The ‘unblinking’ mad eyes of la quatrieme
personne du singulier
著者
Joff Peter Norman Bradley
雑誌名
dialogos
号
13
ページ
67-95
発行年
2013-03
URL
http://id.nii.ac.jp/1060/00005047/
Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.jaTheGunblinking'madeyesof
mg"α〃だ卿epe"o""e伽s加g""〃
67 JoffPeterNormanBradley Inthispaperloffersomeschizoanalyticthoughtsonthe,atthefirstglancea
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towhatmightbecalledimpersonalorautomaticwriting.Inparticular,Iexamine howithasbeenusedinthebeatgenerationpoetryofLawrenceFerlinghettiand laterappropriatedbythephilosopherofGillesDeleuze.Thepaperaddresses themad,Dada-esque@unblinkingeye'QMJ9"α"だ〃epeJwo""e伽s伽g""eγ inFedinghetti'swork.Iinterpretitthroughanotionofthecamera-eyeandfifee indirectspeech.Iaddresswhatitsaysaboutdeathandtheimpersonal.Here thesurrealisthastheperspectiveofthe6poet'seyeobscenelyseeing'.Throughm
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thedying・Ishallexaminethis6cooleye'ofthefburthpersonsingularthrough theperspectivalprismwithwhichDeleuzethinksaboutdeath9"αeventandl shallapplythistoaruminationandodetoimpersonaldeathbythemaverick Heideggerianphilosopher,NickLand.Iquestionhowthepoet'seyein6obscenely seeing'canviewtheimmanentsenseofdeath-in-lifemoreperspicaciously. IconsiderwhyDeleuzesayssingularitiesareconsideredtruetranscendental eventsandwhatgiveslifea@non-personalpower,aboveindividuals'(Deleuze, 2002,p.6). Keywords:Ferlinghetti,DeleuzeandGuattari,death,Blanchot,fburthperson singular,Lingis68 JoffPeterNonnanBradley Co"@eo"Q/yo"γcaveα〃“I ""Speα〃o〃s加thepoerIsvoice r"evoice呼油e/b"肋pe"o"s伽g"mr rhevoiceQMe"c'"”〃eん〃re r/ievoiceQMepe叩/e〃な“ w肋αw"sq/MJ"g〃たγ-‐ ""dgive"s"ew"eα"s/o"eα碗， G舵"s"ew"りﾉ伽ro"vehy/ 肋o〃e"ro"eOﾉ｡αc/ebyL"wre"ce凡"加g力e鮒 InHer(1960),LawrenceFerlinghettidramatisestheperspectivismofthepoet, renderingthevoiceaproductof@freeindirectspeech'(Marks,1997).Hehas thecharacterAndyRaffine,anAmericanpainterlivinginParis,speakthrough twofbrmsofthefburthpersonsingular.Oneisthedesignatedthefburth personsingular,adishonestfbrm;theothera6true'version・Thefbrmerterm issimilarlyexploredinapoementitledHe.Inthispoem,wefindFerlinghetti criticalofapoetobsessedwithdeath.Ferlinghettipresentsthemadanddistorted pointofviewofapoet.SimilartoRaffine'sinteriormonologues,thepoetGsees andismad/andismadandsees'､Theromanticandvoyeuristicpoettoilsunder illusionsofloveasanexperience.Infailingtomatchtherealitiesoflovetohis ideals,hislifeendstragicallyinasuicidalleapfromtheCathedralofNotre Dame.AccordingtoFerlinghetti,thiswayofseeinglifeleavesthepoetunsure ofhisrelationshipswithhimselfandothers・ItisasifRaffineislookingatthe worldaskewandaskance,failingtoseehimselfinthefifameofreference.For Raffine,lifeilludesbyunrealappearancesbecauseheisinextricablyentangled withinit,blindedbywhatheisembeddedin,totheextentthathisloneliness
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69 dominateshisactionsandsoliloquies.Soherethefburthpersonsingularseesall andunderstandsnothing.Thisisthe@impasse'oftheworld-viewofthedistortedf
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butmyself'(Ianni,1967,p.401).Thoughitissupposedtoseeandunderstand allandsundry,poeticmelancholydistortstheunderstanding.Thereislittleofa
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isthe〃"efburthpersonsingularasastream-ofLconsciousnesswhichgives
accesstothereal,tothethingsthemselves.Divestedofanthropomorphisms,itis ｡thetablerasaortruenewBigTableofperception'(Ferlinghetti,1960,p､91-92). Itridsitselfofpreconceptionsandopensitselfuptotheoutside,tobecomingand α"or/M. AccordingtoPellerin(2009),inHer,Ferlinghetti'sstrangeworkofpoetic autobiographylweseehowthefirstpersonsingularofthepoet-narratorRaffine disintegratesandisobliterated・Itbecomesunclearwhothe@I'isandwhospeaks asthevoiceisembroiledintheanonymityoftheimpersonal.Throughthe .wanderingschizoidnarrator'(Duffylp.125)ofHer,intheconfilsionofvision, weglimpsetheideaofthefburthpersonsingularinitsfalsefbrm・Althoughno onespeaksthefburthpersonsingular,itneverthelesssubsistsinallthatissaid. Itisthemurmurbehindallutterances.Intheresultantlossofidentityandthe embraceofradicalothernessthereisemergenceofthefburthpersonsingular. Itisthuslessataleofautobiographyandmoreanexplorationoftheirreducible gapbetweentheotherandtheconstitutionofpersonhood・Itisnotsomuchabout depthbutthemeniscusofpsychicselfwheregenealogyfallsshortastheselfis withoutpast,withoutstableidentitybThenarratoristrappedinastoryofhislife inwhichhehaslostcontrol・Assuch,hebecomesaplaythingoftheeverydayl ofthethird-personplural.Thenarratorhasgone"wo/inthe"yczofthings. Raffine,astrangerinhisownlife,says:GGLikeanextrainagradeBmovie,I70 JoffPeterNonnanBradley couldnotwalkoutofit,trappedinthecelluloidsequence.''Theautobiography
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mindless,timelessstatemostromanticspassthrough,confilsingfleshmadonnas withspiritualoneg'(SeePellerin,2009).Theobservationthatpoetryisthe voiceofthefburthpersonsingularseemstoresonatewithTSElliot'sclaimthat .genuinepoetrycancommunicatebefbreit'sunderstood'(Raine,2006,p.139) andappearsconsistentwiththeGuattariannotionofa-signifyingsemiotics (Genosko,2001,p.919).Ferlinghettidifferentiatestheprivatedeclaration,whose soliloquiesdisclosethetormentofthesoultrappedwithinitself;enjoyingand feedingonitsownblackestmelancholy,orafierce,sometimessardonic,poetry whichissuespublicverdictsonthehorrorsofoursdays.Identifyingthespirit ofrevoltattheheartofFerlinghetti'swriting,CliffbrdDuffyinhisthought -provokingdoctoralthesiswritesofFerlinghettiandthefburthpersonsingular (2010,p.133):&@The20thcenturywritingof@I'isaweinrevoltagainstthelof grammaranditsponderousodestosentimentalityjitsstratifyingvisionofthe world.