8-9 February 2014
Main Conference Room, 4th floor of Memorial Hall of
50th anniversary of Foundation, Kyusyu University,
Hakozaki, Fukuoka
The 5th Joint Symposium
between Kyusyu University and University of Tokyo
GCOE Asian Conservation Ecology
ぜウ
減少している
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－ウ
告げる水辺環境
危機
ロ
ル
COE
ロ
ラ
自然共生社会を拓く
保全生態学公開
ン
ウ
2014
年
2
月
9
日
12:45
～
17:00
九州大学箱崎
ン
中央図書館新館
4
階視聴覚
ル
生態系
ビ
と景観構造
九州大学
保全生態学
GCOE
国際
ン
ウ
2014
年
2
月
10
日
10:00
～
15:00
地下鉄箱崎九大前
JR箱崎駅
会場入り口
正門 松原門
小松門
日時：
2014
年
2
月
8
日
土
〜
9
日
日
会場：九州大学
箱崎
ン
創立
50
周年記念講堂
4F
大会議室
ン
ウ
事業推進担当者
タッ
合同会議
2F
ルテ
ラ
懇親会＆
タ
会場
2
月
8
日
(
土
ン
ト
学生
る研究発表
懇親会
タ
発表同時開催
2
月
9
日
(
日
)
ト報告
ン
ル
三方湖
屋久島
ン
JR箱崎駅
博多駅直結 地下鉄箱崎九大前
2番出口
中洲川端乗換
ンポ ウム会場
創立50周年記念講堂
4階大会議室
九大東大
GCOE
自然共生社会を拓くア
ア保全生態学
第
5
回九大東大
GCOE
合同
ンポ
ウム
松原門
Schedule
Saturday 8 February 2014
Place
Main Conference Room, 4th floor of Memorial Hall of 50th anniversary of Foundation
Opening Talks
13:00 - 13:15 Tetsukazu Yahara
Oral Presentations
13:15 - 13:30 Fuyu Wu (Kyushu University) “The specialized bracts of Taraxacum : an evidence of the evolutionary arm race between plant and florivory”
13:30 - 13:45 Kazumasa Shirai (Kyushu University) “Evolutionary rates in the Cichlid Fishes of the Three Great Lakes in East Africa”
13:45 - 14:00 Tatsuya Mishima (Kyushu University) “Are the larvae of stag beetles xylophagous and /or fungivorous?”
14:00 - 14:15 Yohei Osada (Kyushu University) “A taxonomic study of fungivorous subfamily Scardiinae (Lepidoptera, Tineidae) in Japan”
14:15 - 14:30 Satoshi Yoshizawa (Kyushu University) “Comparative study of the male terminalia of the genus Lispe Latreille (Diptera: Muscidae)”
14:30 - 14:45 Coffee Break
14:45 - 15:00 Wanggyu Kim (Kyushu University) “Comparative faunistic study of gall-inducing cecidomyiids between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago”
15:00 - 15:15 Meng Zhang (Kyushu University) “Altitude gradients of tree species diversity in the tropical forest of mountain Bokor, Cambodia.”
15:15 - 15:30 Mitsuhito Aizu (Kyushu University) “Genetic diversity and population structure of finless porpoise in Japanese waters”
15:30 - 15:45 Seiji Usui (The University of Tokyo) “Do reed stands decrease
15:45 - 16:00 Akira Terui (The University of Tokyo) “Spatial analysis for
understanding riverine metapopulation dynamics of the freshwater pearl mussel mediated by biotic and abiotic vectors”
16:00 - 16:15 Ayumi Fujiwara (The University of Tokyo) “Analysis of pollen load foraged by Japanese honeybee colony from a SATOYAMA landscape toward evaluation of ecosystem services”
16:15 - 16:30 Coffee Break
16:30 - 16:45 Chen-Wei Chiu(Kyushu University) “The preliminary study of stand transpiration estimates of a natural broadleaved forest in Fukuoka, western Japan”
16:45 - 17:00 Katori Miyasaka (The University of Tokyo) “Soil water environment for plant and effects of livestock grazing on it in Mongolian rangeland”
17:00 - 17:15 Kaoru Kakinuma (The University of Tokyo) “Effect of livestock enclosure on vegetation and soil at post-threshold state in Mongolian rangelands”
17:15 - 17:30 Kenichi Shinozuka (Kyushu University) “The compound effects of long range air pollution and forested areas on the river water quality in the suburbs of Fukuoka City”
Banquet 18:00 - 20:00
Place: Faculty Club,2nd floor of Kyushu University Memorial Auditorium
Poster Presentations
Yuri Yoshimura(Kyushu University) “Odor of adult Winkled frog Rana rugosa has an effect on predation behavior of Japanese striped snake”
Yoshitoshi Uehara (Kyushu University) “Effects of atmospheric deposition on the alpine ecosystem of Mt. Tateyama”
Hyongju Cho (Kyushu University) “Tandem duplication of mitochondrial DNA in the black-faced spoonbill and some related species of the genus platalea”
Kouki Uchinomiya (Kyushu University) “Optimal resource allocation in the plant-fungi symbiosis for an exponentially growing system”
Hironobu Kanemitsu (Kyushu University) “Experimental and phylogeny-based
Hirohiko Takeshima (The University of Tokyo) “An approach to population mitochondrial genomics of ayu fish using next generation sequencing”
Jun Ishii (The University of Tokyo) “Estimation of abundance of the invasive alien plant
Solidago altissima in moist tall grassland using hyperspectral imagery”
Kenzo Kaifu (The University of Tokyo) “Challenges for understanding underwater sound detection mechanism in cephalopods using Laser Doppler vibrometer techniques”
Core Site Report (Poster Presentations)
Dai Suzuki and Misako Kuroe(Kyushu University) “Core site report from Ito Campus,Seasonal movements of the Japanese pond turtle and mammals”
Sunday 9 February 2014
Core Site Report (Oral Presentations)
9:00 - 9:20 Toshiya Okuro (The University of Tokyo) “Restoration of degraded rangeland in the Northeast Asia: Core site report from Mongolia”
