chapter 2 フリーソフト「R」を使った自然史情報の統計処理入門 Shun (R) TAKAGI

嗚㹀ך㛇劤

ؿٔ٦اؿزչ3պ׾⢪׏׋荈搫〷䞔㜠ך窟鎘Ⳣ椚ⰅꟌ

痥鿇

Ⱔ䏧源甧➂ה荈搫ך⽆暟긫 灇瑔㆞

넝加 ⤥

UBLBHJ!IJUPIBLVKQ

ر٦ةַ׵铣׫《׸׷⫘ぢװ䊴殯ָ

⩐搫ח׮欰ֲׄ׷玎䏝זךַ

嗚㹀ך罋ִ倯

䌓搀⟎铡׾䟝㹀׃ג

ر٦ة״׶噰畭ז穠卓ָ䖤׵׸׷然桦1⦼׾鎘皾

暴חꅾ銲זأٓ؎سחכ ӹو٦ؙ׃ג֮׶תׅ

ر٦ة٥湡涸ח״׏גכ䗳׆׃׮嗚㹀כ䗳銲דכזְ

٥⩐搫חכ欰ׄחְֻ

̔ 䌓搀⟎铡׾唱⽱

٥⩐搫ד׮֮׶ִ׷

̔ 䌓搀⟎铡׾唱⽱׃זְ

٥ⴓⶴ邌ך嗚㹀

➙㔐稱➜ׅ׷ⰻ㺁

'JTIFSך姻然然桦嗚㹀

٥纇ך䊴ך嗚㹀

U嗚㹀

٥纇⟃♳ך䊴ך嗚㹀

纇׮〳

♧⯋ꂁ縧ⴓ侔ⴓ匿

٥㔐䌓ה湱ꟼ

̔ 'JTIFSך姻然然桦嗚㹀

ⴓⶴ邌

ؕذ؞ٔ٦

鎘

ؕذ؞ٔ٦ 9 B C BC : D E DE 鎘 BD CE BCDE

ぐؕذ؞ٔ٦ח㾩ׅ׷⦐⡤ך걼䏝זוծؙٗأ꧊鎘ך䕎ד邌ׁ׸׷ 邌׾ⴓⶴ邌הㄎע

⢽欰娤 蔃葿㢳㘗

⢽ ԇԅ 㖑挿

ぐإٕחכ䏝侧 錁㻊侧זוָⰅ׷

ؕذ؞ٔ٦꟦חꟼ⤘䚍ָ֮׷ַ

㖑挿꟦ד蔃葿嫰桦ח麩ְָ֮׷ַ٥ԇԅ꟦ד娤❕桦ח麩ְָ֮׷ַ ⢽–ⴓⶴ邌

知⽃ח鎉ֲהծBCDEחⰅ׷侧㶵ךػة٦ٝ׾Ⰻ鸐׶鎘皾׃ג 錁庠ׁ׸׋⦼ךػة٦ָٝו׸ֻ׵ְך然桦ד䖤׵׸׷ַ׾鎘皾

㖑挿"ה#ד鸐䌢㘗랲葿㘗ך⳿植嫰כ殯ז׷ַ

㖑挿 鸐䌢㘗 랲葿㘗 鎘

"

#

鎘

'JTIFSך姻然然桦嗚㹀

⢽

䌓搀⟎铡㖑挿꟦ד鸐䌢랲葿嫰桦כַ׻׵זְ

JMWLIVXIWXচ৏঒⛹ഠ

?A?A ?A

?A 6૪़ἀᖊচ৏঒ᷰᒿमॠिफ़QEXVM\GRGSP!

ؕ؎✳⛦嗚㹀GLMWUXIWX׮ず圫ךر٦ة׾䪔ִ׷鵚⡂涸倯岀זךד岣䠐 3؝٦س

"HEXE

WMXIRSVQEPFPEGO % & "HEXE?A RSVQEPFPEGO

"JMWLIVXIWXHEXE?A

*MWLIVW)\EGX8IWXJSV'SYRX(EXE

HEXEHEXE?A TZEPYI!

