦ⫱ᡂ࠸࠺ႚ⥭ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡓ 9㸧ࠋ➨ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊḢᕞయ
ᗈࡀࡗࡓḢᕞ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪ㸦European Higher Education Area, EHEA㸧ࡢᵓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ┠ᶆࡣࠊᏛ ⏕࣭◊✲⪅ࡢὶືᛶࢆḢᕞෆ࡛㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡛ከᅜ㛫ࡢ➇தࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊ⤖ᯝⓗྛᅜࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࠊḢᕞయࡢᅜ㝿➇தຊࢆᙉࡍࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᏛࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓḢᕞᕷẸࡢ㞠⏝ᶵ
ࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇ 10㸧࠶ࡾࠊḢᕞ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪࡢᡂ❧ࡴࡅ࡚ࠊ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫࡼࡤࢀࡿ
⾗ࠊᏛྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋㞴ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝᑐࡋࠊᅜ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ࣮ࣚࣟࢵ ࣃࠖ࠸࠺ୖࣞ࣋ࣝࡽࠊ⮬ᅜࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࢆಁࡋ㎿㏿ᑐᛂࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ11㸧ࠊࣇ ࣛࣥࢫࡶࡇࡢືࡁࡢ୰࡛⮬ᅜࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᨵ㠉╔ᡭࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ࡲࡎࠊ2002 ᖺᏛไᗘࡢᨵ㠉ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫ12㸧ࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚ࠊࣂ࢝ࣟࣞྲྀᚓ ᚋ 3 ᖺࡢㄢ⛬࡛Ꮫኈ㸦licence㸧ࠊࡉࡽ 2 ᖺࡢㄢ⛬࡛ಟኈ㸦Mastere㸧ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡉࡽ 3 ᖺࡢㄢ⛬࡛༤ ኈ㸦Doctrat㸧ࡢᏛࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿᏛไᗘࢆ༢⥺ࠊඹ㏻ࡍࡿ LMD ᨵ㠉ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫᅜ ෆ࡛ࡣࠊࣂ࢝ࣟࣞྲྀᚓ⪅ᩘࡣ 1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽࡋࠊᏛ㐍Ꮫ⋡ࡢቑຍࡶ㢌ᡴࡕ࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡇ ࡢ LMD ᨵ㠉ࡼࡾࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㐍Ꮫࡍࡿ⤯ᑐᩘࡣࡧቑຍࡍࡿ13㸧ࠋ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ➨୕ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊୖᾏ㏻Ꮫࡢࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡞௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ 㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ⓗホ౯࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋୖᾏ㏻Ꮫࡼࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢࡀጞࡲࡗࡓ 2003 ᖺᙜึࠊ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࡛ 100 ධࡗࡓࡢࡣ 2 ᰯࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㡰ࡶࣆ࢚࣮ࣝ 㸤 ࣐࣮ࣜ ࢟ࣗࣜ
࣮Ꮫ㸦ࣃࣜ➨ 6 Ꮫ㸧㸦Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC㸦Paris VI㸧㸧ࡀ 65 ࡛᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃࠊḟ ࠸࡛ࣃࣜ༡➨ 11 Ꮫ㸦Université Paris-Sud 11, UPS㸦Paris XI㸧㸧ࡢ 72 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ๓㏙ࡢࢢࣛࣥࢮ
ࢥ࣮ࣝࡢྡ㛛ࠊ㧗➼ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ㸦ENS, Pais㸧⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯࡣࢺࢵࣉ 100 ᰯࡶධࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ14㸧ࠋᙜࠊ ᮾிᏛࡀ 19 ࠊி㒔Ꮫࡀ 30 ࡛ࠊ㜰ᏛࠊᮾᏛࠊྡྂᒇᏛࡀేࡏ࡚ 100 ධࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡓࡇẚ㍑ࡍࢀࡤࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㛵ಀ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ࠸⾪ᧁⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢホ౯ࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᑐࡍࡿᅜᐙⓗ࡞ㄽ㆟ࢆࡧࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡞ࡗ ࡓ15㸧ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ2006 ᖺ◊✲⯆ࡢ᰿ᖿ࡞ࡿࠕ◊✲ィ⏬ἲࠖ㸦Loi de
Programme pour la Recherche㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࠕィ⏬ἲࠖ㸦Loi de Programme㸧ࡣࠊᅜᐙ ࡢ⤒῭࣭♫ⓗάືࡢ┠ᶆࢆつᐃࡍࡿἲᚊ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ᐃ㡿ᇦࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅜࡀᩘᖺΏࡾỴᐃࡍࡿ┠
ᶆ㈈ᨻᥐ⨨ࢆつᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ16㸧ࠋࡇࡢἲᚊࡣࠊᅜ㝿➇தࡢ⃭ࡍࡿ୰ࠊ⛉Ꮫࢆᣢ⥆ⓗⓎᒎ࠾
ࡼࡧ⤒῭ⓗ➇தຊ☜ಖࡢ㘽ࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࠊࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊ2005 ᖺࡽ 2010 ᖺࢃࡓࡾࠊ◊✲࣭ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࢩࢫࢸ࣒యࡢᨵ㠉㛵ࡍࡿෆᐜࠊලయⓗࡣ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢ⏘ฟࢆᙉࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᆅ ⌮ⓗ㏆࠸Ꮫࡸࢢࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡸ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡢ㐃ᦠ࣭༠ྠࡍࡿᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ◊✲࣭ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᣐⅬ㸦Pôles de Recherche et Enseignement Supérieur, PRES㸧㸦➨ 5 ᮲㸧17㸧ࠊ◊✲࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ά
ືࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜࠺ࠕ◊✲࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ホ౯ᶵᵓࠖ㸦Agence d'Évaluation de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur, AERES㸧㸦➨ 9 ᮲㸧ࠊ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ⤒㈝ࡢ㓄ศᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿᅜ❧◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR㸧㸦➨ 16 ᮲㸧ࡀつᐃࡉࢀࡓ18㸧ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢἲᚊࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨ࢆ 190 ൨ࣘ ࣮ࣟ㸦2004 ᖺ㸧ࡽ 240 ൨࣮ࣘࣟ㸦2010 ᖺ㸧ቑຍࡍࡿ㈈ᨻᥐ⨨ࡀグࡉࢀࡓ19㸧ࠋ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᨻᗓ◊✲㈝ࡣࠊᶵ㛵ຓᡂ㸦ࣈࣟࢵࢡຓᡂ㸧ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺຓᡂูࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࣇࣛ ࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊᨻᗓࡢ⛉Ꮫ◊✲ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS㸧ࡢண⟬ࡢࡰ 90%ࠊᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮௨እࡢබⓗ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡢ◊✲ ㈈※ࡢࡰ 60%ࢆᶵ㛵ຓᡂࡀ༨ࡵ࡚࠾ࡾ20㸧ࠊ୍⯡◊✲㈈※ᑐࡍࡿᅜᐙண⟬ࡢ౫Ꮡᗘࡀ㧗࠸ゝ ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ㔜Ⅼⓗᨵ㠉ࡼࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᩍ⫱ண⟬ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨭฟࡀ༨ࡵࡿྜࡢ᥎ ⛣ࢆぢࢀࡤࠊ1980 ᖺ 14.6%ࠊ1990 ᖺ 16.4%ࠊ2000 ᖺ 16.7%࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࢁࠊ2008 ᖺ 19.5%ࠊ2009 ᖺ 19.9%ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ21㸧ࠊࡇࡢቑຍྠࠊᶵ㛵ຓᡂࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ➇தⓗ◊✲㈨㔠࡛࠶ࡿࣉࣟ ࢪ࢙ࢡࢺຓᡂࡀ༨ࡵࡿྜࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡓ␎⟇ᐃࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣭࣮࣋ࢫࡢ◊✲㈨㔠㓄ศࠊᡂ ᯝᇶ࡙ࡃᚋホ౯ࠊ◊✲⪅ࡢࣔࣅࣜࢸࠊ◊✲ᡂᯝࡢά⏝࠸ࡗࡓຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ไᗘタィࡢ㌿ࡣࠊ