9:20 - 9:40 Takehito Yoshida and Kenzo Kaifu (The University of Tokyo) “Core site report from Mikata Five Lakes: conservation researches and activities”
9:40 - 10:00 Yuichi Kano (Kyushu University) “Memories and summary of the field trips of GCOE freshwater fish group”
10:00 - 10:10 Coffee Break
10:10 - 10:30 Tetsukazu Yahara (Kyushu University) “Activities in Yakushima Core Site”
10:30 - 10:50 Tsuyoshi Kajisa (Kyushu University) “GCOE activities in Cambodia”
Closing Talks
10:50 - 11:10 Tetsukazu Yahara
Stuff Meeting
8 Feb. 13:15 - 13:30
The
specialized
bracts
of
Taraxacum
:
an
evidence
of
the
evolutionary
arm
race
between
plant
and
florivory
Fuyu Wu Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University
Abstract
The florivory could disrupt reproductive success of plant by feeding flower but plant also have
some defense mechanisms against florivory. )n Kyushu, the alien slugs
Lehmannia
valentiana
that
originated from the )berian Peninsula preferred feeding on the capitula of the native dandelion
8 Feb. 13:30 - 13:45
Evolutionary rates in the Cichlid Fishes of the Three Great Lakes in East Africa
東アフリカ三大湖産シクリッドにおける分子進化速度についての研究
Kazumasa Shirai (The Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University)/
白井一正 九州大学大学院システム生命科学府
When population size becomes small, genetic drift may fix slightly deleterious
mutations and an increase of nonsynonymous substitution is expected. It has been
suggested that past aridity seriously affected and decreased population sizes of cichlid
fishes in Lake Victoria and East African rivers while geographical studies have shown
that Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi have kept the constant water levels. The stable
environments in the latter two lakes might have kept the population size of cichlid
fishes living there large enough to remove slightly deleterious mutations. The difference
in the stability of population size of cichlid fishes between the Lake Victoria / rivers and
those in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi is expected to have caused differences in the
nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio,
(=
d
N/
d
S), of the evolutionary rate.
We estimated
and compared it in the cichlids of the three lakes and a river at five
nuclear and 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes using maximum likelihood methods.
We found the lineages leading to cichlids in Lake Victoria and the river had
significantly higher
at several mitochondrial loci.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
mtDNA
Other LakeVictoria River
8 Feb. 13:45 - 14:00
Are the larvae of stag beetles xylophagous and /or fungivorous?
クワガタムシの幼虫
材食か、それとも菌食か、また
その両方？
Tatsuya Mishima (Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University)
三島達也 九州大学大学院比較社会文化学府
Stag beetles belong to the family Lucanidae, which consists of about 1,400 species, is widely distributed in the world. Lucanid larvae generally feed on rotten wood. However, it was unknown what components they mainly utilize in rotten wood (wood and/or wood-rotting fungi). Concerning on this, the previous studies on Lucanidae have mostly focused on their systematics and ecology, and until now, few studies on nutritional physiology dealing with larval enzymatic activities of polysaccharide digestion have conducted.Thus, as a first step to clarify the
nutritional physiology of lucanid larvae, I conducted to measurement of enzymatic activities of polysaccharide digestion using final (third) instar larvae of Dorcus rectus that I collected in the field (Fig. 1). Dorcus
rectus is suitable for material to distribute
widely in Japan. In order to analyze on larval enzymatic activities of polysaccharide digestion, cellulose and xylan (major compositions of plant cell wall) and
-1,3-glucan (major compositions of fungal cell wall) are given as substrates. In addition to these, for comparison of glycosidase activities, the substrates such as
PNP--D-glucoside and --D-xyloside are
also used. As a result of analyzing on enzymatic activities of polysaccharide digestion, it was revealed that larval -1,3-glucanase activity was detected and higher than any other enzymatic activity for polysaccharide (Fig. 2). No cellulase activity was also mostly detected. In larval glycosidase activity,
-glucosidase activity was much higher than -xylosidase activity (Fig. 2). Generally, -glucosidase is induced by hydrolysed products of polysaccharide such as cellulose and/or -1,3-glucan, and judging from the present result that larval -1,3-glucanase activity is much higher than cellulase activity, it is highly possible that -glucosidase is induced by hydrolysed products through -1,3-glucanase. These results suggest that the larvae of D. rectus are mainly fungivorous, though they can digest wood (xylan).