EPXIVREXMZIL]TSXLIWMWXVYISHHWVEXMSMWRSXIUYEPXS TIVGIRXGSRJMHIRGIMRXIVZEP

WEQTPIIWXMQEXIW SHHWVEXMS

3ד'JTIFSך姻然然桦嗚㹀

চ৏঒१ॻং঎া़हतय़࣭VIEHGWZिा़⠐॔⧥ॕठ࣭ ஹछृॄዢᙋृ⪎ഔवदिृ़नृ⁃ዢृচ৏঒िफ़

ऽॻং঎াीರ൞፳আধ৏बऻ VIEHXEFPIGPMTFSEVH़⠐॔⧥ॕृड⅔෍

ૣഠỽ१Ȿतीॄ?A

4! ኩᰱ୬⠏ॄᠨෞपॡय

⨞ክ⿸⑈ᦽᴬॄྉᰏⰱ़Ḧिॠऽॄङझिङ

锷俑⚥דכ˘

鸐䌢랲葿嫰桦ח㖑挿꟦ך䊴כ鋅׵׸זַ׏׋1

锷俑⚥דך邌植

㖑挿 鸐䌢㘗 랲葿㘗 鎘 "

#

鎘

٥邌׾׉ךתת

ך״ֲזⴓ侧邌鎸׮〳 邌鎸ׅ׷㜥さכⰋ⡤ךO

侧׮֮׻ׇג邌鎸

٥㔳דך邌植

ྉᰏ%

R! ྉᰏ&R!

ษྯृോ

ส

ފ⿸⑈ྯ

ދ⨞ክྯ

CBSQMPU ח״׷琎׫♳־啎 ؚٓؿ֮׋׶ָ״ׁ׉ֲ 鋅׋湡ד׻ַ׶װְָׅծ 姻然ז侧㶵׾⠗ִ׋ְז ׵邌ָ葺ְ

纇ך䊴ך嗚㹀

纇ך嫰鯰

纇꟦דך䎂㖱⦼׾嫰鯰׃׋ְ

纇כずׄ䎂㖱⦼ ׾׮א꧊㔚歋勻 纇כ殯ז׷䎂㖱⦼

׾׮א꧊㔚歋勻

̔ أثُ٦رٝزך

U

嗚㹀

٥嫡꧊㔚כ姻鋉ⴓ䋒ח䖞ֲ姻鋉䚍 ٥嫡꧊㔚כⴓ侔ָ瘝׃ְ瘝ⴓ侔䚍 ٥ぐ錁庠⦼כ杝甧杝甧䚍

% &

埆鯥9ؕذ؞ٔ٦

簚鯥:鸬竲㢌侧

纇ך䎂㖱⦼ך䊴ָ׉ךל׵אֹח嫰ץג⼧ⴓח㣐ְַֹ U⦼䎂㖱⦼䊴4&׾鎘皾

أثُ٦رٝزך

U

嗚㹀

ᗋⶪ⫻タQKダ

% &

⢽珏겲ך衅衝꟦דتٝ؞يءך䶏굸鸞䏝כ殯ז׷ַ

[IMKLX WT

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

F

F

F

F

F

̒

ֿך䕎דر٦ة׾⡲׷ה 3דך鍑匿װ⡲㔳ָ嚂

–ꬊ䱿㤺

XXIWX=b<চ৏঒নি৏঳ฯZEVIUYEP!8

瘝ⴓ侔⟎㹀ך㜥さ

WT%WT& 2% 2% 2%

3דأثُ٦رٝزך

U

嗚㹀

"XXIWX[IMKLXbWTHEXEZEVIUYEP!8

8[S7EQTPIXXIWX

HEXE[IMKLXF]WT

X!HJ!TZEPYI!