，， Explicatinguponthe@unvoiced'fburthpersonsingular,Ferlinghetti(1960,p, 93)writes: Iα"d"oo"e加s"eか"e/b"r"sjgﾙ〃oseew"肋"〃heo〃αssocjα"o"α〃"r"腕g eyerharr"γ"sα〃〃seesMo"sow",""d"js"s/b""hperso"s加g"ﾉC"･Q/ w"c〃〃o加力叩eα肪加rWﾙﾉc〃s""exis"""voiced.The6unblinking'madeyesofIZz9"α〃だ"epemo""ed"8加g""” 71 DeleuzeandthefOurthpersonsingular Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthroughouthisoeuvre,Deleuzeprepared aphilosophytodislodgeanddecentrethe@I'orspeakingsubject.Morethan thisthough,wefindaradicalde-suhjectivisingofthe@I'whichunveilsthe fburthpersonsingularSpeα〃"gthroughtheanonymousmurmuroftheo"・Itis operativethroughthemediumoftheG"yα”わ"gnge'-thereislanguage.The Deleuzianeventisintimatelyboundupwiththetropesofdeathandlanguagebut herelanguageisevacuatedofsubjectivity.Now,theconceptionofimpersonal languagejettisonsthetraditionalnotionofthesubjectinfavourofsingularity andhaecceity.Subjectivityistakenasneverpre-existentbutalwaysproduced. Processesofsubjectificationandsingularisationarenolongerpersonalbut dynamic,processualandcreative・Thefburthpersonispriortoho"@o/O9"αx,rhe "a)ﾉ,befbreYouandreactsmadlytothe6Ithink'ofrepresentation・According toMcClure,(2001,p.52),itismoreaflowing,intensive,presubjectiveljbe/. Verbsintheinfinitivehavenoparticularsuhject,theyreferonlytoan@it'orthe impersonal6they'. Thefburthpersonsingularisusedintersticiallyasatropetodesignate@a fixedspaceamongsedentaryindividualsaccordingtoboundariesorenclosures, anddistributingsingularitiesinanopenspacewithoutenclosuresorpropertier (Deleuze,2004,p.323).Itistherelaybetweenpersonalandimpersonal conceptionsofdeath.OneofthefUndamentalproblemsofthiskindofphilosophy isthequestionof‘whospeaks，？Deleuze，sanswertothisriddleisfbundin Nietzsche'snotionofGaworldofimpersonalandpre-individualsingularitie3 (Deleuze,1990,p.107).Indiscussingtheseanonymous,impersonalmodesof life,Deleuzesetsoutsomeratherbizarreconceptssuchaskeythethirdperson andfburthpersonsingularbthenon-personorlt.Thefburthpersonsingularis thevoicewhichmurmursandreflectstheimmanentvoiceinallthings.Itisalso
72 JoffPeterNonnanBradley thenonhuman,nonsubjectiveperspectiveor:pointofarticulation',the@voice-over voice'whichChia-chenKuo(2009)findsinthecinematicreadingofVirginia Woolf's@KewGardenS(1993).Moreover,Lecercle(2002,p.151)claimsthat Woolf'smomentsofbeingareanexcellentillustrationoftheDeleuzianeve"/. Tbthinkthetranscendentalfieldwithoutrecoursetoafbundationalgeneralor generalisableidentity(thefbrmofjpsei"),Deleuzeusestheideaofanonymous andnomadic,impersonalandpre-individualsingularities(Deleuze,1990,p. 99).ItisherethatweunderstandDeleuze'smovetoatranscendentalempiricism whenweunderstandhisindebtednesstoGilbertSimondon(Sauvagnargues, 2012).Inthisstrangeworldofdissensusanddisparateness,theindividual isdissolvedandthepre-individualisexplored.Guattaricallsthisworld Gchaosmosis'.Hereimpersonalitypertainsnottothealienationorinauthenticity ofdZzsMZz",buttotheconditionofsingularisation.Itislightening-upoflifeand itspossibilities.Thefburthpersonsingularisthevoicewhichreflectsthesense ofthisimpersonalandpre-individualtranscendentalfield(Deleuze,1990,p.102). Singularities@presideoverthegenesisofindividualsandperson3(1990,p.103). TheyadmitneitherSelfnorl. Perspectivalmelancholy Theperspectivalmelancholyofthemadeyeofthefburthpersonsingular orthefbrevervigilantpanoculareyeofthefburthpersonsingularisdivested ofselfconsciousness・Itistheeyethatseesthepureevent・Ferlinghetti'spoint isthattheruminationupondeathisimpossiblefifomcertainpointsofview.If languageisbothcollectiveanda-personal,asitexpressesthesingularityof theevent,thenthevoiceofthesuhjectisalwaysalreadyembeddedinindirect discourse,inalanguagenotofitsownjurisdiction.Assuchthe@subject'ofthe fburthpersonsingularisnotthephenomenologicalintentionalandspeaking
The.unblinking'madeyesof"9"α〃だ碗epeFIso""e血s伽g""〃 73
suMectbutsomethingaboveandbeyondthesolitary@I'.Theeventpe7seis
subjectlessasitisalwaysoperativeatthenatureofrelationships,inwhichthe distinctionbetweenfirst,secondorthirdpersonisblurred.Thederelictionat theheartofthelanguageofperspective,theerasureoffirst,secondandthird personsisexpressedastheunivocityoflanguage・Thesumectwhospeaksin thefburthpersonsingularassumesthefbrmofanundeterminedinfinitive. Deleuzesaysthisispoetryitself-intheinfinitive-whichexpressestheevent oflanguage・Languageisauniqueeventwhichmergeswiththatwhichrendersit possible(Deleuze,1995,p.185). Thefburthpersonsingularfindsexpressionintheneutralinfinitiveverb thatdesignatesapureevent.Deleuzederivesthisideafifomseveralsourcesin particular廿omanessaybylrigaray.IntheD"ん"ras〃ead"veF"be(1968), Irigarayanalysesfamasiesintermsofinfinitiveverbsthatfbrmpurerelations, priortothedistinctionbetweensubjectandobject.Thesubjectisan@it',which speaksinthefbrmofundeterminedinfinitive.The"speaksqpoetry.The｡I' isabecoming,acollective,abecomingall.Deleuzealsoreferstotheworkof EmileBrehier(1962)toexplainhisunderstandingoftheinfinitiveofaverbas anincorporealevent・Andtobringthispointbacktopoetry,wefindFerlinghetti sayingsimilarthingsinhisPoe"""s"ge"'"t(2007):"Ifyouwouldbea poet,experimentwithallmannerofpoetics,eroticbrokengrammars,ecstatic religions,heathenoutpouringsspeakingintongues,bombastpublicspeech, automaticscribblings,surrealistsensings,streamsofconsciousness,fbund sounds,rantsandraves-tocreateyourownlimbic,yourownunderlying voice,your･ur'voice.''Indeed,fbrFerlinghetti,poetryismanythings:itisa camera-eyewithoutashutter,anecstasysomewherebetweenspeechandsong, Gahandprintoftheinvisible,afbotprintofvisiblereality,fbllowingitlikea shadow'.Hesaysofpoetrythatitcgivesvoicetoallwhoseeandsingandcry74 JoffPeterNonnanBradley andlaugh'､Ashewrites "is"w加伽w"ro"gbw"cheve"r〃加gcα〃besee"""everbe/bre Inthefburthpersonsingularwefindasenseofthenonhumanandaclearidea oftheperceptsandaffectsatwork.Thesumectofthefburthpersonsingularis Gthey',notrherhayofeverydaylanguage(Ferlinghetti'sinsincerefburthperson singular)butthe@splendour'ofanimpersonal@they'(Deleuze,1995,p・152)-Ferlinghetti'struefbrm.Theverbistheunivocityoflanguage,inthefbrmof theundeterminedinfinitive,withoutperson,withoutpresent,withoutdiversity ofvoice.Theidentityofthespeakerisevacuatedinthefburthperson:the traditionalandhumanistpointofviewofthehumanisdiscarded・Whattakesits placeisasenseoftheunfamiliar:the〃"he伽"ch.Writingbecomesimpersonal becauseinfinitiveverbslackaparticularsuqect.Itrefersonlytoan@it',the impersonal6they'andconnectswithmultiplesingularitiesbutisseenbynoone. Thefburthpersonsingularisthe"thattalks,theanonymousmurmurwhich expressestheimpersonalityofsingularities. Whoisapoetandwhatispoetry？ Deleuzeisprimarilyinterestedinhowassemblagesareconstructedand howdesireisdesignedandengineered-howitworks.Inthecaseofthepoet, suhjectivityisrelationaltotheworldaroundhimorher.HisasSemblage fbrmsconnectionswithmultiplicitiesdrawn廿omanoutsidecwithoutimage, signification,orsuqectivity'(Deleuze&Guattari,1987,p.25).Deleuzeinan articleentitled@IntellectualsandPower'(seeFoucault,1996),discusseswhoit isthatspeaksandacts.Hisansweristhatspeechisalwaysamultiplicity,even withinthepersonwhospeaksandacts・Hestatesweareall6groupusculeg.