Lois de Finances, LOIF㸧㇟ᚩࡉࢀࡿ22㸧ࠋࡇࡢἲᚊᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᨻ⟇ㄏᑟⓗ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡸ◊✲ࠊ㉁ ࡢྥୖࢆ┠ᣦࡍ➇தⓗ⎔ቃࡢᙉࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬Ḣᕞࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ㻌
օ ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢὀ┠ Ḣᕞయ┠ࢆྥࡅࢀࡤࠊḢᕞ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪྥࡅ࡚ࠊ2010 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢᕤ⛬ࡉࢀᐃᮇⓗ㛤ദࡉࢀ ࡿ㧗➼ᩍ⫱⮧ྜࡸࠊከᵝ࡞ཧ⏬⪅ࡽ࡞ࡿ㔜ᒙⓗ࡞⤌⧊ⓗ⾜Ⅽࢆక࠺ࠊ๓㏙ࡢ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉ ࣟࢭࢫࡀࠊḢᕞࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉ࡢ᥎㐍ẕయ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ23㸧ࠋ2005 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࠊḢᕞࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୰㛫ホ౯ࠊ2010 ᖺྥࡅ࡚ࡢ┠ᶆ㔜せ㡿ᇦࡢタᐃࢆ┠ⓗࠊࡇࡢ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭ ࢫ㛵ࢃࡿ 45 ᅜࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱⮧ྜࡀࠊࣀ࢙࣮ࣝ࢘ࡢ࣋ࣝࢤ࡛ࣥ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱⮧ྜඛ❧ࡕࠊ2005 ᖺ 2 ᭶ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣜࡢࢨࣝࢶࣈࣝࢢ࡛ࠊ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕ ࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࠕ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࠾ࡅࡿ▱㆑♫ᛂࡌࡓ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ࠖ㸦Bologna Seminar on͆Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society͇㸧㖭ࢆᡴࡗࡓࢭ࣑ࢼ࣮ࡀ㛤ࢀࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱㛵ࡋᇶᮏ᪉㔪ࢆᐃࡵࡓࠕࢨࣝࢶࣈࣝࢢࡢ 10 ᪉㔪ࠖ24㸧ࡀᥦゝࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ1)◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ ▱㆑ࡢ㧗ᗘᏛ⾡⫋௨እࡢᗈ⠊ᅖࡢປാᕷሙࡢࢽ࣮ࢬᛂࡌࡿカ⦎ࡢᥦ౪ࠊ2)Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ษ ࡞ᑓ㛛࢟ࣕࣜ㛤Ⓨࡢᶵࡢᥦ౪ࠊ3)ከᵝᛶࡢ㔜どࠊ4)༤ኈྲྀᚓணᐃ⪅ࡢ◊✲ᑓ㛛ᐙࡋ࡚ࡢᢎㄆࠊ 5)༤ኈྕྲྀᚓணᐃ⪅ࠊᣦᑟᩍᐁࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵㛫ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࠊ㏱᫂ࡋࡓዎ⣙ᯟ⤌ࡳᇶ ࡙࠸ࡓᣦᑟホ౯ࡢᐇࠊ6)༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢᮏ᱁ጞືࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᐇ㊶ࡢከᵝ࡞ᙧែࡢά⏝ࠊ7㸧 3Ѹ4 ᖺࢆཎ๎ࡍࡿ㐺ษ࡞ಟᏛᮇ㛫ࠊ8)Ꮫၥศ㔝ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓカ⦎⛣㌿ྍ⬟࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ9㸧ᆅᇦ 㛫ࠊᏛၥ㛫ࠊศ㔝㛫ࡢ⛣ືࢆಁࡋᏛࡸࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮㛫ࡢ༠ຊࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࠾ࡅࡿᅜ㝿༠ຊࠊ10) ༤ኈᏛ⏕ࡢ㐺ษ࡛⥅⥆ྍ⬟࡞㈈ᨻᨭࠊࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࣋ࣝࢤ࡛ࣥࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱⮧ྜ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࠕࢨࣝࢶࣈࣝࢢࡢ 10 ᪉㔪ࠖࡢᥦゝࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࠊ➨୍ࠊ Ḣᕞ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪࡢ㉁ࡢ⥔ᣢࡸᨵၿࡼࡾࠊḢᕞ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪࡢᅜ㝿➇தᛶ㨩ຊࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࠊ➨ ࠊ◊✲◊✲ࡢࡓࡵࡢカ⦎ࡢ㔜せᛶࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ➨୕ࠊᵓ㐀ࡉࢀࡓ༤ኈ ㄢ⛬㏱᫂ᛶ࠶ࡿᣦᑟホ౯ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊᗈ⠊࡞ປാᕷሙࡢ㟂せぢྜ࠺Ꮫ㝿ⓗᩍ⫱ෆᐜࡸ⛣㌿ྍ⬟ ࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕ࡢᩘࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇࠊ࡞ࢆᥖࡆࡿඹྠᐉゝࡀฟࡉࢀࡓ25㸧ࠋ ֆ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᑐᛂ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ḣᕞࡢືࡁࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᅜ㝿➇தᑐᛂࡋ࠺ࡿேᮦ⫱ᡂ ࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚༤ኈᩍ⫱ࡢᐇࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡓࡵ 26㸧ࠊ๓㏙ࡢ 2006 ᖺࠕ◊✲ィ⏬ἲࠖྠࠊ༤ኈᩍ⫱
㛵ࡍࡿ┬௧㸦Arrêté du 7 août 2006 relatif à la formation doctorale㸧ࢆไᐃࡍࡿ27㸧ࠋࡑࡢᰕࡣḟࡢ 4 ࡘ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ձ ༤ኈᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦école doctorale㸧
༤ኈᩍ⫱ࡢᨭᰕࡋ࡚༤ኈᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࢆᐇࡉࡏࡿࠋ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠⪅ࡣࠊ◊✲ᐊタࡢ༤ኈ
ᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᡤᒓࡋࠊ༤ኈㄽᩥᇳ➹ࡶ⛣㌿ྍ⬟࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ㣴ᡂࡍࡿඹ㏻⛉┠ࢆཷㅮࡍࡿࠋ
ղ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡸ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡢホ౯ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿ⊂❧⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࠕ◊✲࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ホ౯ᗇࠖ㸦Agence d’
Evalution de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur, AERES㸧ࡢ 4 ᖺዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡃホ౯ࡼࡾࠊ ༤ኈᩍ⫱ࡢᅜᐙⓗ࡞ㄆドࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ
࡞ࡿⱝᡭ◊✲⪅㐃┕㸦Confédération des Jeunes Cherheurs, CJC㸧ࡀࠊᏛ㝔ᅾ⡠୰ࡢ◊✲άືࢆ⫋ ᴗ⤒㦂㸦expériences professionnels㸧ࡋ࡚♫ⓗㄆドࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓෆᐜ㸧ࢆᫎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ մ ᅜࡢホ౯ᇶ‽ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊࡍ࡚ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡀ༤ኈᩍ⫱㛵ࡋ࠺ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ և ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢேཱྀศᕸ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢ⌧≧ࢆぢࡿࠊ1990 ᖺ๓ᚋࡽࠊ♫࠾ࡅࡿ㧗ᗘᑓ㛛ேᮦࡢ㟂せᛂࡌࠊ ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢቑຍᨻ⟇ࢆࡗࡓࡇ࡛29㸧ࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ᩘࡣࠊ2000ᖺࡽ 2005 ᖺࡅ࡚ 15% ቑຍࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊⓏ㘓⪅ᩘࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋᏳᐃࡋ࡚᥎⛣ࡋࡓࡀ 2007 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2007 ᖺ ௨㝆ῶᑡࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ◊✲࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ホ౯ᗇࡢホ౯ࡼࡾ㉁ࡢ⤫ไࡀධࡗࡓࡇࡼࡿ30㸧ࠋ2009 ᖺࡢ ᐇᩘࡣࠊ66,500 ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2000 ᖺࡢᏛ⏕ᩘẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ 9㸣ࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓏ㘓Ꮫ⏕ࡢᑓᨷࡢෆヂࡣࠊ ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡀ 43%ࠊゝㄒ࣭ேᩥ⛉Ꮫࡀ 35%ࠊἲᚊࠊ⤒῭ࠊ♫⛉Ꮫࡀ 19%࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ2008 ᖺࡢ༤ኈྕᤵ⪅ࡣࠊᏛࡀ 11,400 ேࠊᏛ௨እࡢᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯࡀ 330 ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2000 ᖺࡢẚ㍑࡛ ࡣ 44%ᛴቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢᑓᨷࡣࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡀ 59%ࠊゝㄒ࣭ேᩥ⛉Ꮫࡀ 25%ࠊἲᚊࠊ⤒῭ࠊ ♫⛉Ꮫࡀ 13%࡛࠶ࡿ31㸧ࠋ ֈ ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ࡢ㈈ᨻᥐ⨨ ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡢࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢ⣙ 7 ࡣఱࡽࡢ㈈ᨻᨭࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ㈈ᨻᨭࡢෆヂ࡛᭱ࡶࡁ࠸㧗➼ᩍ⫱┬ࡼࡿ◊✲ຓᡂࡣࠊ༤ኈዎ⣙㸦contrat doctoral㸧ࡼࡤࢀ ࡿዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᨻᗓࡀ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠⪅ 3 ᖺ㛫ࡢዎ⣙ࢆ⤖ࡧࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢປാἲࡼࡗ ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿປാዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡃ♫ಖ㞀ࡢཷ⤥ᶒ᭱ప㈤㔠ࢆಖドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2010 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 1᪥⌧ᅾࠊ3 ᖺ㛫ࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕୍ேᙜࡓࡾࡢᨭ⤥㢠ࡣࠊ◊✲ࡢࡳࡢሙྜ 1 ᭶ 1,685 ࣮ࣘࣟࠊຓᡭ ᴗົࢆྵࡴሙྜ 1 ᭶ 2,025 ࣮ࣘࣟ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༤ኈዎ⣙ࡣࠊᏛࡀዎ⣙ᩘࢆỴᐃࡋࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ ┬⏦ㄳࡋࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱┬ࡀண⟬ࢆ┤᥋㓄ศࡍࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ༤ኈⓏ㘓⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊࡑࡢዎ⣙⪅ࡣ⣙ 65% ࡉࢀࡿ32㸧ࠋ ⾲ 1 ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ࡢ㈈ᨻᥐ⨨ 2010ᖺ ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ᩘ ࠺ࡕ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡀࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⓏ㘓⪅ᩘ 19,769ே 18,564ே ㈈ᨻᨭࡢ࠶ࡿⓏ㘓⪅ᩘ 12,761ே ㈈ᨻᨭ⋡㸦యࡢⓏ㘓⪅ᩘࡢ࠺ࡕ㸧 64.6% ࠌ 㸦㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡢࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⓏ㘓⪅ᩘࡢ࠺ࡕ㸧 68.7% ㈈ᨻᨭࡢ࡞࠸༤ኈㄢ⛬Ⓩ㘓⪅ᩘ 3,098ே
MESR, L’Etat de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche en France, décembre 2010, no.4, p.64.
ࡇࡢࡢ◊✲ຓᡂࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬ࡼࡿᴗࡋ࡚ᅜ◊✲࣭ᢏ⾡༠㸦Association Nationale Recherche Technologie, ANRT㸧ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖ㸦Les Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche, CIFRE㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ◊ಟ⏕ࡣࠊᏛࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠ࡋ࡞ࡀ
ࡽࠊᴗࡀ㛵ᚰࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ◊✲㛤Ⓨ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡢඹྠ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚༤ኈྕྲྀᚓࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱┬ࡼࡿ◊✲ຓᡂ 31% ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃ 9% ◊✲ᶵ㛵ࡼࡿຓᡂ 11% ᆅ᪉⮬యࡼࡿຓᡂ 9% ␃Ꮫ⏕ዡᏛ㔠 16% ࡑࡢ 24%
ࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖࡣࠊ1981 ᖺⓎ㊊ᙜึࡣࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ࠺ࡕᕤᏛ࡞ࡢᛂ⏝◊✲࡛ࡢಟ ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1989 ᖺࡣࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡞ࡢேᩥ♫⣔ࡶᣑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ༠ᐃࡼࡾࠊ◊ಟ⏕ࡣࠊ3 ᖺ㛫ࢃࡓࡾࠊ⛯㎸࡛ᖺ㢠 23,484 ࣮ࣘࣟࡢ⤥㸦2009 ᖺ㸧ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ୍ ᪉ᴗࡣࠊᏛ⏕ᨭᡶ࠺⤥㢠ࢆྵࡵࠊᖺ㛫 14,000 ࣮ࣘࣟࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆᅜ◊✲࣭ᢏ⾡༠㸦ANRT㸧 ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ཷࡅྲྀࡾࠊṧࡾࡢ⤒㈝ࡣ⛯㢠᥍㝖㑏ࡀཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦Crédit d'impôt recherche㸧ࠋ
ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗᇶ♏⛉Ꮫࢆ୰ᚰᢅ࠺බⓗ◊✲ᶵ㛵࣭㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ᛂ⏝◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ ᴗ㸦⏘ᴗ㒊㛛㸧ࡢ㛵ಀࡀᕼ࡛ⷧ࠶ࡾࠊୡ⏺࡛ࡶ㧗Ỉ‽ࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࣞ࣋ࣝࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ศ㔝ࡢ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ᐇຠᛶࡢపࡉࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ33㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖࡣࠊᅜࠊ 㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࠊ⏘ᴗࡢྛ㒊㛛ࡢ◊✲ᶵ㛵ྠኈࡢ༠ຊ㛵ಀࡢᙉࢆᅗࡿᴗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᴗࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ ࣥࡢᒎ㛤Ꮫ⏕ࡢ㞠⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ⤌ࡳࡋ࡚᪉Ⅼࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ༤ኈ ㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ◊ಟ⏕࡞ࡿ⪅ࡣࠊᏛ࡛ࡢ◊✲カ⦎ࡶࠊ⫋ᴗయ㦂ࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡓࡵࠊ ᴗࡢᑵ⫋࣮ࣝࢺࢆ㛤ᣅ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⤖ᯝࠊࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖ◊ಟ⏕࡛༤ኈྕࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ⪅ ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ81%ࡀ 3 ᭶ࠊ9%ࡀ 6 ᭶ࠊ6%ࡀ 1 ᖺ௨ෆᑵ⫋ཱྀࢆぢࡘࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ1981 ᖺ௨㝆 ࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖࢆཷ⤥ࡋࡓ⪅ࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࢀࡤࠊ⥲ᩘ 11,808 ேࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ37% ࡣࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖཷ⤥ྠࡌᴗᑵ⫋ࠊ35%ࡀࡢᴗᑵ⫋ࠊ13%ࡀᅜ❧⛉ Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡸᏛࡢᏛ⾡⫋ࡋ࡚ᑵ⫋ࠊ6%ࡀ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࠊ9%ࡀồ⫋୰ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿ34㸧ࠋ