EPXIVREXMZIL]TSXLIWMWXVYIHMJJIVIRGIMRQIERWMW RSXIUYEPXS

TIVGIRXGSRJMHIRGIMRXIVZEP

WEQTPIIWXMQEXIW

QIERMRKVSYTEQIERMRKVSYTF

"HEXE [IMKLXWT E E E E E E E E F F F F F

4! ኩᰱ୬⠏ॄᠨෞ

┥┨ृ⁓ⰱ़ᗋⶪ⫻ॄฮभऽॄङझिङ

锷俑⚥דכ˘

٥衅衝ך珏꟦ד䶏굸ꆀכ殯ז׏׋U1

姻鋉䚍ָ弫׋ׁ׸זְ㜥さ

٥嫡꧊㔚ָ娆׿׌ⴓ䋒

姻鋉䚍–

E F

WT

[IMK

LX

鍑寸岀姻鋉ⴓ䋒ח㢌䳔׃גU嗚㹀

㢌䳔

ం஛ᙋ⃬ⴉ⢺కパٳၜᖣৎPSKၜᖣ ോสচ৏঒⃬パWMR_ٳၜᖣ

鍑寸岀姻鋉ⴓ䋒׾⟎㹀׃זְ倯岀 ظٝػًٓزٔحؙ嗚㹀

ؐ؍ٕ؝ؙاٝך痗〾갫⡘嗚㹀 وٝ٥م؎حزص٦ך6嗚㹀

[MPGS\XIWX=b<চ৏঒

7LETMVS;MPOᡠᅭ़᥽➉ഔንी፸छठঔॺখংผ⎔パWLETMVSXIWX

瘝ⴓ侔䚍ָ弫׋ׁ׸זְ㜥さ

٥纇꟦דⴓ侔ָ殯ז׷

瘝ⴓ侔䚍–

鍑寸岀8FMDIךU嗚㹀

XXIWX=b<চ৏঒

6ृXXIWXृচনॼাছॄ;IPGLᡠᅭ 7XYHIRXृXᡠᅭॄZEVIUYEP!8१ᕅᅭ

˟6嗚㹀דכ♶瘝ⴓ侔ך㉏겗כ鍑寸דֹזְ

E F

WT

[IMK

LX

瘝ⴓ侔٥♶瘝ⴓ侔חַַ׻׵׆8FMDIך

U嗚㹀׾遤׏ג׮㉏겗זְ رؿٕؓزךתתUUFTU

杝甧䚍ָ弫׋ׁ׸זְ㜥さ

D E C

F B

D F B

E C

" #

C

D E

D E

" #

D

B B B C C

E

٥ر٦ةח㼎䘔ָ֮׷

Ⳣ椚⵸䖓ך嫰鯰

٥ر٦ةחꥡ㾴ָ֮׷

⩝ך粸׶鵤׃圓鸡

鍑寸岀㼎䘔ך֮׷U嗚㹀

XXIWXTEMVIH!8

鍑寸岀⦐⡤׀הח䎂㖱⚥㣛⦼ ׾ה׏גַ׵嗚㹀

2IWXIH%23:%़ॗ⑆ङ 6ERHSQM^IHGSQTPIXIFPSGO

%23:%़ॗ⑆ङ

锷俑⚥דך邌植

⁓% ⁓&

ᗋⶪ⫻QK

[XQIER XETTP]HEXE[IMKLXHEXEWTQIER [XWI XETTP]HEXE[IMKLXHEXEWTWH

WUVXXETTP]HEXE[IMKLXHEXEWTPIRKXL FEVTPSX[XQIER]PMQ!GQE\[XQIER[XWI]PEF![IMKLX

EVVS[W\!GPIRKXLPIZIPWHEXEWT]![XQIER]![XQIER[XWIERKPI! 3דכ盲מ־㔳ָ剅ֹװְָׅծ

U嗚㹀זו姻鋉ⴓ䋒׾⟎㹀ז׵ 鸐䌢כ啎ؚٓؿؒٓ٦غ٦ד邌植 ˟6嗚㹀זוꬊ姻鋉ⴓ䋒ז׵盲מ־㔳

3ָ׃׿וְז׵ؙؒإٕד׮葺ְה䙼ְתׅ

㔳珏"٥#ח㼎ׅ׷تٝ؞يءך䶏굸ꆀկ䎂㖱ֶ״ן垥彊铎䊴׾爙ׅկ

ؒٓ٦غ٦ך铡僇כ䗳׆ְ׸׷ֿה

纇⟃♳ך䊴ך嗚㹀

♧⯋ꂁ縧ⴓ侔ⴓ匿

% & '