The｡mblinking'madeyesofﾉ“"α"だ"epeKso""e伽s加g"ﾉ〃 75 Refilsingtheperspectiveofthesubjectandevenoftheperson,Deleuzeusesthe fburthpersonsingularasawaytosingulariseviadepersonalisation,toconsider thenonpersonalindividualityofcadraft,awind,aday.atimeofdaylastream, aplace,abattle,anillnes3(Deleuze,1995,p.141).InNego血"o"s(1990,p. 93)DeleuzeclaimssuhjectivationhaslittletodowithanysuMect.Itismore todo@withanelectricormagneticfield,anindividuationtakingplacethrough intensities(weakaswellasstrongones),it'stodowithindividuatedfields,not personsoridentities'､Hearguesthatspeechisalwaysengineeredinacollective assemblage,thelocusofwhichisnotwithinasubjectbutinconstantmovement, flux,andflight世omwhichsulJectpositionsarederived.1nTWeLOgicqfSense (1990),eachsingularityisrelatedtoasingularevent-awalk,abattle,adeath. Andlaterin4TWo"""dP/"/eα"s(1987),heandGuattariclaim:@､Aseason,a winter,asummer,anhour,adatehaveaperfectindividualitylackingnothing, eventhoughthisindividualityisdifferentfromthatofathingorasuhject.” Tbthinkthroughwhatthefburthpersonsingularentails,wemustunderstand thatDeleuzeisinterestedinthinkingbeyondtheorthodoxbinariesof personhood/individualityortheGundifferentiatedseaofanonymity'.Theworld ofpre-individual,impersonalsingularitiesisneitherirreducibletoindividualsor personsnorto6aseawithoutdifference'.Inhabitinganomadspace,singularities aremobile-operating加cog"〃o.Mobilesingularities,so-calledcrowned anarchies,donotdesignatefixedsedentaryindividualsordistributesingularities inGanopenspacewithoutenclosuresorproperties'. Thereisamovetothinktheimpersonalfromije'to@ca'and廿omcil'toweor con'intotherealmofthepre-individual.Thefburthpersonengineersthegenesis ofindividualandpersons・Itdistributesthepotentialofanatureotherthanthe Selforl,andproducesthembyactualisingorrealisingitself(Deleuze,1990, p.103).Wehaveseenhowthefburthpersonsingularencapsulatestheideaof
76 JofTPeterNormanBradley apre-individualsingularitybutitisalsotheprismthroughwhichtoaccessthe fieldofthetranscendental.InTｿieLOgicqfSe"se,theeventquaeventofdeath isasingularity-atruetranscendentalevent-isrenderedimpersonalandpre-individualthrougharefbrmattingofSimondon'snotionofindividuation.Itis moreamatterof@it'dies(o〃〃e"γr)ratherthanonedies(〃me"'Z).Onefinds intheimpersonalpronoun6on'theGit'thatspeaks,thinks,andactsinthefburth personsingular. ForDeleuze,writingisanoperationofseveredepersonalisationor deindividualisation.ItisasiftheheteronomicCI'isspeakingassomeoneelse, speakingallthenamesinhistory・Herethinkingisanopeningofoneselfto multiplicities,tointensitiesthattraverseoneself(Deleuze,1995,p.6).Writing isnotanindividualaffairbutonealwaysproducedbyacollectiveassemblage ofenunciation・WhatDeleuzeidentifiesistheradicalheteronomyofthe exacerbated,deracinatedsulJect・Thepoetisdissatisfiedtospeakofpersonallife asoneneverwriteswithego,memory,andillnessesinmind､Theactofwriting transcendsthepersonalinordertoliberatelifefiFomthatwhichimprisonsit. Thecollectiveassemblageofenunciation Theconceptofthecollectiveassemblageofenunciationisessentialfbr understandingthefburthpersonsingular・Thecollectiveassemblageof enunciationinsomesensespeaksthespeakerandtherebyunhingesand decentresthe@I'.Thesubjectwhospeaksisnottheα〃わ"intentionaland speakingsuqectbutacollectivity.Whatistherelationshipofthefburthperson singulartoDeleuze'sconstructivism,whichviewsdesireasengineeredwithin anassemblage？Hereitisverydifficulttothinkofthefirstpersonsingularif weassumethatordeI=words("Io応αbγ〃e)tobealtogetherencompassing.The bidtoexpungethedeathsentenceswhichenvelopordeFwordsmissesthepoint
TheGunblinking'madeyesof/tz9"α〃だ"epeKso""e血s腕g""er 77 becausetheargumentfailstotakeintoaccountthefburthpersonsingularand theimpersonalnatureofdeath・Theruminationondeath廿omthefburthperson singularisaconsiderationofimpersonalityasamodusoperandioflife,awayto bedespiteoneself;orasFoucaultwouldsayawayofGrefilsingwhatweare'(see DreyfUsaα/,1983). Freeindirectdiscourse Thenotionoffifeeindirectdiscourseisintimatelyboundupwithandheuristic fbrexplicatingthefburthpersonsingular・ItemergesfifomRussianlinguistics, fieomVoloshinov(seeLecercle,2002),butitisgenerallyattributedtoMikhail Bakhtin(1994).In@indirectdiscourse',whichisconsideredfimdamentaland priortodirectfbrms,thereisamoveawayfroms叩加gtothes"doflanguage. Thereisapolyphonyandconstellationofvoicesassailingasinglevoiceand nodirectrelationshiptotheexternalworld-nodirectspeech,onlytheindirect repetitionofanalreadyuttereddiscourse・Thecollectiveassemblageisarustling ofthe"yq:itis廿omwhichoneadoptsapropername,itisfifomwhichtheEI' drawsitsvoice(Deleuze&Guattari,1987,p､84).Heretheextractionofdirect discoursefromtheindirectsourceispartofaprocessofstratification,which petrifiestheprocessofcontinuousvariation. Inthefreeindirectdiscourseofmodernistliterature,thereisanambiguity ofthestatusofthelinguisticutterance-thevoiceofthenarratorandcharacter sufferanexpressiveambiguity;thesiteandsourceisunclear・Thelisother, amictedwithheteronomousfbrces.Itseemsthatinandthroughfifeeindirect discoursethereisanemergenceofanewpowerinthecharacterofanovel,a newpowertospeakinone'sownname,afbrcetodecentretheauthor,todepict adoublepointofview,tomeldhybridvoicesandconsciousnessesoftheauthor andcharacter:.aprocessofdoublebecoming'(Deleuze,1989,p.148).For