㸱㸬༤ኈᏛ⏕ࡢᑵ⫋㻌
օ ◊✲⫋ࡢᑵ⫋ ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢᑵ⫋ཱྀࡣࠊࡁࡃ 3 ࡘศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࡣᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦CNRS㸧◊ ✲ဨࠊ➨ࡣᏛ➼ࡢᩍဨࠊ➨୕ࡣᴗ࡞ࡢᑵ⫋࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ◊✲ᑓᛕ࡛ࡁࡿᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ◊✲ဨࡢᖖ࣏ࢫࢺࡣࠊඛ㐍ᅜࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢẚ㍑࠶ ࡗ࡚⤥Ỉ‽ࡀᚲࡎࡋࡶ㧗ࡃ࡞࠸ 35㸧ゝࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊཝࡋ࠸➇தヨ㦂࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2011 ᖺࡢ ᪂つ᥇⏝ࡣࠊ10 ศ㔝㸦ձ⏕⛉ᏛࠊղᏛࠊճ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧᣢ⥆ⓗ㛤Ⓨࠊմேᩥ⛉Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧ♫ ⛉ᏛࠊյሗᕤᏛࠊնᕤᏛࠊշᩘᏛࠊո≀⌮Ꮫࠊչ᰾࣭⣲⢏Ꮚ≀⌮Ꮫࠊպᆅ⌫ᝨᫍ⛉Ꮫ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ 330ே࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ36㸧ࠋ Ꮫᩍဨࡣ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᩍᤵ㈨᱁㸦agrégation㸧ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮◊✲ဨ ẚ㍑ࡋࠊㅮ⩏⩏ົࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ◊✲ࡢ㛫ࡣ㐕㏕ࡉࢀࡿࠋ≉ࠊ‽ᩍᤵ㸦maître de conférence㸧ࡣᩍᤵ 㸦professeur㸧ࡼࡾᤵᴗᩘࡀከ࠸ࡀ◊✲ᐇ⦼ࡀ࡞࠸ᩍᤵ࡞ࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ≧ἣ࠶ࡾࠊ ⣙ 7 ㏆ࡃࡀ᪼᱁࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⌧≧࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲⪅ࡗ࡚ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸⫋࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ௵ᮇࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ዎ⣙㸦Contrat de travail à durée déterminée, CDD㸧࠸ࡗࡓ㞠⏝ᙧែࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦ࡇࡕࡽࡀ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᴫᛕ㏆࠸ ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸧ࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ⊃⩏ࡣࠊḢᕞᅪෆࡸࡑࡢࡢᅜࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ␗ືࡸ ὶࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ㝿ά⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㌟ศᐃࡉࢀࡿ37㸧ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊḢᕞ㐃ྜ㸦European Commission㸧 ࡛ࡣࠊ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓணᐃ⪅ࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࠊ୪ࡧᐇ⦼࠶ࡿ◊✲⪅ᑐࡋࠊᅜ⡠௨እࠊࡘ㐣ཤ 1ᖺ௨ୖᅾṔࡢ࡞࠸ᅜ࡛ࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵࡛ࠊ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺࣐࣮࣭࣮ࣜ࢟ࣗࣜ◊✲ຓᡂ㔠㸦EU Marie Curie Fellowship㸧ࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ✚ᴟⓗ◊✲⪅ὶࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ゝ࠺ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡ ࢱ࣮ࡢ 2011 ᖺࡢᐇᩘࡣ 3,188 ே࡛ࠊ࠺ࡕ᭱ࡶከ࠸ࡢࡀ⏕≀࣭་Ꮫ࣭ᗣศ㔝㸦Biolobie, Médecine et Santé㸧924 ேࠊሗ㏻ಙගᏛ㸦Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication㸧556 ேࠊᏛ 381 ேࠊ≀⌮ 366 ேࡢ㡰࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ 3,188 ேࡢ⤒㈝ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿዎ⣙ 48.5%ࠊḢᕞዎ⣙ 21.1%ࠊḢᕞ௨እࡢዎ⣙ࡀ 30.4%࡛࠶ࡿ38㸧ࠋ
ֆ ▷ᮇ㞠⏝ኻᴗ
༤ኈㄢ⛬ᅾ⡠⪅ᩘࡢቑຍࡶ࡞࠸ࠊ㞠⏝ࡢᏳᐃ㸦précarisation㸧ࡀ㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ᩘࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡢᏛ⾡ᖖ⫋࣏ࢫ ࢺࡀῶᑡࡋࠊ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ዎ⣙㸦Contrat de travail à durée déterminée, CDD㸧ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ
࡛࠶ࡿ39㸧ࠋ༤ኈᏛྲྀᚓᚋ 3 ᖺ௨ෆࡢኻᴗ⋡ࡣ 2007 ᖺ࡛ 10㸣ࠊ᭷ᮇ㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡣ 27㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊేࡏ ࡚ࡰ 4 ࡀᖖ࣏ࢫࢺᑵ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕ࡢቑຍࡣࠊ㧗ᗘ⫋ᴗேࡢ㣴ᡂࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᴗࡢᑵ⫋ࢆࡶᐃࡋࡓ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅ࡼࡾࡶࢢࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࠊ ≉⌮⣔ฟ㌟⪅ࡢ᪉ࡀඃࡉࢀࠊᑵ⫋࡛ࡣࢢࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ༞ᴗ⏕ࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀᙉຊస⏝ ࡋࠊ༤ኈྕྲྀᚓ⪅᥇⏝ࡢቨ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᴗࡢ᥇⏝ಁ㐍࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ༤ኈᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡢ⛣ ㌿ྍ⬟࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࡢᩍᤵ࡞ࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢ⫋ᴗㄢ⛬ࡸࠊ༤ኈㄽᩥసᡂࢆ◊✲ᐊᴗࡢඹྠࣉࣟ ࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛⾜࠺๓㏙ࡢࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖ࠸ࡗࡓࡋࡃࡳࡀ᭷ຠ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ ࡓࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬ࡣࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕ࡢᴗ࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ㡿ᇦࡢⱝᡭ◊✲⪅ 㞠⏝ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࢯࢩࢩ࡛࢜ࣥ࠶ࡿ Intelli’agence 40㸧࡞ࡶ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲ 2 ༤ኈࠊᕤ⛉ᏛᰯࠊDESS ࡢᏛྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢ 3 ᖺᚋࡢ㞠⏝≧ἣ ኻᴗ⋡ (Ꮫྲྀᚓᚋ 3 ᖺ) 㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ (Ꮫྲྀᚓᚋ 3 ᖺ) 2004 2007 2004 2007 ༤ኈయ 11% 10% 24% 27% CIFREཷ⤥⪅ 6% 6% 17% 14% ◊✲ຓᡂཷ⤥⪅ 9% 6% 23% 22% ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ㸦école d'ingénieurs㸧 6% 4% 8% 8% DESS 11% 7% 23% 21% ㈨ᩱฟᡤ㸸Génération2001, Génération 2004.