埆鯥9ؕذ؞ٔ٦

簚鯥:鸬竲㢌侧

纇꟦דך䎂㖱⦼׾嫰鯰׃׋ְ

ずׄ䎂㖱⦼ ׾׮א꧊㔚歋勻 殯ז׷䎂㖱⦼

׾׮א꧊㔚歋勻

̔ ♧⯋ꂁ縧ⴓ侔ⴓ匿

0OFXBZ"/07"

㢳纇ך嫰鯰

⵸䲿勴⟝U嗚㹀הずׄ

٥嫡꧊㔚כ姻鋉ⴓ䋒ח䖞ֲ姻鋉䚍 ٥嫡꧊㔚כⴓ侔ָ瘝׃ְ瘝ⴓ侔䚍 ٥ぐ錁庠⦼כ杝甧杝甧䚍

ꬊ姻鋉ⴓ䋒ז׵ظٝػٓך,SVTLBM8BMMJT嗚㹀 LSVTLBMUFTU ♶瘝ⴓ侔ז׵8FMDIךⴓ侔ⴓ匿 POFXBZUFTU ֮׋׶ד㼎䘔

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿ך罋ִ倯

Ⰻ錁庠⦼ךל׵

אֹ ؚٕ٦ف꟦ךל׵אֹ ؚٕ٦فⰻךל׵אֹ

ؚٕ٦ف꟦ךל׵אָֹؚٕ٦فⰻךל׵אֹח嫰ץ⼧ⴓ㣐ֹֽ׸ל ؚٕ٦فכ殯ז׷䎂㖱⦼ך嫡꧊㔚ַ׵䖤׵׸׋הⴻ倖דֹ׷׌׹ֲ

ⴓ侔׾ⴓ匿ׅ׷

䎂倯ㄤ44כر٦ة侧ָ㢳ְקו㣐ֹֻז׷䭷垥זךד䎂㖱䎂倯 ⴓ侔ך♶⨉䱿㹀ꆀ׾欽ְג嫰鯰

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿邌"OPWBUBCMF

䎂倯ㄤ

44

荈歋䏝

EG

纇

婍䊴

44

₍

44

_&

Q

Q O

.4

₍

.4

_&

'