78 JoffPeterNonnanBradley
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heralding廿omotherworldsorotherplanets・Thereisauniversalfigureof
minoritarianconsciousnessasthebecomingofeverybodyjandthatbecomingis creation.Onedoesnotattainitbyacquiringthemajority. ForMillet(1997),Deleuze'sstyleitselfisofthe@figeeindirectstyle'､What Deleuzeseekstoeliminateinhisownwritingistheautobiographical,anecdotal,m
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indirectdiscourse',withthegoaltomakewritingqbecoming-imperceptible -akindofautomaticwriting.Inthisdiscoursefbrmedthroughacollective assemblageofenunciation,wefindalexisofindefinitearticles,theindefinite thirdpersonorfburthpersonsingularandanonymousvoices(Millett,1997,p. 62).Deleuze'swritingpracticewithGuattariisinstructive.Theybecomeother fbrtheotherwhentheyspeakandwrite.Onthisprecisepoint,itisworthwhile quotingDeleuzeinfilll:Thecunblinking'madeyesof"9"α〃だ腕epe"o""e伽s腕g""e『 79 〃he"eveJ"wewJ""e,weSpe"kqsso"2eo"ee/se.4M〃jsqp""c"/"/br"@ rh“叩eα肺r〃o"gh〃s…Zbd叩ルoweve"wef"e""cove""gqwoγ〃Qf"e-加乱か〃"α/,rα伽cα／伽pe"o"αノs伽g"/α〃〃es．Theyαγe"or"ed"c必ﾉero 伽dMd"αんoJape7so"8,"o7ro"seqw"肋"M"bre"ce.TWeses加g"〃""“”e "@oMe,"iey"e"k加,"ev加gα"伽rea伽gaw鋤α"”"α伽g伽cえα〃/b"ﾙ,"ke α""chycrow"edI加〃α6"加gα〃o〃”叩ace.TWereisqbigMbre"ceberwee" pf"""伽"加g"/ixedspQceα"o"gse庇加α〃伽dMd"αなαCCC剛加gro加""dtWes ore"cﾉos"re8,""dd航廊加""gs加g"ﾉα〃"es加α〃Ope〃叩acew"hoz"e"c/os"γ“ oγ〃叩e"畑.剛e加et凡祁加ghe"航z伽α加"〃he允"肋pe"o"s加g"/αr:〃応 油α〃ow"c/iwerryrog/vevoiceのeﾉe"ze,2004,p.〃刃． Thiskindofwriting,afbrmof"/"eor@reflexivedelirium'(Lecercle,1985), opensitselfuptothevirtualitiesthattraversethewriter・Thereisacertain stammeringorstutteringincreativewriters,whoinhabittheirownlanguageas afbreigner(Deleuze&Parnet,2002,p.5).Herethefirst-personpluralspeaks a-centredfromthesiteofsingularity(fbrces,intensities),fromanonymity(Rileyl 2005).Inwritinginandthroughsingularities,thereisimplicitrejectionofthe organisingprincipleoftheindividual(Millett,1997,p.54).AsDeleuzesays (1987,p.128):"Thereisnolongerasuhiect,butonly…statesofananonymous fbrce.'' Freediscourseisaschizophrenicplayofnoise,intensity,andordeFwords. Itisexpressiveofastyleof"lifeandbecomingalbeitneverofone'sown.It envelopsandencirclesthe6I'．Free-indirectdiscourseisalsoconstitutiveof desiringsubjectsasitisthelanguageofaffect.Itistransgressiveofmeaningas itoperatesthroughslogans("@oIsd℃rzire)orrefiainsthatconstitutesubjectivity. Desubjectivationinvolvesthedisappearanceofthesubjectofenunciation[Wer αｾ"o"cja伽"]andthesubjectofthestatement[Werfﾉｾ"o"c6].Inthefburth
80 JoffPeterNonnanBradley personsingularwefindtheGI'assumesmultiplefbrmsandtheassemblage ofenunciationacollectivedimension.Thedesubjectificationofthewriter involvesthebecomingimpersonaloftheone[o"]inordertoexpressapote"伽ノ community. ForBlanchot,writingisanartofnotbeingoneselfOnewriteswellwhen onespeaks伽abse""αtoathirdperson.AsBlanchotsays:G6whatspeaksinhim isthefactthat,inonewayoranother,heisnolongerhimselfheisn'tanyone anymore"(1982,p.28).Inthefburthpersonsingular,thiscompareswiththe surrendertowritingbeyondoneself;tobecomenoone,fbundintheinabilityto say.I'(1982,p.28). If廿ee-indirectdiscourseisastreamoflanguageorconsciousnesswithout ownership,thefburthpersonsingularisadero"γ"e〃e"roftheabsentCI'．It fimctionsinthehiatusofavoicethatspeaksinitsownname.Free-indirect discourseistherefbrearticulatedfromthevoiceofthefburthpersonsingular. Itdescribestheworldofanonymouslanguage.Themodernisttechniqueof fiPeeindirectspeechinvokesaspaceofnomadicenunciation.The6I'isnotthe originoflanguagebutaproductfifomananonymousGitissaid'.Here,thefburth personsingularitywitnessesnameless,unidentifiableeventsthroughaffective stateslackingfixedidentity・ForDeleuze,fbllowingC.S.Peirce,thereisa considerationofthirdnessasfiltural.Itneitherrepresentsnorindicates.Rather, thirdnessisintersticialandprospective. Thereismuchhumourinthisvoice,asitspeaksnotinsyllogismsbutin riddlesandparadox・Thishumour,Ithink,wefindinFerlinghetti'sfburthperson singularbutalsointhelaughofBeckett's"s"spz"ws-thehumourthatlaughs atitselfandfindsitselfridiculous(Critchley,2004).Elsewhere,Ferlinghettiin hispoem.TbtheOracleatDelphi'writesofthewildsofilaughterofthefburth personsingular:
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"なecjw肋αw"sq/Mz"g力花恥4"dgive"s"ewC舵α"sro"e""@,G舵"S〃ew "り’肋sro"vehy/ OnthismatterDeleuzeconnectstherhythmsofirony,humourandthefburth personsingularalongthemeniscusofmeaning:Hewrites(1990,p.141): FbF･〃"")ﾉな肋eco-exre"sive"essQfbe加gw"〃〃e加dMd"αﾉ,orqfrheIw" rep"ese"rα"o",加加o〃”〃eα〃Qfrhes"碗cesq"dqfrhedo"6/es,Qf"o"@" s加g"ﾉα""“α"dqfﾉﾙeαﾉwq)Asd”ﾉαc〃α/e"o〃加加;加鈍〃eα〃QMes""c ge"esis,/hes"vo"伽"eqかﾙep"eeve"r,q"d/he允""〃perso"s加g"/αγ，‐ w"〃eye〃噸"抗Ca肋",庇"O/α伽",α耐加α"推卵α"o"s"叩e"deaα〃〃e軸rα” ‘物的α加ﾉ杣ed Blanchot Onefindsinthecold,neutralityofwriting,afacelessvoicedenudedofthe powertosay6I'.Thefburthpersonsingularspeakstothepassionoftheoutside, anoutsidethatannouncesitselfintheveryactofcommunication・The@I'is displaced,insinuatedinthingsratherthanbelongingthereofItisrathertossed intomatter,intheendlessfbrminganddefbrmingofpopulationsandswarmsof diffbrences.The6I'isembroiledinaworldofspeedsandslownesses6without fbrm,withoutsuhject,withoutaface'(DeleuzeandGuattari,1987,p.312). InDeleuze,asinBlanchot,therearetwokindsofdeaths:G!Anydeathisdouble, bythecancellationofthegreatdifferencethatitrepresentsinextension,bythe swarmingandtheliberationofsmalldifferencesthatitimpliesinintensitier (Deleuze,1994,p.333).ThereisasenseinwhichwefindmuchofBlanchotin82 JoffPeterNormanBradley theideaofthesincereandtruefburthpersonsingular.Indeed,Deleuzeadopts
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48).Dying,fbrBlanchot,isnotsomething@I'dobecausedeathalwayscomes homelsewhere,fromtheoutside.Deathisaneventlikeanyother・Itcomeslike therainrains.Deleuze'stakeonBlanchot'sanalysisofdeathistoseeitashaving botharelationandnon-relationtothebody,to〃リノbody.Deathisincorporealand infinitive;itisalwayselsewhere.ItisimpersonalandgroundedonlyinitselfAs sucheveryeventislikedeath,.doubleandimpersonalinitsdouble'(Deleuze, 1990,p.151-2).Deathissingularlyincorporeal,@fallinguponuslikethebattle whichskimsoverthecombatants,likethebirdwhichhoversabovethebattle' (Deleuze&Parnet,1987,p.65).Thefburthpersonsingularhereiscomparable totheStoicethicofwillingtheimpersonalityoftheevent.Indoingso,Deleuze exhortshisreaderstomakeoneselfentirelyworthyofit. ExplicatinguponthedifferencesofdeathinBlanchotandDeleuze,Osaki (2007)claimsthattheisolatedego[ratherlikeFerlinghetti'sRaffine]is confifontedwiththe.first'death・Thisdeathistheendofeverything,ofevery fbrmor@shape'oflife・Itisamore@personal'death.Itistheactualdeathl wronglythink@I'experiencewhen@Ikillmyself'(seeOsaki,2007).However, thisdeathisimpossibletorealisesince,throughthisextremevoluntaryact,GI' amassertingmyselfasanindividual.Or,asBlanchotputit:$@whenlkillmyself maybeitisGI'thatactuallycommitsthekillingbutitisnotGI'thatdiesandit isnot@mydeath'either-thedeathlprovoked-thatlexperience,butthedeath l呵ected,neglected,andthatisthisnegligenceitselfaperpetualescapeand unaccomplishment"(1955,p.l34).Thenthereisalsoanotherdeath,impersonal andbeyondtheego-adeaththatisalwaysaheadofme.Itistheextremefbrmof mypowertobecomeotherorsomethingelse.AnabsoluteanddynamicfissureTheGunblinking'madeyesofm卯α〃だ腕epe"o""e伽s加gzｲ"er 83 thatdoesnotdefinethe6possible'butthatwhichwillneverend,thevirtualthat nevergetsaccomplished,theunendingandunceasingthroughwhichGI'losethe powertodiebecausethroughit｡we'aredying,thatistosaycweneverceaseand weneverfinishtodie'(Deleuze,1994,p.149). In-between:WilliamBurroughs Thefburthpersonsingularisfbundinthein-betweenoftwoormore languages,inthepatoisandcreoleswhichareandarenotone'sown.To paraphraseBurroughs(1986,p.47),languageisnotaproductofthesubject butexternaltoandconstitutiveof@thehuman'､Burrough5cutuptechniqueis oneexampleofthisasitmakeslanguagespeakwordswhicharenotofone's own・Asatransfbrmeroftheordersofthecodes,Burroughsdoesnotspeak; itisfbrotherstodo.Cutsupscapturesomethingofthisnonperspectiveasitis difficulttodiscernwhoistalkingintheseworks.AccordingtoLydenberg(1987), fbrBurroughstheworddesignatedasvirusisnotmetaphoricalbutliteraland metonymic. LanguageliketheordeFwordispassed竹omonebodytoanother,producing theeffectofsuhjectificationpreciselyasasymptomofviralinfection.The y〃αノnatureoflanguagehaslittletodowiththepresentationofinfbrmation 廿omonepartytoanother,andindeeddoesnotproceed廿omafirstpartytoa secondbutanonymouslyfifomasecondtoathird.Languageassuchisnotthe communicationofasign9"αinfbrmationbit,butthetransmissionoftheword asanordelzword(Deleuze&Guattari,1987,p.77).Withthisinmind,thecut-uptechniquecanbeseenasperhapsawaytousherindirectperceptionofthe world,divestedofindirectchatterandimage.Thecut-updisruptsthelinearor arborescentlogicofnarrativeanddiSjunctiveoppositionsandproceedsinstead viachancecollisionsandnovelconnections.