a b
Fig. 1. Species of Dorcus rectus used the experiment (a)Adult, (b)Larva
Fig. 2. Enzymatic activities for each substrates (mUnit/g)
(a)for each of polysaccharide, (b)for each of glycoside a b
8 Feb. 14:00 - 14:15
A taxonomic study of fungivorous subfamily Scardiinae (Lepidoptera, Tineidae) in
Japan
日本産菌食性オオヒロズコガ亜科
チョウ目ヒロズコガ科
の分類学的研究
OSADA Yohei (Entomol. Lab., Kyushu Univ.)/ 長田庸平 九州大学昆虫学教室
The subfamily Scardiinae of the family Tineidae (Lepidoptera) are known as a fungus moth, which is considered to play an essential role as a decomposer in ecological system (Davis & Robinson, 1998). The subfamily includes several pests of the food fungus. In Japan, 4 genera and 9 species are recorded (Robinson, 1986; Osada et al., 2013a; Osada et al., 2013b). However, taxonomic study of the subfamily is insufficient and there are many undescribed species, which is an obstacle to control pests. In this study, I investigated taxonomy of the Scardiinae to clarify the species diversity and to provide basic data for controlling pests. The male and female genitalia of the specimens from about sixty localities (from Hokkaido to Yaeyama Island) in Japan are examined. In addition, molecular divergence among Japanese species of the genus Morophagoides are compared based on DNA barcode sequence (655 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI)). As a result, it is revealed that the genus
Morophagoides consists of 8 species, including M. moriutii, M. ussuriensis and an additional 6 new
species. The 5 of 8 species are known as pests of shiitake mushroom in Japan. Although the
Morophagoides species are very similar each other, the 5 pest species can be identified by appearance and
DNA barcoding. Moreover, 2 undiscribed
Scardia species from
Fomes fomentarius
(Japanesese name: Tsuriganetake) and 2 undescribed Morophaga species from wild fungus (unidentified) were found and Montescardia
kurenzovi were newly
recorded from Hokkaido, Japan.
Species name Host fungus
Scardia amurensis Zagulajev, 1965 Fomes fomentarius, Laricifomes officinalis Scardia sp. 1 Laricifomes officinalis
Scardia sp. 2 Laricifomes officinalis Amorophaga japonica Robinson, 1986 Cryptoporus volvatus
Morophaga bucephala (Snellen, 1884) Trametes versicolor, Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified) Morophaga parabucephala Ponomarenko & Park, 1996 Unknown
Morophaga fasciculata Robinson, 1986 Lenzites vespaceus Morophaga formosana Robinson, 1986 Ganoderma lucidum Morophaga iriomotensis Robinson, 1986 Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified)
Morophaga sp. 1 Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified)
Morophaga sp. 2 Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified)
Morophagoides moriutii Robinson, 1986 Lentinula edodes Morophagoides ussuriensis (Caradja, 1920) Lentinula edodes Morophagoides sp. 1 Lentinula edodes Morophagoides sp. 2 Lentinula edodes Morophagoides sp. 3 Lentinula edodes
Morophagoides sp. 4 Lentinula edodes, Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified) Morophagoides sp. 5 Polyporaceae fungus (unidentified)
Morophagoides sp. 6 Unknown
8 Feb. 14:15 - 14:30
Comparative study of the male terminalia of the genus Lispe Latreille (Diptera:
Muscidae)
カトリバエ属
双翅目：イエバエ科
の雄交尾器の比較研究
Satoshi Yoshizawa (Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University) / 吉澤 聡史 九大院・比文
The genus Lispe Latreille belongs to the tribe Limnophorini of the subfamily Coenosiinae and comprises approximately 150 species worldwide. The adults are often found around a river, lake, pond and seashore. They are predacious and feed on a variety of small insects such as mosquitoes and midges. The taxonomic study of the genus has been conducted based on the chaetotaxy and leg morphology. Accordingly, the character state of the male terminalia are little examined and poorly understood.