.4

₍

.4

_&

ⴓ侔׾纇꟦ה纇ⰻ婍䊴٥铎䊴חⴓֽג邌ח׃׋׮ך

䎂㖱䎂倯.4

44EG

⋰ᙋパT⋰ೃ⊖य़⧱बパR8SXEP➛᫩ᙋTRऽटतऽ

!77+T

!77)TRT

ᦗ኉⏿᷼ዢॄ

⋰ᙋ?TAšタ⋰ೃ⊖य़⧱ब?RAダ ॗबतॄ

8SXEP⏿᷼ዢ?TRA⋰⏿᷼ዢ?TA ृ➨⫵

*ᦽडၮढङピ⋰ⰱഔᙆडタ⋰ ೃृ⠊኉ऽᦽ⦟बऻダၮढङ ᳕ᨨिफ़⋰ृ൮ចडगॠ

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿ך⢽

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

೽ᵧ

GXVP XVX XVX

Ⳣ椚ך麩ְח״׏ג嗂暟ךꅾꆀח䊴כ֮׷ַ "4PERX+VS[XL

[IMKLXKVSYT GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP GXVP XVX XVX XVX XVX XVX XVX XVX

QSHIP PQ=b<চ৏঒

ERSZEQSHIP

3؝٦س

ESZⰸᙋ़ॗ़ढॠ

"QSHIP PQ[IMKLXbKVSYT4PERX+VS[XL "ERSZEQSHIP

%REP]WMWSJ:EVMERGI8EFPI

6IWTSRWI[IMKLX

(J7YQ7U1IER7U*ZEPYI4V"* KVSYT 6IWMHYEPW

7MKRMJGSHIW׊׋׊׋׊׋

#lm()ꟼ侧׾欽ְגٌرٕ׾鎘皾 #anova()דⴓ侔ⴓ匿邌ך⳿⸂

荈歋䏝 䎂倯ㄤ 䎂㖱䎂倯 F嫰 P⦼F嫰ח㛇בֻ 铡僇㢌侧

䘔瘶㢌侧

婍䊴

3דⴓ侔ⴓ匿

锷俑⚥דכ˘

٥Ⳣ椚꟦ד䧭ꞿח麩ְָ鋅׵׸׋'1 ٥Ⳣ椚꟦ד䧭ꞿח麩ְָ鋅׵׸׋邌

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

೽ᵧ

GXVP XVX XVX

չⳢ椚꟦ד䧭ꞿח麩ְָ鋅׵׸׷պכ׻ַ׏׋ָծ

չוךⳢ椚הוךⳢ椚ך꟦דⰧ⡤涸ח䊴ָ֮׷ַպ

כ׻ַ׵זְ

  ׉ֿד纇׆א嗚㹀׃גװ׷

_{纇ך䊴ך嗚㹀̔}

_U

_嗚㹀

纇꟦ך嫰鯰כ

$

鸐׶

㔐

U

嗚㹀ׅ׸לׅץגך穈׫さ׻

ׇדך䊴ָ׻ַ׷

'BNJMZXJTF5ZQF*&SSPS׾罋䣁׃׋㢳ꅾ嫰鯰

ēך剣䠐宏彊דך嗚㹀 ̔ 㔐ח㔐ך然桦ד䊴ָזְ׮ך׾䊴 ָ֮׷הⴻ倖ׅ׷〳腉䚍5ZQF*&SSPS

٥#POGFSSPOJ岀

O㔐㢳ꅾ嫰鯰ׅ׷ⴓծ1⦼׾O⦓ē׾Oׅ׷הְֲ涪䟝

٥4FRVFOUJBM#POGFSSPOJ)PMN岀

#POGFSSPOJכ䊴ָ֮׷׮ך׾זְה鎉׏ג׃תֲ⽬ꤹ5ZQF**&SSPSָ 넝ְךדծ䊴ָ㣐ְֹ׮ךַ׵갫ח嗚㹀׃ծ酡姻׾䖚ղח箢׭׷倯岀

8YOI]ृ,7(ᨳ 8YOI],7(ESZ=b<HEXE ॗ⠢ᙗ़ढ़तஹ।ॡ॓म

TEMV[MWIXXIWX=<FSRJIVVSRM

TEMV[MWIXXIWX=<LSPQ

⽃秪ח嗚㹀׾粸׶鵤ׅהוַֿד5ZQF*&SSPSָろת׸׷⽬ꤹ䚍넝ת׷

"TEMV[MWIXXIWX4PERX+VS[XL[IMKLX4PERX+VS[XLKVSYT

4EMV[MWIGSQTEVMWSRWYWMRKXXIWXW[MXLTSSPIH7(

HEXE4PERX+VS[XL[IMKLXERH4PERX+VS[XLKVSYT

GXVPXVX XVX XVX

4ZEPYIEHNYWXQIRXQIXLSHLSPQ

USUUSU꟦דך׫剣䠐ז䊴

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

೽ᵧ

GXVP XVX XVX

E F EF

USU USU

DUSM

3דⴓ侔ⴓ匿䖓ך㢳ꅾ嫰鯰)PMN岀

殯ז׷薉㶵꟦ד剣䠐ז䊴

湡涸9ךؕذ؞ٔ٦꟦דך:ך䊴ך嗚㹀

⾱椚ؕذ؞ٔ٦꟦ⴓ侔הؕذ؞ٔ٦ⰻⴓ侔铎䊴ח

ⴓⶴ׃ג׉ך嫰׾׫׷

ٌرٕ䒭׾䔲גכ׭׷

QSHIP PQ=ㄕ<

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿ַ׵9ך

⸬卓׾ⴻ倖

ERSZEQSHIP

剅ְג׫׷

TPSX=b<

䗳銲ז׵㢳ꅾ嫰鯰

8YOI],7(

TEMV[MWIXXIWX

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿תה׭

GXVP XVX XVX

KVSYT

[IMKLX

锷俑⚥דך邌植

U嗚㹀ך儗הずֻׄ♧菙涸חכ啎ؚٓؿؒٓ٦غ٦邌鎸 㢳ꅾ嫰鯰׃׋㜥さְֻאַ邌鎸岀֮׶䗳׆铡僇׾ְ׸׷

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

೽ᵧ

GXVP XVX XVX

E F EF

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

ᆨᱎම ೽ᵧ ೽ᵧ

ぐⳢ椚⼒חֶֽ׷嗂暟ך㹋꿀 䖓ךꅾꆀկ䎂㖱⿹ן垥彊铎䊴 ׾爙ׅկ殯ז׷薉㶵꟦כ剣䠐 ז䊴Q׾邌ׅկ

QQ ך圫חQ⦼ָוך玎䏝 ַ爙ׇ׷

㔐䌓

ה湱ꟼ

㔐䌓הⴓ侔ⴓ匿ך嫰鯰

铡僇㢌侧9ך㢌⻉鸬竲⦼ח䘔ׄג

䘔瘶㢌侧:ָוך״ֲח㢌⻉ׅ׷ַ 铡僇㢌侧9ך珏겲ؕذ؞ٔ٦ח״׏ג䘔瘶㢌侧:ָוך״ֲז⦼׾ה׷ַ

㔐䌓 ⴓ侔ⴓ匿

ᅱ⸫፳ृ

⫹⫻タK

ダ

೽ᵧ

GXVP XVX XVX

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

㔐䌓הⴓ侔ⴓ匿כ埆鯥铡僇㢌侧ך珏겲ָ殯ז׷׮ך

ㄎן倯כ锷俑ח״׏ג殯ז׷ָ㛇劤涸חכずׄ

9铡僇㢌侧٥杝甧㢌侧זו :䘔瘶㢌侧٥湡涸㢌侧٥䖞㾩㢌侧זו

㔐䌓ה湱ꟼ

=!< V!