84 JoffPeterNormanBradley NewYork Itisperhapslittlecoincidencethatthefburthpersonsingularisconjured叩by Ferlinghetti,anativeofYonkersinNewYork,astheconceptseemsinextricably linkedtotheany-spacewhatsoever(e叩ace9"eﾉco"9"e).Thebiographyof Ferlinghettiaffirmstheabsenceofamonolingualtongue.Heisanltalian,who speaksEnglish,butmastersFrenchinFranceandtakesaPhDattheSorbonne. Thenonhuman,nonsuhjective@pointofarticulation'ofthefburthperson singularbespeaksofacitywithoutalanguage.ThepureDeleuzianhaecceity iswitnesstoindividuationsthroughwavesofintensityincontinuousvariation. TheTistraversedbyintensivemultiplicitiesofemotions,becomingsbetwixt andbetween,alwaysinthemiddleandbelongingtotheoutside,Itfilnctionsin thehiatusofavoicethatspeaksinitsownnameandperceives,inadetached mannerandfigomanon-place,anon-humanimpersonalevent.Perhapsinthis wayitexpressesthemodernmalaiseinwhichthetemporalityoftimeisinsome
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bearingamysteriouschargeofaffect'(Jameson,1991,p.27). Haecceity InDeleuze'sontology,thehaecceityisakindofGindividualsingularity', a//ijs"ess.ItisatermderivedfromthemedievalphilosopherDunsScotus (1266-1308)andpertainstothequalitiesandemergentpropertyofathing,object orperson,anindividualentityoranevent・Eachthingisahaecceity.Thisbeing thecase,generalconceptshavenoproperapplicationorrepresentationtoward somegeneralsenseofrealohjects.Ifconceptsarehaecceitiesthegeneralconcept ofartefactisabsent.Wearelefiwithonlythisdeath,thisthingetc.Theconcept ofhaecceityisrethoughtwithoutpresupposingfbrmsandsuhjects.TheyareTheGunblinking'madeyesofﾉﾛ9"α〃だ"epemo""e血s加g""e『 85 degreesofpowerwhichcorrespondtoaffectandtheaffected:activeorpassive affectsorintensities.Hereindividuation-whichdebarsphenomenological analysis-isremappedwithouttheconceptsohjectorperson.Insuchan anarchicrealmofpre-personalsingularities,individuationsnolongerconstitute personsoregos.Ahaecceityis6thisnesgofasingularactualisation.These individuated6things'donotcorrelateto"singularitybutawhoﾉeCO"Sre"α"o〃 Qfs腕g"/α""es.Thesingularityofqlifbisirreducibletotheindividualfbrtodo sowouldignorethedifferencebetweengenericothers.Asthesubject(I,you, he)isimperilledbythismoveDeleuzeinvokesthefburthpersonsingular.In thegenesisofindividualsandpersons,singularitiesactasapotentialoftheir concreteinstantiation.Thispotentialisthevirtualofthepreindividualandofthe transindividual. Subjectivityisapowerofimmanentfbrcesthatactandproduceeffects generativeofdifferentialfbrces,andwhichareproducedoverandoverbythe relationsofthelatter.Fromthisargument,identityisaneffectdrawnoutofthe ｡〃とre""αノガe/dwithsulJectivitytheidentityeffectfbrmed分omtheplayof Mbre"伽ﾉﾉbﾉ℃es.WhilesubjectivityasaconceptisseldomusedinDeleuze, whenitisitisusedsynonymouslywithaffectsorthecapacitytoaffectandbe affected.Moreover,subjectivityisalignedwiththosepre-personalsingularities thatactexternallyandindependentlyofanyparticularperson・Singularityasa pointofintersectionbetweendifferentfbrcesfbrmsanewaffectiveassemblage andnewfbrcesofaffectingandbeingaffected.Subjectivisation,ontheother hand,isthepotentialfbrandeventofmatterbecomingsuhject.Deleuze& Guattaridesignatethisasahaecceitybecauseitinvolvesrelationsofmovement andrestbetweenmoleculesorparticlesandthecapacitiestoaffectandbe affected.TBlescontainhaecceitiesorconcreteindividuationsthatpossesastatus oftheirownanddirectthemetamorphosisofthingsandsubjects.Arguingthat
︲︲Ｉ︲
86 JoffPeterNormanBradley theOriemhasmanymoreindividuationsthroughhaecceitythanbysuljectivity orsubstantiality,Deleuze&Guattari(1987,p.288)citethecaseofha放"which includesindicatorsmanyHoatinglinesconstitutingacomplexindividual. Theconceptofhaecceityisanimpersonallogicofindividuationdivestedof anyfbrmorsuqect.Itisconstitutiveofassemblagesofaffects,intensitiesand
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distinctfbrmorsuhject.Thecorrespondingindividuatedlogicofexpression isfbrmedinthesumofindefinitearticle+propername+infiniteverb.The indefinitearticleindividuatesandsingularises.Thepropernamepertainsnot tosulJect,fbrm,speciesorgenericdenominationbutabecomingwhoseaffects workastheagentofaninfinitive.Theinfinitiveexpressesthedeterminate temporalityofthetimeofthepureevent.Haecceityrethinkstheeventto challengethehegemonyoftheverb@tobe'anditsattributes(Deleuze,1995). Theeventfbrmsanimmanentspace,withsingularitiesinhabited6byafaceless andtranspositionalsubject'(Deleuze&Guattari,1983,p.85). Cinema3 ThefburthpersonaidsthediscoveryofnonhumanandnonsulJectiveblocs ofsensations.Thecinemaisalsoabletoexpressthefburthpersonsingularas theperspectiveofthe66I-lesTcameradecentrestheperspectiveoftheauthor, narratoror加加α〃characters.Thecameraencapsulatesthisfburthperson singulareye.Thecameralensistheonlyeyetoseethepureeventinlife・It connectswithmultiplesingularitiestoreplacetheviewpointofthesulJector theolJect.Inthissense,thesuhjectivityoftheperceivingsubiectandperceived oMectdisappears.Itisherethatthelinkbetweenthefburthpersonanddeath ismade.In7WeLogicq/Se"se,Deleuzedescribeshowthe&One'affirmsthe eventandfatethroughthedice-throw.HecomparesthistothesamewayGone'TheGunblinking'madeyesof"9"α〃だ碗epezso""e伽s伽g""er 87 diesimpersonallyandanonymously:Inthefburthpersonsingular,wefindthe neutralityoftheimpersonalsingularitywithoutidentity.Wefindthefburth personsingularinmoderncinemaasthevoiceiscutitofffifomanydirect resonance.InsteadthereistheproductionofG廿eeindirectspeech'(Deleuze, 1989,p.242).Deleuzewrites:@6Theunbearableisinseparablefromarevelation oranillumination,whichwecanonlyseethroughathirdeye"(1997,p.33).In thethirdeye,findstheabilityseelifebeyond.allfalseappearances,passions, anddeaths'(Deleuze,1988,p.14).Thethirdeyenevercommandsorconvinces, butratheractsto6shapetheglassorpolishthelensfbrthisinspiredfifeevision' (1988,p.14).Indeed,fbrDeleuze(1989,p.242),thevoiceinmoderncinema, Cspeaksasifhewerelisteningtohisownwordsreportedbysomeoneelse,hence achievingaﾉ"""/"es.gofthevoice,cuttingitoff廿omanydirectresonance,and makingitproduceafieeindirectspeech'. Events Theperspectiveofthefburthpersonsingularortheindefinitethirdpersonis thelanguageofthepureevent・Theyarelocatedasananonymouscollectivityof voiceswhichtranspirebehindtheerasedsubjectoftheenunciation.Theevent grantsaccesstoafburthperson;a6genuinely'impersonal-bothcolleCtiveand private-domain. Application:NickLandandpositivespeciesextinction WhatdoesitmeantosaythatdeathcomesfromtheOutside？Deleuzewill contendthatlifeisconstitutedbythosefbrcesthatresistdeath.Butwhatdoesit mean-asNickLandinsists-tobedelightedtodeathtothepointofcelebrating positivespeciesextinction？Howstrangeitistothinkaboutsuchathingdevoid ofallhumanfeeling1Whatvoiceexpressesthisperspective？Inexpoundinga