㸲㸬࠾ࢃࡾ㻌
ᅇࡢゼၥㄪᰝ࡛᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ➨୍ࠊࠕࢨࣝࢶࣈࣝࢢࡢ 10 ᪉㔪ࠖࡢᥦゝᇶ࡙ࡃ༤ኈ ㄢ⛬ᩍ⫱ᩚഛྥࡅࡓḢᕞయࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᑐᛂࠊ➨ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢᏛ⏕ ᩘࡢቑຍ㞠⏝≧ἣࠊ➨୕ࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬Ꮫ⏕ࡢࠊᨻᗓࡢ㈈ᨻᥐ⨨ࡸᴗ㞠⏝ಁ㐍ࢆヨࡳࡿᅜ◊ ✲࣭ᢏ⾡༠㸦ANRT㸧ࡀ⾜࠺ࠕ◊✲ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖ࡞ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ✚ᴟⓗ⟇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᨵ㠉ࡢືࡁࡣࠊḢᕞయࡢືࡁ㐃ືࡋ⃭ࡋࡉࢆቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࢆ ྵࡴ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢᣑࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜ 41㸧ࢆྵࡴඛ㐍ᅜඹ㏻ࡢᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᗏ㎶ࡣࠊ▱㆑ᇶ┙⤒ ῭ࢆᨭ࠼ࠊ㞠⏝ࡢ☜ಖ࣭⥔ᣢࡸ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࡢࡓࡵࠊࡲࡓࠊᅜ㝿➇தᡴࡕࡘࡓࡵࠊᩍ⫱ࡸカ⦎ ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ㔜せどࡍࡿࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ♫࠾ࡅࡿேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡀඹ㏻Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ20 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙௨᮶ࠊᏛᴗᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗୍㈏ࡋࡓᏛྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢቑࢆࡵࡊࡍᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇ ࡀ᥎㐍ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ♫Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢹࣗࣜࣗ㸻࣋ࣛ㸦Duru-Bellat, Marie㸧ࡣࠊࡑࡢᨻ⟇ ྜពࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᅜࡢ❧ሙࡽゝ࠼ࡤࠊᅜෆ࡛ࡢᏛᴗᮇ㛫ࢆᘏ㛗ࡋᏛྲྀᚓ⪅ ࡢቑࢆ┠ᣦࡍᨻ⟇ࡣࠊᅜᐙ㈈ᨻࡢ㈇ᢸࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊⱝᖺᒙࡢኻᴗࢆ▷ᮇⓗᅇ㑊࡛ࡁࠊປാ ᕷሙཧධࡍࡿ๓ⱝᖺᒙᢏ⬟ࢆ࠼ࡿᙇ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᴗࡢ❧ሙࡽゝ࠼ࡤࠊᏛࢆᣢ ࡗࡓ㔞ࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᑵ⫋ࠕணഛ㌷ࠖࡋ࡚ᡭ୰⨨ࡃࡇ࡛ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢ☜ᐇᛶഛ࠼ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᚑᴗဨ ᅽຊࢆࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊປാᕷሙཧධ๓ᢏ⬟ࢆ⩦ᚓࡋࠊ♫ࡢⓎᒎࡸ♫ⓗබ ṇࢆᢸಖࡍࡿ࠸࠺┠ⓗࢆ๓ࡋ࡚ࠊᑗ᮶ⓗ⫋ࡢෆᐜࡢኚࡸ⤒Ⴀ⎔ቃࡢኚᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵ ᚲせࡉࢀࡿ⬟ຊᑐࡍࡿ☜ᐇᛶࡀక࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᏛṔࡢ⭾ᙇᨻ⟇ṇ㠃ࡽㄽࢆ㏙ࡿ⪅ࡣ ࡞ࡃࠊࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿ 42㸧࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡢࡔࠋ☜ⱝᖺᒙࡢ㧗࠸ኻᴗ⋡ ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᏛṔࡀ㧗࠸ࡶࡢኻᴗ⋡ࡀప࠸ࡇࡣྛ✀ࡢ⤫ィ࡛᫂ࡽ ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㈨᱁ࡸᏛṔࡀཝ᱁♫ࡢᆅ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ㧗ᏛṔ⪅ࡢኻᴗࡸ㠀ṇつ㞠 ⏝ࡢၥ㢟ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ⩏ົᩍ⫱࡛Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡢኻᩋ㝗ࡗࡓᏊࡶࡓࡕࡢᑐᛂࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋ ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊᅜ࡛㞠⏝ࡉࢀࡿᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢᖖ◊✲⫋࡞ࡣࠊࡍ࡚ ➇தヨ㦂࡛᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊヨ㦂ⴠࡕࡓሙྜࠊ࢟ࣕࣜኚ᭦ࢆ⪃࠼ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࠊ ᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㞠⏝ࡢࡓࡵࡢ➇தヨ㦂ࡣࠊ◊✲⪅ࡀ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛࢟ࣕࣜࢆኚ᭦ࡉࡏࡿ෭༷ ⨨ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࢹࣗࣜࣗ㸻࣋ࣛࡣࠊᩍ ⫱ᖺ㝈ࡢᘏ㛗ࠊࡾࢃࡅᏛ࡛ࡢᩍ⫱ᖺ㝈ࡢᘏ㛗ᑐࡍࡿᩍ⫱ຠᯝࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᐇ♫ࡢཧධྛ ✀⫋ᴗࡢ㓄ศࡢほⅬࡽၥࢆ࿊ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡶࠊ㧗ᏛṔࡀ㞠⏝ࢆಖドࡋࠊࡼࡾࡼ࠸⏕άࢆಖドࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡘ࡚ࡢ๓ᥦࡣࠊไᗘ⑂ປ ࢆ࠾ࡇࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡓ࠼ࠊ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࢆಟࡋࡓ㧗ᏛṔ⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᖖ◊✲⫋㠀ᖖ◊✲⫋࠸ ࠺ᴟศࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᣦࡶ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ43㸧ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡶ᪂ࡓቑࡋࡓ༤ኈྕྲྀ ᚓ⪅ᑐࡋࠊᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᴗ࡛ࡢ᥇⏝ࡣࠊ⫈ྲྀࡋࡓࡇࢁ✚ᴟⓗࡣ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⛣㌿ྍ⬟࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝ࡞ࡢ༤ኈᩍ⫱ࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡢᩍ⫱ࡀࠊ᪩ᮇᑵ࠸ࡓ⪅௨ୖ㧗ᗘ࡞▱㆑ࢆ ࡋࠊᐇ♫࡛ࡢ㞠⏝ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵ࠺ࡿࡢࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ༤ኈᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅࡓ⪅ࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨๓ᑵ⫋ ࡋࡓ௬ᐃࡋࡓሙྜẚ㍑ࡋᶵ㈝⏝௨ୖࡢ┈ࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡢࠋࡲࡓࠊᩍ⫱ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࡀ┤⥺ⓗ 㞠⏝ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࠊᅜ㝿➇த⤖ࡧࡘࡃ࠸ࡗࡓᩍ⫱ᮇ㛫ᩍ⫱ຠᯝࡢ㛵ಀࡸࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ┈ࡢ ࠺ࡕ༤ኈㄢ⛬௨㝆ࡢ୍ᐃᖺᩘ௨ୖࡢᩍ⫱ࡣ㏫┈ࢆῶࡽࡍ࠸ࡗࡓどⅬࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡓࡵ᳨࡚ドࡉࢀ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡋࡓ⤒῭ࡣࠊカ⦎ࡸ㞠⏝ࡢほⅬࡽࠊᅜෆၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓᩍ⫱ࡸᩥࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࡳࠊ⃭ ࡋ࠸ᅜ㝿➇தࡢᒎ㛤ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞ᩍ⫱ࢆཷࡅ▱㆑ࢆᣢࡘேᮦ⋓ᚓᢿ㌴ࢆࡅࡿࠋ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᅜᐙ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࢢࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ㏆ᖺࠊ ᴗࡀᅾᏛ୰ࠊᅜࡽཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓ⤥ࢆ⫪௦ࢃࡾࡋ࡚࡛ࡶඃ⚽࡞Ꮫ⏕ࢆᘬࡁᢤࡃࡇࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᅜᐙ࢚ ࣮ࣜࢺࡀᅜෆ⤌⧊ࡽ㏨ࡆ࡚࠸ࡃࢣ࣮ࢫࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺44㸧ࠋࡼࡾඃ⚽࡞⪅ࡣປാᕷሙࡽࡢ ከࡃࡢㄏᅉࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㧗ᏛṔ࡞ࡀࡽࡶኻᴗࡸ᭷ᮇዎ⣙㞠⏝࡞ࡿ⪅ࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓㄢ㢟ࡣࠊඛ㐍ᅜࡀᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࢆࡶඹ㏻ࡍࡿࠋ㧗ᗘ⫋ᴗேࡢ ⫱ᡂࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿ༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢᣑ㞠⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊඛ㐍ᅜࡣྠᵝࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࠕ◊ಟࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⏘ᴗ◊ಟ༠ᐃࠖࡢࡼ࠺ᐇ♫ࡢཧධᚲせ࡞⤒㦂ࡸ㐨➽ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ ࡇࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣබົဨヨ㦂ࡢᖺ㱋ไ㝈ࡢᗫṆ࡞ࡢᣑకࡗࡓ⟇ࡢ୍㈏ᛶࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜࡢ༤ኈྕ ྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢ㞠⏝⟇ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㝿ࡢཧ⪃࡞ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
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1㸧ࢧࣝࢥࢪ⤫㡿ࡣࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ࠊ◊✲ࠊࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡗ࡚⤯ᑐⓗ㔜せ㡯ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅜࡢ◊✲࣭ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎ࡢ 2009 ᖺࡽ 2012 ᖺࢃࡓࡿయീࢆ♧ࡍሗ࿌᭩㸦Stratégie Nationale de Recherche et d’Innovation㸧 ࡀ 2009 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 23 ᪥㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲⮧ࡼࡾሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ఀᆅ▱ᐶ༤ࠗゎㄝ㸸ᅜࡢ◊✲࣭ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥᡓ␎࠘pp.109 㸫110㸬ᅜ❧ᅜᅗ᭩㤋 ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩ࠕ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᨻ⟇ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ືྥࠖ2011. ஂಖᏊࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ◊✲࣭ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ
ࣙࣥᡓ␎ࠖࠗ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡♫ㄽ◊✲࠘➨ 8 ྕ,2011.㸧ࠋ
2㸧᪥ᮏྥࡅࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪࡣࠊḟࡢ࠾ࡾࠋCampus France Japon, <http://www.japon.campusfrance.org/ja/node/13495> (accessed 2011/12/29). 3㸧ኟ┠㐩ஓࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿᏛ㝔ᩍ⫱ࡢ㉁ⓗྥୖࠖࠗྡྂᒇ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲࠘➨ 7 ྕ, 2007., ኟ┠㐩ஓࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᏛ 㝔ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉࠾ࡅࡿᏛ㝔ᅾ⡠⪅⤌⧊ࡢᙺࠖࠗࣇࣛࣥࢫᩍ⫱Ꮫ⣖せ࠘➨ 22 ྕ, 2010., ሙ῟ࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ༤ኈ ᩍ⫱ไᗘࡢᨵ㠉ࠖࠗᗈᓥᏛᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲⛉⣖せ➨୕㒊࠘➨ 58 ྕ, 2009.ࠊ࡞ࠋ 4㸧ᮏ✏ᇶ࡙ࡃ㈨ᩱ㞟ࡣࠊୗグࡢ⤒㈝ࡼࡾࠊᖹᡂ 23 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 8 ᪥(ⅆ)ࠥ11 ᭶ 12 ᪥㸦ᅵ㸧ࡢ㛫⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ 㸯㸧⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠ᇶ┙◊✲㸦B㸧ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ࢟ࣕࣜᩍ⫱ࢆ㏻ࡋࡓ♫⤫ྜබᩍ⫱ࡢᵓ⠏㛵ࡍࡿ⥲ ྜⓗ◊✲㸦◊✲௦⾲⪅㸸ἲᨻᏛ ྂἑᖖ㞝㸧㸰㸧⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠ᇶ┙◊✲㸦B㸧Ꮫ㝔࠾ࡅࡿ࢚ࣥࣉࣟࣅࣜ ࢸࡢ⫱ᡂ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ẚ㍑◊✲㸦◊✲௦⾲⪅㸸㤳㒔Ꮫᮾி ᳃㞝㸧
<ゼၥඛ>1)㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬㸦Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, MESR㸧
ձEmploi Scientifique ᢸᙜ, ղContrat Doctoral et des ENS-EFE ᢸᙜ, 2)ᅜ◊✲࣭ᢏ⾡༠㸦Association Nationale Recherché Technologie, ANRT㸧Cifre ᢸᙜ, 3)ࣃࣜᅜ㝿Ꮫ㒔ᕷ᪥ᮏ㤋㸦Cite Internationale Universitaire de Paris, Maison du Japon㸧㤋㛗, 4)ࣃࣜ➨ 6 Ꮫ㸦Universités Paris VI,UPMC㸧CNRS/IN2P3, 5)ࣃࣜ༡➨ 11 Ꮫ㸦Université XI, Paris-Sud㸧ձCNRS/IN2P3, ղService Central de la Recherche et des Ecoles Doctorales㸬
ゼၥඛࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊCNRS/IN2P3 ࡢ⏣୰♩୕㑻ඛ⏕ከࡃࡢሗᥦ౪ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊCNRS/IN2P3 ࡢ᪥᪉ ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࠊࣃࣜᅜ㝿Ꮫ㒔ᕷ᪥ᮏ㤋㤋㛗ᑎᑿோඛ⏕ࠊ୪ࡧ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬ࠊANRTࠊࣃࣜ➨ 11 Ꮫ༤ኈᩍ⫱ ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᢸᙜ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎሗࡸ㈨ᩱࡢᥦ౪ࢆཷࡅࡓࠋグࡋ࡚ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