:ך9ח㼎ׅ׷㔐䌓

:̒9

9ה9ך湱ꟼꟼ⤘

9̖9

㔓卓ꟼ⤘ָ䟝㹀ׁ׸׷㜥さ

:׾9ד✮庠٥铡僇ׅ׷㜥さ 㢌ꆀךꟼ⤘

ةضؗך❛鸐✲佦⟝侧̒ةضؗך欰䜁㺘䏝

؝ؘؔٗך⡤؟؎ؤ̒䱰꧊㖑ך箮䏝 䃊׀הךثّؐ珏侧̖䃊׀הךزٝن珏侧ةضؗך✲佦侧̖ؗخطך✲佦侧

㔐䌓⽃㔐䌓ⴓ匿

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

:Ĕ

Ĕ

9

⦐ղך錁庠挿ַ׵ך铎䊴ָ♧殢㼭ֻׁז׷ ״ֲח㔐䌓湫简ךⴖ晙Ĕה⫘ֹĔ׾䱿㹀

鋅׋ְ׮ך

:ה9ח姻PS頾ך湫简涸ꟼ⤘䚍ָ֮׷ַ

:ָ9ח״׏ג䕦갟׾「ֽגְ׷ַ

㔐䌓ך⵸䲿勴⟝

➭ך姻鋉ⴓ䋒⟎㹀ךⴓ匿ה㛇劤涸חずׄ

姻鋉䚍– _{瘝ⴓ侔䚍–} 瘝ⴓ侔䚍–

٥㔐䌓ַ׵ךל׵אֹ铎䊴כ姻鋉ⴓ䋒ח䖞ֲ姻鋉䚍 ٥㔐䌓ַ׵ךⴓ侔כ瘝׃ְ瘝ⴓ侔䚍

٥ぐ錁庠⦼כ杝甧杝甧䚍

姻鋉ⴓ䋒⟃㢩ך铎䊴ⴓ䋒׾⟎㹀ׅ׷♧菙⻉简䕎ٌرٕ HMN ⴓ⡘挿㔐䌓 SR JOMJCSBSZ RVBOUSFH

♧菙⻉⸇岀ٌرٕ HBN JOMJCSBSZ NHDWזוד㼎䘔דֹ׷㜥さ׮

΍ Ύ

Ώ

㔐䌓חֶֽ׷铎䊴

⦐ղך錁庠挿ַ׵ך

铎䊴΍:鯥倯ぢך

铎䊴

ָ♧殢㼭ֻׁז׷״ֲח

㔐䌓湫简

ךⴖ晙Ĕ

ה⫘ֹĔ

׾䱿㹀

Ⰻ錁庠⦼ך

ל׵אֹ 㔐䌓ד铡僇דֹ׷ל׵אֹ 铡僇דֹזְל׵אֹ铎䊴

ֿ׸׾剑㼭⻉ 剑㼭✳⛦岀

٥铎䊴װל׵אֹך䪔ְכⴓ侔ⴓ匿הず圫

44

44

44

㔐䌓ך⢽

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

脼넝湫䖇ח״׏ג勞琎כ✮庠〳腉ַ脼넝湫䖇ה勞琎ךꟼ⤘כ

QSHIP PQ=b<চ৏঒

WYQQEV]QSHIP

3؝٦س

ഔᙆഔ᝽ऽฮᣁৎ<ड⨥∟ၜᙋ़गॠᰏडḦिॠ

HMEQIXIVZSPYQI

"HEXE VIEHGWZHEXEGWZ8 "QSHIP PQZSPYQIbHMEQIXIVHEXE "WYQQEV]QSHIP

'EPP

PQJSVQYPE!ZSPYQIbHMEQIXIVHEXE!HEXE

6IWMHYEPW

1MR51IHMER51E\

'SIJJMGMIRXW

)WXMQEXI7XH)VVSVXZEPYI4V"`X` -RXIVGITXI HMEQIXIV I

7MKRMJGSHIW׊׋׊׋׊׋׊׋׊׋

6IWMHYEPWXERHEVHIVVSVSRHIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQ 1YPXMTPI6WUYEVIH%HNYWXIH6WUYEVIH *WXEXMWXMGSRERH(*TZEPYI I

3ד㔐䌓

# lm(䘔瘶㢌侧~铡僇㢌侧 ד邌ׅ

# summaryד穠卓邌爙

# 䱿㹀׃׋ٌرٕ䒭

# 婍䊴ך䞔㜠

# ⤘侧邌

# ֿ׸ָ䱿㹀穠卓

'SIJJMGMIRXW

)WXMQEXI7XH)VVSVXZEPYI4V"`X`

-RXIVGITXI

HMEQIXIV I

䱿㹀⦼ 䱿㹀⦼ך垥彊铎䊴 U⦼ 1⦼U⦼ח㛇בֻ

1ך鎸〾 1ך鎸〾

䌓搀⟎铡׉׸׊׸⤘侧ך⦼כד֮׷1 1

ךꟼ⤘ָ䱿㹀ׁ׸׋ കᲦ˼

ౚढ˼

᝗⁥

ピヂš⎑⹨ἀ፬

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

㔐䌓ךⴖ晙װ⫘ֹ㔐䌓⤘侧ך䱿㹀⦼׾爙׃׋׮ך

⤘侧邌

6IWMHYEPWXERHEVHIVVSVSRHIKVIIWSJJVIIHSQ

1YPXMTPI6WUYEVIH%HNYWXIH6WUYEVIH

*WXEXMWXMGSRERH(*TZEPYI I

㔐䌓דו׸ֻ׵ְךל׵אָֹ铡僇דֹ׋ַ։ך⦼

V

_ピ

寸㹀⤘侧

S

Ⰻ錁庠⦼ך

ל׵אֹ 㔐䌓ד铡僇דֹ׷ל׵אֹ 铡僇דֹזְל׵אֹ铎䊴

44

44

44

44

S

44

㔐䌓חֶֽ׷ⴓ侔ⴓ匿邌

㔐䌓ד׮ⴓ侔ⴓ匿הず圫חⴓ侔ⴓ匿邌׾⡲׷ֿהָדֹ׷

䎂倯ㄤ

44

荈歋䏝

EG

㔐䌓

婍䊴

44

₃

44

_&

O

.4

₃

.4

_&

'