88 JoffPeterNormanBradley @reptilian'philosophyjNickLand(1994)isimoxicatedbywhatheterms.runaway cyberspaceinvasion',anideareworked廿ominterpretationsofcybernetician NorbertWeinerandscience-fictionwriterWilliamGibson.Histhesis-anattack onthe6superstitionofself'inherited廿omNietzscheandSchopenhauer-isthat therefbrmattingofmatterandmaterialprocessesinIntegratedWorldCapitalism isunderstandableintermsofdeathasconceivedastime-in-itselfDeathisthe zerodegreeofanintensivecontinuum・Thereislittletodowithmourningand melancholybutmuchtodowithplanetarymaterialprocesses-Kondratieff KFwaves-whichareleavingmankindGbehind'intheirwake.ForLanddeathis alivedevent,thedegreezeroofanintensivecontinuum;itisabaselinebecause timeisasingularity. ForLand,thedeathofcapitalismandmodernityisnotmetamorphicalbuta machineorengineeringproblem.Itisaquestionofdesignatingrealsingularities. Landdispassionately呵ectstalkofindividualmortalityandconcentrateson theintensivezerodegreeoflargescalecomplexsystems，Hecontendsthat theglobalcapitalistsystemcanbedescribedasasingularitybecauseone canelicitaseriesofsystemdynamicswhichhavealocaltemporality・Death istimein-itselfbecausefbrLandtimeisnotanultimatetranscendentframe butasalocalpropertyofacomplexsystem.Heisinterestedinthinkingthe dynamicsofcapitalismintermsofintensivelogisticaccelerationorZenoium. Wearewitnessingatimeimplosionratherthananexpansionoftimeasa transcendentalfeatureofasystem・Hearguesthatdeathisunderstandableas anoutsidetoregimesofrepresentationandmetaphoricityoncethenotionsof machinicinterlockandengineeringproblemsareaccepted.Deathisalways presentineverymomentofexistence.Itisnotamomentintimepersebutas timeinitself;itisalways/"ere.Itisnotsomethingonewaitsfbrbutitisthe zerodegreecontinuum・Theapprehensionofdeathastime-in-itselfandas
The6unblinking'madeyesof"9"α〃だ腕epeKso""e血s加g""e『
89 anintensivecontinuumoperatesatzerodegree.Itisfbundinthewritingsof Spinoza(substance),Kant(pureapperception),Freud(death-drive),Deleuze andGuattari(bodywithoutorgans),andWilliamGibson(cyberspacematrix). AsLand(Dixon,1998)sayselsewhere:"Beyonditsoedipalsenseasendof thepersondeathisanefficientvirtualobjectinducingconvergence.''Time-in -itselfaszerodegreeisreadintermsofunfetteredcapitalisticprocesseswhich aretearingtheplanettopieces.Inhisbook,肪施ｵﾉb'4""j〃α"o"(1992,p. 3),Landdiscussesthebizarrerelationshipofcapitaltocriticalphilosophy:"Tb describeKantandcapitalastwosidesofacoinisasnecessaryasitisridiculous. AstrangecoinindeedthatcansynthesizeahumblecitizenofKonigsbergwith therun-awayconstructionoftheplanet.''SofbrLandherethequestionishow oneconnectswithdeath,engineersit,linksupwithit・Butonthisreading,Land wantstocollapsethetwolevelsofdeathasdescribedbyBlanchot:heabsorbs thefirstdeath(ego)intothesecond.TbreturntoDeleuzehere,whatisdiscerned isthechangingconceptionoftimebroughtaboutbyKant.Deleuze,inhislecture courseonKantinl978writes: @TWer"eiso"rq/yo":""@eis"oﾉo"geF"co"ed叩加s"chaw〃r〃α〃〃s s"加此加aredrorhe"e""eqfso"@erh腕gorhe〃〃α刀施e砿s"c"",/brexα""ﾌﾉe， as"o"o〃cα/"2ove"1e"r.TY"Ie〃αsceqsedroberhe〃""ber”"“"だ,""@eルas ceqsedroberhe〃""zb"qjperjodicαﾉ"OVe"e"r・Eve"rﾙ加gルα〃e"s"if ｶαv加gbee"co"ed"soCzsro"@e"z"･er"e"ssggeq/ceﾉ“伽ﾉ加成es,t"e ""ro脆施e〃雌eqsorrqfseme"z,"s〃αﾙesqがα〃s"加湿加α"o〃roα"oye〃e〃 oγα"αr"γe,"beco"@es""@e加施ej/ybr"e""beco"ze叩"Fefz"de"@p〃"碗e." "eas"γ“〃o伽"gα〃"oだ． Land'slectureisentitledtheversionofdevoidofallhumanfeelingbutisfilled90 JofTPeterNormanBradley withadelightinthemacabre.Afbcusonthehypertrophyoftheinnerlifeis demotedtoconcentrateontheserendipitoushappeningselsewhere・Themorel confisontLand'sthanotropicvisionthemorelseetheneedfbrarethinkingofthe fburthpersonsingular. Conclusion Inconclusion,thefburthpersonsingularisaninterestingnotionfbr appreciatingDeleuze'scomplicatednotionofdeath"sevent.Thefburth personsingularisakintothesurrealiststreamofavant-gardeconsciousness, whichexpressestheanonymousnatureofwriting.Itexpressesthesobriety ofperspectiveandtheimpersonalnatureofthepassingoftime.Wefinditin Kerouacwhoseautomaticwritingappearsonlengthy,pre-prepared,rollsof tissuepaper・WefinditinthejazzmusicofMilesDavis(Swiboda,2002)and theproseandpoetryofFerlinghetti・Itisanarrativevoiceincommunionwith adouble,a@nowherevoice',aselffashioningvoice,thenamefbrthe6other' withinme.Itisthemodeofauto-affection,anintrospectivesoliloqUylalogicof subjectivityinwhichthesubjectissplitasunder,castaside,wherethesuhject isplastic,indialoguewithitselfyetsimultaneouslytransfbrmsitselfthrough dialogue-throughalogicofinternaldialogue・Itisthevoicethroughwhichone hearsoneselfspeak;aninternalvoiceindialoguewithitselfAsFerlinghettisays poetryisthevoiceofthefburthpersonsingular,@thelastlighthouseinrising seas'.Poetryistheeffectofasuqect.AccordingtoMaulpoix'sconceptionof thefburthpersonsingular(Rabate,1996),thelyricselfbecomesafigurativere -descriptionoftheempiricalone:AndinChrisMarker'sl982filmStJ"sSo/e", poetryisbornofinsecurity:wanderingJews,quakingJapanese(Boljkovac, 2011).Thefburthpersonsingularherehasapointofarticulation,differentiable fifomthe<undifferentiatedseaofanonymity'ofwhichDeleuzespeaks.
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92 JoffPeterNonnanBradley UniversityPress. Dixon,J.B.,&Cassidy,E.J.(1998).J'"〃αﾉ伽"res:C)'6ero"cs,tec〃"oﾉogyα"dpost-加加α〃prag"α施加.London:Routledge. Dreyfils,H.L.,Rabinow,P.,&Foucault,M.(1983).MicheﾉFo"cα"",6a)ﾉo"d s〃"cr"m/js"α"dher"@e"e""cs.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. Duffy,C.(2010).44sc"Zoα"αか"credzdj"gqfP""jseLosrα"dZWe"""reLα"d. Ottawa:LibraryandArchivesCanada・BibliothequeetArchivesCanada. Ferlinghetti,L.(1960)."ど灰NewYork:NewDirections. Ferlinghetti,L.(2007).Poe""s腕s"堰e"α".NewYork:NewDirections. Foucault,M.(1996).Lα"g"age,co""rer-"ze"2o",〃αc"ce:Seﾉecredessqysα"J "re7vjews・Ithaca,NY:ComellUniversityPress. Genosko,G.(2001).De/e"Zea"dG"α"α".London:Routledge. Guattari,F.(1995).Cﾙαos"1osis:4〃α"co-qesthe"cp""jg"2.Bloomington:Indiana UniversityPress.(Originallypublished,Chαos"zose,1992) Hickey,L.,&Stewart,M.(2005).Po/"e"ess加E"r叩e・Clevedon:Multilingual Matters. Hovdhaugen,E.,&SuomenTiedeseura.(2000).TWe〃畑o〃"""g"js"csi"iheⅣひ〃jc co""〃jes・Helsinki:SocietasScientiarumFennica. Hughes,J.(1997).〃""Q"rig"Re"j"gDeﾉe"zew"ルH〃小G伽加g,Co"md, 肌oI/fSheffield,England:SheffieldAcademicPress. Irigaray,L(1968).D"/Zz""s"zeeM"verbe.S.l.:s.n.. Ianni,L.A.,&Ferlinghetti,L.(JulyO1,1967).LawrenceFerlinghetti'sFourthPerson SingularandtheTheoryofRelativity."isco"si"S/"diesi"Co"teﾉ"porα〃 L"era”re,8,3,392-406. Jameson,F.(1991).Po師加o庇F･"is"2,o"7Wec"伽、ﾉﾉogicq/"ec叩"α"s"@.Durham: DukeUniversityPress. Land,N.(1992).TWer〃姉r/brα""伽ﾉα"o":GeoJgesB""jﾉたα"dv""ん"r"伽"s腕：α〃 essqy加αr"eis"creﾉjgjo"・London:Routledge. Land,N.(10thDecember,1994)).LastBreath:Death,Mourning,Melancholy,Positive SpeciesExtinction(acelebration),ICAtalks.