5㸧Suleiman, Ezra N. (1978) Elites in French Society- The Politics of Survival, Princeton Unviersity Press. pp.22-25. ࣇࣛࣥࢫ♫ࡢ ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࡢ◊✲࡛▱ࡽࢀࡿࢫ࣐ࣞࣥ㸦Suleiman, Ezra N.㸧ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ࢚࣮ࣜࢺࢆࠕᅜᐙࡼࡗ࡚ࡾฟࡉࢀࡓ࢚ࣜ ࣮ࢺࠖ㸦state-created elites㸧⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
6㸧1960 ᖺ௦ࣈࣝࢹ࣮ࣗࡽࡀ⾜ࡗࡓㄪᰝࡼࢀࡤࠊ᭱ࡶẚ⋡ࡢ㧗࠸㧗➼ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ(ENS)⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ㸦École Polytechnique㸧 ࡛ࡣࠊୖ⣭⟶⌮⫋ཬࡧ⮬⏤ᴗࡢᏊᘵࡢẚ⋡ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ 57㸣 51㸣࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୰㛫⟶⌮⫋ࡢᏊᘵࡣ 26㸣 15㸣࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࣈ
ࣝࢹ࣮ࣗ, P./ࣃࢫࣟࣥ,J.㸦▼ὒ㑻┘ヂ㸧ࠗ㑇⏘┦⥆⪅ࡓࡕ㸫Ꮫ⏕ᩥ࠘⸨ཎ᭩ᗑ, 1997 p.19㸬㸧ࠋ
7㸧ࣂ࢝ࣟࣞࡣᬑ㏻ࣂ࢝ࣟࣞ㸦baccalauréat général㸧ࠊᢏ⾡ࣂ࢝ࣟࣞ㸦baccalauréat technologique㸧ࠊ⫋ᴗࣂ࢝ࣟࣞ 䠄baccalauréat professionnel㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡰဨࡀ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵㐍Ꮫࡍࡿᬑ㏻ࣂ࢝ࣟࣞࡘ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ1985 ᖺྠᖺ㱋 ᒙࡢ 19.8㸣ࡀࠊ2007 ᖺࡣ 34.8㸣ቑຍࡋࡓ㸦Repères et références statistiqiues sur les enseignements, la formation et la
re-cherche, édition 2007,234í235㸧ࠋయ࡛ࡢࣂ࢝ࣟࣞྲྀᚓ⪅ࡢᑐྠᖺ௦ẚࡣࠊ1945 ᖺ 3%ࠊ1975 ᖺ 25%ࠊ2009 ᖺࡣ 65.6%
࡛࠶ࡿࠋLe baccalauréat-Ministère de l’ Èducation nationale, <http://www.education.gouv.fr/cid143/le-baccalaureat.html> (accessed 2011/12/29)㸬 8㸧ᮃ᭶ࡺࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢᴫほࠖࠗṊⶶᏛேᩥᏛ㞧ㄅ࠘➨ 38 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕ 2006, p.25. 9㸧ᮌᡞ⿱ࠕ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᨵ㠉㸫࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚㸫ࠖࠗࣞࣇ࢙ࣞࣥࢫ࠘2005.11㸬pp.75̺76㸬 10㸧ᮃ᭶ࡺࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊpp.2̺3. 11㸧๓ᥖ᭩ࠊp.1. 12㸧࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ㟷┿ࡣࠊ1998 ᖺࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊࢱࣜࠊࢻࢶࠊࢠࣜࢫࡢ 4 ᅜ࡛ࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊࢯࣝ࣎ࣥࢾ ࡛ࡢྜ࡛సᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ 13㸧ࢻࣗࣜࣗ㸻࣋ࣛ㸪㹋㸬㸦ᯘᫀᏹヂ㸧ࠗࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᏛṔࣥࣇࣞ᱁ᕪ♫㸫⬟ຊ⩏࠸࠺ᗁ࠘᫂▼᭩ᗑ, 2007, pp.30-31㸬 14㸧2010 ᖺࡢୖᾏ㏻Ꮫୡ⏺Ꮫࣛࣥ࢟ࣥࢢ࡛ࡣࠊࣆ࢚࣮ࣝ 㸤 ࣐࣮ࣜ ࣮࢟ࣗࣜᏛ㸦ࣃࣜ➨ 6 Ꮫ㸧(UPMC (Paris VI))39ࠊࣃࣜ➨ 11࣭༡ࣃࣜᏛ㸦UPS(Paris XI)㸧ࡀ 45 ࠊࢢ࣭ࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ㧗➼ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ(ENS (rue d'Ulm Ѹ Paris) ࡀ 71 ࠊ⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ㸦École Polytechnique㸧ࡣ 201-300 ࠊࣛࣥࢡࢆୖࡆࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡢᏛ࡛ࡣࠊᮾிᏛࡀ 20 ࠊி 㒔Ꮫ 24 ࠊ㜰Ꮫ 75 ࠊྡྂᒇᏛ 79 ࠊᮾᏛ 84 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
2011/12/29㸧㸬
15㸧Enserink, M. “Who Ranks the University Rankers?”, Science, vol 317 (5841), 2007, pp. 1026-1028.
16㸧ఀᆅ▱ᐶ༤ࠗゎㄝ㸸◊✲ࡢࡓࡵࡢ 2006 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 18 ᪥ࡢィ⏬ἲᚊ➨ 2006-450 ྕ࠘p.103.㸦ᅜ❧ᅜᅗ᭩㤋 ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩ ࠕ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᨻ⟇ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ືྥࠖ2011.㸧
17㸧PRES ࡢࡋ࡚ࡢࣃ࣭ࣜࢧࢡ࣮ࣞ࢟ࣕࣥࣃࢫ㸦Le campus Paris-Saclay㸧࡛ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫᅜ❧⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦CNRS㸧ࠊ
⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ㸦Ecole Polytechnique㸧ࠊࣃࣜᅜ❧㧗➼㖔ᴗᏛᰯ㸦Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris㸧ࠊ࢝ࢩࣕࣥ㧗➼
ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ㸦Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan㸧ࠊࣃࣜ༡࣭➨ 11 Ꮫ㸦UPS㸧ࠊࣦ࢙ࣝࢧࣘ-ࢧࣥ-࢝ࣥࢱࣥ-ࣥ-ࣈࣜ
࣮ࢾᏛ㸦Universitè de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines㸧ࠊࣃࣜ୰ኸᏛᰯ㸦Ecole Central Paris㸧ࠊ㟁Ẽ㧗➼Ꮫᰯ㸦Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité㸧࡞ࡢᶵ㛵ࡀ㐃ᦠࡍࡿᵓࡉࢀࠊ85,000 ࣮ࣘࣟࡢண⟬ࡀィୖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 18㸧ANR ࡣࠊ2005 ᖺ 2 ᭶බ┈⤌ྜἲே㸦GIP㸧ࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࠊᮏἲᚊࡢ⾜࡛ࠊ2006 ᖺ 8 ᭶⾜ᨻⓗᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡘබ タἲே㸦EPA㸧࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 19㸧ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࠗᖹᡂ 20 ᖺ∧ ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ⓑ᭩࠘ࠑhttp://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpaa200801/08060518/011.htmࠒ (accessed 2011/12/29). 20㸧ᅜ❧ᅜᅗ᭩㤋 ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩ࠕ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ᨻ⟇ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ືྥࠖ2011, pp.11-16.