In this study, I investigated the taxonomic utility of the male terminalia in this genus and there were the differences among the species in the male terminalia. In particular, the phallus and cerci of the species collected from freshwater have a wide range of shapes. The pregonites and postgonites vary in the length. On the other hand, the male terminalia resemble each other in the species found in seashore. The cerci are more or less heart-shaped in dorsal view. The basiphallus have a pair of projects laterally and the
postgonites are bifid in basal parts.
In this presentation, I discuss the diversity, homology and phylogenetic utility of male terminalia of
8 Feb. 14:45 - 15:00
Comparative faunistic study of gall-inducing cecidomyiids between the Korean
Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago
朝鮮半島と日本列島におけるゴール形成性タマバエ相の比較研究
Wanggyu Kim (Faculty of agriculture, Entomological laboratory) / ゥム ワンウュウ 生物資源環境科 学府 昆虫学教室
The Korean Peninsula has frequently connected the Japanese Archipelago to the Eurasian Continent during the era
from the Permian Period to the Quaternary Period. As to the gall-inducing cecidomyiids, 40 named species belonging
to 20 genera have been recorded from the Korean Peninsula. These figures are much fewer than 95 named species
belonging to 46 genera recorded from the Japanese Archipelago. Therefore, more intensive field survey is needed in
the Korean Peninsula to compare gall-inducing cecidomyiid fauna between the two areas and to discuss the
derivation of cecidomyiid fauna of the Japanese Archipelago. We surveyed cecidomyiid galls in 2011-2013 in various
localities in South Korea and found at least 11 sorts of gall that are new to the peninsula. As representatives of
Japanese cecidomyiid species, we selected those distributed in the island of Kyushu, because it is most closely
located to the Korean Peninsula. For comparison, we listed up the named species and unnamed segregates that were
identified based on their gall shape and host plant information. Then, we compared similarity and dissimilarity of
cecidomyiid fauna between the two areas and referred to species richness in relation to flora of both areas. We also
8 Feb. 15:00 - 15:15
Altitude gradients of tree species diversity in the
tropical forest of mountain Bokor, Cambodia.
Meng Zhang, Shuichiro Tagane, Tetsukazu Yahara
Ecological laboratory, Kyushu University
We studied tree species richness along the altitude gradient in the tropical
forest of mountain Bokor, and test some main hypothesis of diversity
including environmental hypothesis (including temperature and
precipitation etc.) and neutral hypothesis (including area hypothesis,
mid-domain hypothesis and Hubbell’s neutral model). Totally 20 elevation
transects (300m-1000 m) were selected on the mountain Bokor (10°
36.678', 104° 6.214'), Cambodia. We record all of tree species above 4
meters within transect lines of 100 x 20 m. For data analysis, we compute
some variety of biodiversity statistics, including rarefaction and
extrapolation, estimators of species richness and diversity indices and test
some main hypothesis. The results show that tree species richness is not
significantly difference between altitudes in mountain Bokor. This pattern
is mostly explained by the area hypothesis, because the area along the
altitudinal gradient also doesn’t change significantly.
8 Feb. 15:15 - 15:30
Genetic diversity and population structure of finless porpoise in Japanese waters
日本に生息するスナメリの遺伝的多様性と集団構造
Mitsuhito Aizu (Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University) / 會津光博 九州大学大学院比較社会文化学府生物体系学教室
Finless porpoise, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri, is a small cetacean species distributed in the coastal waters from the Taiwanese Strait to Japan. This species is listed in IUCN red list of threatened species as category vulnerable and appendixⅠof Conservation on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). Previous studies based on ecological and morphological data have suggested that there are at least five local subpopulations in Japanese waters:the Sendai Bay-Tokyo Bay, the Ise-Mikawa Bays, the Inland Sea-Genkai Nada, the Omura Bay and the Ariake Sound-Tachibana Bay populations. On the other hand, hitherto known molecular data from short (345bp) mtDNA control region sequence was not able to distinguish any of these subpopulations. To clarify the fine-scale population genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity of the finless porpoise in Japanese coastal waters, I analysed 10 microsatellite (MS-DNA) loci and mtDNA control region sequence (847bp) for 120 individuals from five possible local populations. Analyses of MS-DNA and mtDNA revealed a significant population genetic structure that corresponded to their localities. These results were compatible with previous studies based on ecological and morphological data, therefore, I concluded that there werefive genetically isolated local populations in Japanese waters. Each subpopulation showed the low genetic diversities (HO = 0.45-0.55) in MS-DNA. Considering from significant population genetic structure in
both MS-DNA and mtDNA and the low genetic diversity of each subpopulation, five local populations should be treated as different management units in the design and implications of conservation programs. In addition, levels of genetic differentiation among the local populations based on mtDNA data (FST)
were higher than those based on MS-DNA data (RST) and the test of isolation by distance was significant
only in MS-DNA, suggesting the existence of male-mediated gene flow within Japanese populations.