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93 Lecercle,J.-J.(1985).P"os叩勿/〃o"gルtheﾉCO〃"g-gﾉαss:Lα"g"age,"o"se"se, 昨s"･e.LaSalle,Ill:OpenCourt. Lecercle,J.-J.(1994).P""os叩勿Qf"o"se"se:TWe"""jo"sqf〃αorjα〃〃o"se"se ノ舵rat"re.London:Routledge. Lecercle,J.-J.(2002).De/e"zea"〃α"g"age.Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire: PalgraveMacmillan. Lingis,A.(1994).7Weco加加""j〃QMosew"oルave"“ﾙ加g加co""wo".BIoomington: IndianaUniversityPress. Lingis,A.(2006).Defenestration,Deleuzeconference2006. Lydenberg,R.(1987)．〃わ'‘c"伽γe駅Ra戒cα〃heo〃α”〃αc"cej〃胴ﾉ加加S. B"〃o"ghr/rc"o"・Urbana:UniversityoflllinoisPress. Marks,J.(AugustO1,1997).Deleuzeandliterature:Metaphorandindirectdiscourse. SOciaﾉSe"@jo"cs,7,2,233-246. McClure,B.D.(2001).Bawee"rhesee"α"drﾙesα〃:Deﾉe"ze-G"α"α〃Ispmg"α"cs Qfrheorde'-wo'd.MclIvenny,P.(2002)．肋ﾉ〃"gge"derq"dsex"α"〃・ Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins. McMahon,M.GFourthpersonsingular:becomingordinaryandthevoidinthecritical bodyfilmic'inJayamanne,L・(1995).Kis｡F"Ie昨adIy:"""js"z&c加e"α/brrhe 腕o"e"j・Sydney:PowerPublications. Millett,N.(MayO1,1997).TheTrickofSingularity.7Weor)LC"伽γe&Socie耽脚,2, 51-66． Monaco,B.(2008).MIcﾙ”c"odeJwjs"1:7WeDeﾉ"zjα〃ﾉ"era〃"αC""esQ/"oo" L"wre"ceα"dJnyce.Basingstoke[England:PalgraveMacmillan. Pellerin,P.(2009).LaquatriemepersonnedusingulierdansHer:oula(semi) autobiographiedeLawrenceFerlinghetti.Traits-d'Union,p､6-10. AccessedOctober25th,2012.http:"www.revuetraitsdunion・org/?page_id=146 Robins,R.H.(1964).Ge"eraﾉ伽g"航jcs:J4〃腕〃o血αO〃s"γvay.BIoomington: IndianaUniversityPress. Osaki,H.(May23,2007).KillingOneself;KillingtheFather:OnDeleuze'sSuicide inComparisonwithBlanchot'sNotionofDeath.L"eγα""･eq"dTWeoﾉOgy,22,1,94 JoffPeterNonnanBradley 88-101. Rabat6,D.,&Collot,M(1996).FYg"esd"s"α枕j9"e.Paris:Pressesuniversitaires deFrance. Raine,C(2006).rS.E/jof.Oxfbrd:OxfbrdUniversityPress. Riley,D.(2005).jj"perso"αﾉ〃ssjo":Lα"g"αge"sq能α.Durham:DukeUniversity Press. Sauvagnargues,A.(2012).Simondon,Deleuze,andtheConstructionofTranscendental Empiricism.Pli:WarwickJoumalofPhilosophy. Shankara,B.D.N.(2004).Pro"o""s.Oxfbrd[England:OxfbrdUniversityPress. Swiboda,M,&UniversityofLeeds.(2002).7ﾙe〃α9mα"c“"s""c"o"sQ/Deﾉe"ze， G"α〃α〃α"dMiﾉesD"Ws.Leeds:UniversityofLeeds.Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation. Woolf;Vb(1993).KewG"火"sq"dorhers肋〃Sm"es=:KewGα〃e"seiα""“ 〃o"ve"es・Paris:LeLivredePoche.
The6mblinking'madeyesof"9"α〃だ"epe"o""e伽s加g""” 95 NoteS lWhileitisoutsidethescopeofthisessaytolookatthefburthpersonsolelyinlinguistic terms,thefbllowingatleastisworthmentioning・The6obviative'isatermusedinlinguistics torefertoafburthpersonfbrmusedinsomelanguages(e.9.NorthAmericanlndian languages).Theobviativefbrmofapronoun,verb,etc.usuallycontrastswiththethirdperson. Robins(1964)explainsthatanumberoflanguagesspokeninNorthAmericahavefburrather thanthreedistinctionsinthecategoryofperson.Thefburthpersonpertainsto｡aperson orthingdistinctfromonealreadyreferredtobyathirdpersonfbrm'(p.264).Thefburth personisalsofbundinAIgonquianlanguages,asubfamilyofNativeAmericanlanguages, whichincludesmostofthelanguagesintheAIgiclanguagefamily.Itdifferentiatesbetween discourseparticipantsthatareprominentinthediscourseandthosewhicharenot(Shankara, 2004).Itisusedtodistinguishthoseparticipantsinthethirdpersonsthatarefeatured prominentlyandthosethathaveyettobementioned.Thelattertakeonanobviativerole(see Brown&Ogilvie,2009).ItisalsousedinNavahoandMelanesianPidginEnglishandin verbfbrmstoexpressindefinitetenseandmoodintraditionalFinnishgrammarsuchascone says'orGpeoplesay'.Finnishgrammarallowstheuseofverbsinthethirdandfburthpersons withoutanounorapronoun.Moreover,thepersonalsuffixoftheverbdoesnotprovide referencetoaparticularpersoninthethirdandfburthpersons(Hickey&Stewart,2005).The Finnishpassivecanbefbrmedwithintransitiveverbsandalwaysattachestohumanactors. TheFinnishpassiveisusuallycalledthefburthperson(Hovdhaugen,&Tiedeseura,2000). Withfiniteverbsinpassivevoice,thereferenceistohumanactors(plural)butthereference tothesuhiectisunclear.Thegrammaticalsuhiectisomitted・Sentencescontainingthezero personareusuallytranslatedintoEnglishbyusingthegenericpronounscyou'or6one'.The filnctionofthezeroperson,whichalwaysreferstoasingularhumanbeingandpertainstothe speakerorwriteroftheutterance,ismanywaysissimilartothoseoftheFinnishpassivevoice (Mcllvenny,2002). 2Theurofurevoicedenotestheprimordial,primitive,originalorearliest.UI=voicethenis somethingakintotheGermanurspracheorprimitivelanguage. 3SeeMcMahon,M.inJayamanne,1995.