21㸧MESR, L’Etat de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche en France, décembre 2010, no.4, pp.12-13㸬 22㸧ஂಖᏊࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ2011, p65㸬
23㸧㤋ࠕ࣮࣎ࣟࢽ࣭ࣕࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢព⩏㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹѸ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᅪᙧᡂࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢព⩏㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖࠗྡྂᒇ
Ꮫ㧗➼ᩍ⫱◊✲࠘➨ 10 ྕࠊ2010, pp.161-163.
24㸧Bologna Seminar on “Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society” (Salzburg, 3-5 February 2005) Conclusions and Recommendations.
25㸧Bergen Comuniqué-Bologna Bergen,
ࠑhttp://www.bologna-bergen2005.no/Docs/00-Main_doc/050520_Bergen_Communique.pdfࠒ (accessed 2011/12/29). 26㸧༤ኈㄢ⛬ࡢᩍ⫱ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⟇ࡢ⤒⦋ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊኟ┠㐩ஓࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ2007, pp.187-207.ࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ 27㸧㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬㈨ᩱ
28㸧ኟ┠㐩ஓࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ2010, pp.87-100㸬 29㸧ሙ῟ࠊ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ2009, pp.283-292.
30㸧2011 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 10 ᪥㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲⪅ Contrat Doctoral et des ENS-EFE ᢸᙜ⪅ࡼࡿᣦࠋ 31㸧MESR, L’Etat de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche en France, décembre 2010, no.4, p.64. 32㸧plan carrièrs: mesures pour les doctorants㸫MESR,
ࠑhttp://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid31772/plan-carrieres-mesures-pour-les-doctorants.htmlࠒ (accessed 2011/12/29). 33㸧⮬యᅜ㝿ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛᾏእࡢ⾜ᨻ⟇㸸ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ ㈈ᅋἲே⮬యᅜ㝿༠, <http://www.clair.or.jp/j/forum/forum/articles/gyosei/084/INDEX.HTM> (accessed 2011/12/29). 34㸧ANRT, CIFRE ࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺ 35㸧2011 ᖺࡢ᭶㢠⤥㢠ࡣࠊCR2 ࡛ 2,200 ࣮ࣘࣟࡽ 2,600 ࣮ࣘࣟ. CR1 ࡛ 2,300 ࣮ࣘࣟࡽ 3,900 ࣮࡛ࣘࣟ࠶ࡾࠊDR㸦ࢹ ࣞࢡࢱ࣮㸧ࡣ 3,000 ࣮ࣘࣟࡽ 6,000 ࣮࡛ࣘࣟ࠶ࡾᖺ㛫◊✲ᡭᙜࡣู㏵ᨭ⤥ࠋCNRS, <http://www.dgdr.cnrs.fr/drhchercheurs/concoursch/chercheur/carriere-fr.htmࠒ(accessed 2011/12/16). 36㸧CNRS, <http://www.dgdr.cnrs.fr/drhchercheurs/concoursch/default-fr.htm> (accessed 2011/12/16). ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊᅜ❧᰾≀⌮⣲⢏Ꮚ≀⌮◊✲ᡤ㸦IN2P3㸧㸦CNRS ࡢẕయ࡞ࡗࡓ 2 ᶵ㛵ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ 1 ࡘ㸧࡛ࡣࠊẖᖺ◊✲ဨ㸦CR1ࠊ CR2㸧ࢆ 6Ѹ8 ே᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡛◊✲ᐇ⦼ࡢ࠶ࡿ◊✲⪅ࢆ㑅⪃ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ CR1 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊእᅜே◊✲⪅ࡶከ࠸ࠋCR2 ࡣ୍ ⯡᪂つ᥇⏝࡛ࠊ༤ኈྕࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ┤ᚋࡢ 27 ṓ๓ᚋࡢ⪅ࡀከ࠸ࠋ᥇⏝⪅ࡢࢺࢵࣉ 3 ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ㧗➼ᖌ⠊Ꮫᰯ(ENS(Paris)) ⌮ᕤ⛉Ꮫᰯ㸦École Polytechnique㸧࡞ࡢࢢ࣭ࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝฟ㌟⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
37㸧Marie Curie Actions, (online) available from <http://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/> (accessed 2011/12/29).
38㸧ࣇࣛࣥࢫ㧗➼ᩍ⫱࣭◊✲┬㈨ᩱ㸦㈨ᩱ࠾ࡅࡿࢹ࣮ࢱฟᡤࡣ MESR-DGESIP/DGRO-SIES- Enquête “Ecoles Doctorales” 2011㸧㸬
40㸧Association Bernard Gregory㸦ABG㸧ࡽ 2010 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 6 ᪥ྡ⛠ኚ᭦ࠋ (<http://www.intelliagence.fr/ABG/association-bernard-gregory-theses.html> (accessed 2011/12/20). 41㸧ᒾᓮஂ⨾Ꮚࠕ࣏ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ၥ㢟ࡢ⫼ᬒࠖpp.10-31. ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ࣭᪥ᮏ≀⌮Ꮫ࢟ࣕࣜᨭࢭࣥࢱ࣮⦅࣏ࠗ ࢫࢺࢻࢡࢱ࣮ၥ㢟࠘ୡ⏺ᛮ♫ࠊ2009. 42㸧ࢹࣗࣜࣗ㸻࣋ࣛ, M., ๓ᥖ᭩, p.111㸬 43㸧ᒣ⏣ᫀᘯࠕᕼᮃ᱁ᕪ♫ᩍ⫱ࠊᐙ᪘ࠖ㸦ᅬᒣ♸࣭ࢪࣕࣥ㸻ࣇࣛࣥࢯ࣭࣡ࢧࣈࣞ⦅ⴭ࣭ࠗ᪥ẚ㍑ ኚᐜࡍࡿ♫ ᩍ⫱࠘᫂▼᭩ᗑࠊ2008㸬㸧 44㸧᯽ᗣኵࠗᣦᑟ⪅㸦࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸧ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⫱ࡘ㸫ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ ࢢࣛࣥࢮࢥ࣮ࣝ࠘ྜྷ⏣᭩ᗑ 2011, pp.206-207. 㸦ཷ⌮᪥㸸ᖹᡂ 24 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 29 ᪥㸧