K K
8 Feb. 15:30 - 15:45
Do reed stands decrease predation risk for juvenile fishes? : a comparison of reed
edge and open water by tethering experiments
ヨ シ 帯
稚 魚 の 避 難 場 所 に
っ て い る の か ？
:
ヨ シ の 際 と 開 放 水 域
の 糸 繋 ぎ
捕食圧実験
USUI Seiji (Laboratory of Aquatic Conservation, Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo) / 碓井星二 東京大学大学院農学生命科学 研究科生圏システム学専攻水域保全学研究室
The common reed Phragmites australis is an emergent plant, which is widely distributed in temperate and tropical lakes and rivers and sometimes forms dense colonies (hereafter referred to as reed areas). Reed areas support large numbers of fish species and individuals, especially juveniles, compared with nearby open-water mudflats, therefore suggesting that reed areas provide nursery habitats for juveniles of many species. Hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the high abundance of juvenile fishes in reed areas are based mainly on shelter from predation and abundant food provided by reed stands. Although the shelter value for juvenile fishes has been usually inferred indirectly from the physically complex structure of reed areas which may reduce predation risks, direct evidence has not been demonstrated in detail. Accordingly, the aims of this study were to determine whether or not predation mortality on juveniles of three fish species, the mid-water resident minnow Pseudorasbora parva, mid-water swimming smelt Hypomesus nipponensis and benthic resident goby Tridentiger brevispinis, differed between a reed area (offshore edge portion) and an open unvegetated area (10 m from the reed stand area) in Lake Kitaura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, by daytime and nighttime tethering experiments, and whether or not the predation mortality pattern differed among the prey species.
8 Feb. 15:45 - 16:00
Spatial analysis for understanding riverine metapopulation dynamics of the
freshwater pearl mussel mediated by biotic and abiotic vectors
河川におけるカワシンジュガイのメタ個体群
Akira Terui (The University of Tokyo) / 照井慧 東京大学
The unidirectional nature of river currents imposes directionally biased dispersal
(“asymmetric dispersal”) of many riverine organisms, substantially influencing its
metapopulation dynamics. A metapopulation of the freshwater pearl mussel,
Margaritifera laevis, may be particularly influenced by the river currents because
mussels become primarily passive dispersers as juveniles following a parasitic life stage,
the limited period during which larvae (glochidia) can move upstream and tributaries
with the aid of host fish. We analyzed a spatial pattern of subpopulations of the
freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera laevis, in the Shubuto River system, Hokkaido,
Japan, to infer its metapopulation dynamics. Based on spatially continuous surveys for
reproductive subpopulations and quantitative data of subpopulation sizes at 57 sites, a
generalized linear mixed effect model revealed that the subpopulation size depends on
upstream distribution range of potential immigrants and the number of upstream
tributaries, which are proxy variables for the amount of potential immigrants moving
down the river, even after accounting for effects of stream size and local environments.
Potential immigrants may include invisible tiny juveniles, which may include
individuals reproduced or dislodged from upstream subpopulations. It is suggested that
8 Feb. 16:00 - 16:15
Analysis of pollen load foraged by Japanese honeybee colony from a SATOYAMA landscape toward evaluation of ecosystem services
生態系サービスの評価に向けたさとやまにおけるニホンミツバチコロニーの花粉荷の分析
Ayumi Fujiwara (The University of Tokyo) / 藤原 愛弓(東京大学)
Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) is expected to contribute to a number of ecosystem services including pollination of wild and crop plants and honey production in typical Japanese cultural landscape, SATOYAMA, which is a habitat mosaic with deciduous forests as a major component. In order to obtain basic information for evaluating the ecosystem services mediated by Japanese honeybees, plant species foraged by bees were studied in a SATOYAMA area by using two different techniques: a periodical route-census survey of flower visitation and analysis of pollen load collected at the entrances of breeding colony nests using a special type of pollen traps.
In spring season, which is the major flowering season of trees of SAOYAMA forests, more than a double number of plant species foraged were identified by the pollen load analysis than by the flower visitation census, which missed species flowering above high canopies such as trees and vines (Table). Difference of foraged flora between two methods was much smaller in summer or autumn seasons, when pollen load of crop or herbaceous flowers was dominantly foraged.
Based on such colony-based pollen load analysis data, we can quantitatively identify plant species, landscape components and spatial ranges individual bee colony forage and thus potentially pollinate. This may contribute to the spatial ecological evaluation of ecosystem services Japanese honeybee can provide.
Plant species Pollen load
analysis
Route- census
Tree and vine species 33 11
Herbaceous species 19 13
Table. Number of plant species detected by two different techniques (Sum of all seasons).