.4

₃

.4

_&

䎂㖱䎂倯.4

44EG

!776

!77)R

"QSHIP PQZSPYQIbHMEQIXIVHEXE "ERSZEQSHIP

%REP]WMWSJ:EVMERGI8EFPI

6IWTSRWIZSPYQI

(J7YQ7U1IER7U*ZEPYI4V"* HMEQIXIV I 6IWMHYEPW

3דך⳿⸂倯岀׮鸐䌢ךⴓ侔ⴓ匿הず圫 ⴓ侔ⴓ匿邌ַ׵剣䠐ַוֲַכ׻ַ׷ָծ ꟼ⤘ך姻頾٥䓼ׁכ铣׫《׸זְ

㔐䌓תה׭

湡涸:ך9ח㼎ׅ׷湫简涸זꟼ⤘ך䱿㹀

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿ח״׷嗚㹀

⾱椚铎䊴ָ剑׮㼭ֻׁז׷湫简׾䔲גכ׭׷䱿㹀

ٌرٕ䒭׾䔲גכ׭׷

QSHIP PQ=b<

⤘侧邌ד㔐䌓湫简ך

䱿㹀穠卓٥S_׾鋅׷

WYQQEV]QSHIP

侔䋒㔳׾剅ְג׫׷

TPSX=b<

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿ח״׷

嗚㹀穠卓׾鋅׷

ERSZEQSHIP

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿

㔐䌓

铡僇㢌侧

ٌرٕ圓鸡

♧菙简䕎ٌرٕ

ⴓ侔ⴓ匿׮㔐䌓׮Ⱏ鸐ך単穈׫

3♳דך䪔ְ׮ MN :_9 ד铡僇㢌侧ךة؎فָ殯ז׷׌ֽ

ך䕎ד鎸鶢דֹ׷ٌرٕ

̕

♧菙简䕎ٌرٕ(FOFSBM-JOFBS.PEFM

湱ꟼⴓ匿

♧倯ָ㟓ִ׸ל׮ֲ♧倯ָ㟓ִ׷幾׷ַהְ׏׋

ꟼ⤘䚍ך䓼ׁ׾ⴓ匿

䓼ְ姻ך湱ꟼ

S 䓲ְ姻ך湱ꟼS

˟⫘ֹך錬䏝כꟼ⤘זְ

3؝٦س

GSV<<

GSVXIWX<<

٥1FBSTPOך琎桦湱ꟼ⤘侧

S

٥4QFBSNBOך갫⡘湱ꟼ⤘侧

ģ

٥,FOEBMMך갫⡘湱ꟼ⤘侧 ĥ

鸐䌢湱ꟼ⤘侧הְ׏׋㜥さֿ׸ 갫⡘׾׮הח׃׋׮ךկظٝػًٓ زٔحؙז䭷垥ד֮׶湫简涸ַוֲַ װⴓ䋒ך䕎׾㉏겗ח׃זְ

4IEVWSRVタচনॼাছダGSV<<

7TIEVQERVLSGSV<<QIXLSH!WTIEVQER

/IRHEPPXEYGSV<<QIXLSH!OIRHEPP QIXLSH!W़ॗၮ૨ၱQIXLSH!O़ॗၮ૨ၱ DPS EBUBך䕎׌ה㢌侧筨䔲׶ד鎘皾

锷俑⚥דך邌植

⎑⹨ἀ፬タQダ

᝗⁥タQ

ダ

湱ꟼꟼ⤘׾爙ׅ׌ֽד֮׸ל侔䋒㔳

㔐䌓ד剣䠐זꟼ⤘ָ֮׸ל侔䋒㔳㔐䌓湫简

QSHIP PQ=b<

TPSX=b<

EFPMRIQSHIP

㔐䌓ⴓ匿 侔䋒㔳

㔐䌓湫简ך鷄⸇

脼넝湫䖇ֶ״ן勞琎ךꟼ⤘կ湫简כ㔐䌓湫简׾邌ׅկ ٥劤俑⚥邌植湱ꟼ

脼넝湫䖇ה勞琎חכ姻ך湱ꟼָ鋅׵׸׋SQկ

٥劤俑⚥邌植㔐䌓

脼넝湫䖇ה勞琎חכ姻ךꟼ⤘ָ鋅׵׸׋勞琎–脼넝 湫䖇S_'

Qկ