8 Feb. 16:30 - 16:45
The preliminary study of stand transpiration estimates of a natural broadleaved
forest in Fukuoka, western Japan
Chen-Wei Chiu (Kyushu Univ.)
The amount of water used by trees has been widely researched and several studies have mentioned that forest types can affect the hydrological cycle of watersheds when precipitation is higher than
evapotranspiration. Although considerable researchers have examined stand transpiration in conifer forests in Japan, only a few studies have conducted sap flux measurement in natural broadleaved forest to estimate stand transpiration. In a natural broadleaved forest, estimating stand transpiration could be difficult due to species-specific water use variations. To establish the method to estimate stand transpiration accurately based on sap flux measurement, we evaluate stand transpiration of a temperate mixed broadleaved forest in Kasuya Research Forest in Fukuoka.
This study site was made in the Yamanokami Site in Kasuya Research Forest of the Kyushu University
(33°38’N, 130°31’E, 50 m a.s.l.). We conducted the sap flux measurement in a 20 m x 15 m plot located
on the north-face slope of a small hill in a natural broadleaved forest. Granier-type heat dissipation sensors were installed on 49 stems of total 12 species in the plot. The mean DBH was 15.2 cm (range: 5-70 cm) and mean tree height was 10.2 m (range: 2.5-22.4 m). The measured period was between June and August, 2013.
The results showed that the sap flux density (Fd) of diffuse-porous species had positive relation with
DBH while Fd of ring-porous species did not depend on DBH (Figure 1). This implies that, in
diffuse-porous species, the species-specific variation was not the major factor in stand transpiration estimates. The stand
transpiration in the broadleaved forest was significantly larger than the one in the nearby conifer forest even before the thinning. This was possibly because the Fd
of the broadleaved species was larger than the one of the conifer species. Note that, this study did not consider the radial variations of sap flux inside the stem. The difference of estimated stand transpiration between the broadleaved forest and conifer forest might be larger if including radial variations in the estimation.
Figure 1. The relation between mean daytime Fd and
Fig. 1 Left) a picture of the steppe rangeland.
Right) a picture of the sand dune.
Fig. 2 Left) the water balance at steppe rangeland.
Right) the water balance at sand dune. Rain(362 mm)
Sand
dune
Evapotranspiration (27～83%)
155 cm 12 cm
Evapotranspiration (94%)
Steppe
Rain(362 mm)30 cm
60 cm 1～3%
Use of 93% water
4～6%
Percolation 17～73%
Use of 27-83 % water
8 Feb. 16:45 - 17:00
Soil water environment for plant and effects of livestock grazing on it in
Mongolian rangeland
モンゴル草原における土壌水分環境と放牧が与える影響
Katori Miyasaka (Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo)
Grasslands in the semiarid areas of Mongolia extend over large areas. However, grassland vegetation has decreased recently due to overgrazinig by an increasing number of livestock. The purpose of this research is to consider the effects of livestock grazing on water balance in Mongolian rangeland.
The study area is located in the Hustai National Park, Mongolia. This park is located 100 km west of Ulaanbaatar and established in 1993. The field research focused on the
relationship between vegetation degradation and soil degradation.
We selected two sites under different soil types: one was a typical steppe rangeland and the other was a
sand dune (Fig. 1). We measured water content profiles from surface to depths about 100-150 cm
in soil, infiltration capacity of soil. We observed soil temperature
(depths of 1, 4, 9,16,25,50, 100 cm), water content at depths of 0-12 cm, 0-30 cm, and about 30-50 cm, and the mass of precipitation at each site.
The annual water balances at each site which was calculated from measured data were showed at Fig. 2. On the sand dune which has low water retention, infiltration of precipitation runs more quickly downward than steppe
8 Feb. 17:00 - 17:15
Effect of livestock enclosure on vegetation and soil at post-threshold state in
Mongolian rangelands
モンゴルにおける放牧圧によって閾値的変化を起こした草原の植生と土壌に対
する禁牧柵の効果
Kaoru Kakinuma, Takehiro Sasaki, Asuka Koyama, Daisuke Kubo, Toshiya Okuro (The University of Tokyo) and Undarmaa Jamsran (Mongolian State University of Agriculture) / 柿沼薫、佐々木雄大、小 山明日香、久保大輔、大黒俊哉 東京大学 、ウンダルマ・ジホムスラン 国立モンゴル農業大 学
Restoration of degraded rangeland is one of the most important issues in semi-arid and arid regions. Ecological thresholds are used to describe the non-linear and persistent reorganization of ecosystem properties (i.e., states) in response to gradual or discrete changes in environmental patterns and drivers Crossing thresholds leads to the loss or recovery of ecosystem functions and biodiversity, and the losses are generally viewed as irreversible without intensive management inputs. Therefore, the existence of potentially irreversible shifts in real ecosystems must be recognized because it has important implications for providing restoration management guidelines. In Mongolia vegetation state are changed from
perennial grasses dominant to annual/ perennial forb dominant along grazing gradient. And previous study showed that these changes include the ecological thresholds. To discuss whether these changes are potentially irreversible or not, we examined the effect of grazing exclusion on vegetation and soil condition along a grazing gradient.
We removed livestock grazing impacts by establishing enclosures along a grazing gradient (include post- and pre- threshold state) at two study sites located in Mandalgobi and Bulgan, Mongolia. To investigate the effect of enclosure on vegetation along grazing gradient, we estimated the present plant species and their coverage at inside and outside each enclosure at each site between 2005 to 2013. And we also collected soil at inside and outside each enclosure in 2013. We analyzed their chemical properties (pH, EC, nitrate, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium,calcium).
8 Feb. 17:15 - 17:30
The compound effects of long range air pollution and forested areas on the river
water quality in the suburbs of Fukuoka City
広域大気汚染が九州北部の森林渓流水におよぼす影響の評価
Kenichi Shinozuka (Laboratory of Ecohydrology) / 篠塚賢一 流域環境制御学分野
In recent years, with the increase of industrial development in East Asia, the load of atmospheric N deposition to Japan is increasing. Japan receives the long-range transported N deposition from the Asia continent, where the NOx emissions have increased 2.8 times during 1980-2003 (Ohara and others 2007). The Tatara basin of Fukuoka Prefecture is located in urban areas facing the mainland China, and the nitrogen concentration of river water is increasing in spite of the decrease in the local nitrogen sources; e.g. significant decrease in the livestock and agricultural land and the expansion of sewer system (Chiwa et al., 2012). The amount of atmospheric deposition is 15.1kg year-1, but the outflow from the stream water is 11.2kg year-1; therefore, it was estimated that over 70 % of nitrogen deposition on the forests around the Tatara-basin flowed out (Chiwa et al., 2010). It was also suggested that the artificial forests around the Tatara basin tend to be aged and the requirement of nitrogen for tree growth decreased. Therefore, it is considered that such aged forest areas became nitrogen sources rather than sink. The purpose of this study is to determine the source of nitrogen flowing out from the upstream forest areas by use of nitrogen isotope analysis. Synoptic sampling was conducted from August 2012 to April 2013 and these samples were analyzed by an ion chromatograph and a math spectrograph.
In general, the NO3 concentration of stream water in the basin was lower in summer and higher in
winter; the NO3 concentration was about 0.8mg/L (0.2-1.6mg/L) through the year. Aber et al. (1989)
classified three stages of nitrogen saturation of catchments and our study areas corresponded to the stage 2 (0.5-1.0mg/L).
The isotope ratios of the stream water in summer during rainy period were d15N: 0.6‰ and d18O: 5.3‰, respectively. On the other hand, the ratios
of precipitation during the same period were d15N: -0.1‰ and d18O: 66.0‰. During the period when precipitation was observed, NO3 concentration tended to
increase, but d15N tended to decrease.It was estimated that the runoff of nitrogen that was not affected by denitrification process was observed.
NO3 concentration in August 2012. Forest area is
8 Feb. Poster
Odor of adult Winkled frog Rana rugosa has an effect on predation behavior of
Japanese striped snake
ツチガエルのニオイがシマヘビの捕食行動に与える効果
Yuri Yoshimura (Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu Univ.)
Adult anurans have evolved various defense mechanisms including chemical ones. The chemical defenses against predators have been studied extensively in poison frogs, which include some species of Dendrobates and Bufonidae with extremely poisonous skin secretions. In addition to such extremely poisonous species, most adult anurans have highly glandular skin that emits secretions. Furthermore, there are some reports of the species that have the unique odor emitted from their skin. However, the role that the odor play in the avoidance of predation remains unknown.
The adult Wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa) is rarely found in the natural diet of the Japanese striped snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata), which is considered a general predator. This frog has warty skin with the odorous mucus secretion that is not fatal to the snake. When I gave the frogs to the wild-caught snakes, some of them did not bit R. rugosa, while the others bit and spited out the frog. I considered that the snakes that already learned the odor of R. rugosa in the field could avoid biting it. I hypothesize that the snakes learned the odor of R. rugosa as the odor of defended prey that they were not able to eat could avoid biting the frog in the next contact.
I coated palatable R. japonica with secretions from R. rugosa or F. kawamurai, which resembles R.
rugosa in appearance and has mucus secretion. I fed the frog coated by R. rugosa secretion and the frog
coated by F. kawamurai secretion to snakes and compared the responses of the snakes to the frogs (before test). I fed R. rugosa or F. kawamurai to the snakes that bit the frog coated by R. rugosa secretion in the test (they did not learned the odor of R. rugosa) 1 week after the before test (experience). After the experience of biting the frogs, I compared the responses of the snakes to R. japonica coated by R. rugosa secretion or F. kawamurai secretion again (after test). I compared the behaviour predation in the before test and the after test.
8 Feb. Poster
Effects of atmospheric deposition on the alpine ecosystem of Mt. Tateyama
立山山岳域の高山植生への大気沈着の影響
Yoshitoshi Uehara (Kasuya Research Forest) / 上原 佳敏 農学部付属演習林
Chūbu-Sangaku mountainous area in central Japan is composed of high mountains with over 2500 m
above sea level (a.s.l.). Biological activity of soil in the high elevation areas is inactive due to low air
temperature and long snow cover, resulting in the slow decay of biomass, immobilization of nutrient, and
depressing the material circulation. Therefore, atmospheric deposition is one of the major pathways for
delivering nutrients to the alpine environment (Mladenov et al., 2012). In addition, high elevation areas
are sensitive to materials transported from regional air pollution. However, there are a few geochemical
and material-circulation studies on the mountainous ecosystem of high elevation. We have been studied
ecological and plant physiological studies on Jododaira (2839 m a. s. l.) near the summit of Mt. Tateyama.
The ecosystem of Mt. Tateyama is important to evaluate regional air pollution, since the mountains face
to the Asian continent across the Sea of Japan.
Strontium (Sr) is known as a powerful hydrological and ecological tracer and it is also useful fingerprint
to understand plant physiological process. This isotope is unique as it can quantitatively discriminate
atmosphere-derived Sr from bedrock-derived Sr. In order to elucidate the material circulation system on
the mountain forest ecosystem, we sampled a variety sources of water (rainfall, throughfall, fog water,
snow, groundwater, and dale water) and Pinus pumila Regal in Joudodaira, and determined their 87Sr/86Sr
isotope ratios.
Our result showed that the canopy of P. pumila retained ~70% of inorganic nitrogen supplied from rain
and fog adhering to the needle surface. In addition, considerable amounts of potassium (K+) and
magnesium (Mg2+) ions are supplied to the soil as throughfall, which was derived from canopy leaching.
Calcium ion (Ca2+) was also leached from the canopy, but the absorption trend was also confirmed by
year. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of groundwater (0.7068) and dale water (0.7070) are almost identical to that of
soil and bed rock (0.7070), suggesting that Sr in the surface and ground water is largely derived bedrock
through chemical weathering. This is consistent with that rainwater (0.7091) and fog water (0.7090) has
higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios. As this ratio is similar to seawater value (0.7092), Sr in precipitation is largely of
sea-salt origin. It is notable that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of dirty layer in snow is variable from 0.7095 to 0.7198.
This high ratio suggests an incorporation of Asian dust particle whose 87Sr/86Sr ratio is around 0.720. The
87
Sr/86Sr ratio of throughfall is 0.7094, indicating a contribution Asian dust Sr. The most notable feature is
that P. pumila has high 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7099 in leaf and branch and 0.7097 in litter). Most alpine plants
have lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707 of Gaultheria miqueliana and 0.708-0.7095 of others). These results
demonstrates that nutrient from atmospheric deposition is main source of alpine ecosystem, and
8 Feb. Poster
Tandem duplication of mitochondrial DNA in the black-faced spoonbill
and some related species of the genus platalea
ロツ ヘ サ とその近縁種におけるミ コン アDNAの重複構造
Hyongju Cho(Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University)
曺炯柱(九州大学大学院 比較社会文化学府)
Mitochondrial (mt) heteroplasmy in the control region (CR) of the black-faced spoonbill was
investigated using LA-PCR. PCR product with a primer set which was designed in the CR
and intended to amplify nearly the entire mtDNA sequence reported in DNA database,
however, yielded a PCR product of approximately 1200 bp in length. This suggests that the
two CR sequences were not due to a Numt, but rather a relatively long tandem repeat around
the CR. To avoid amplification of numt fragment, almost-complete PCR product was
amplified by LA-PCR designed at the CO3 gene. Then, another LA-PCR product between cyt
b and 12S rRNA was amplified using the almost-complete PCR product as a template.
Products amplified between cyt b and 12S rRNA were approximately 2500 bp longer than the
expected sequence. Nucleotide sequence was determined by five PCR fragments that were
obtained by amplification using internal primers for sequencing. Gene order analysis using
LA-PCR products from cyt b to 12S rRNA revealed a tandem duplication composed of two
units. The first contains cyt b-1, tRNA
Thr-1, tRNA
Pro-1, ND6-1, tRNA
Glu-1 and CR1, and the
second consists of cyt b-2, tRNA
Thr-2, tRNA
Pro-2, ND6-2, tRNA
Glu-2 and CR2, followed by
tRNA
Pheand 12S rRNA. The duplicated cyt b-2 sequence coincided with 499 bp at the 3’ end
of cyt b-1, suggesting that this mitochondrial gene order in the black-faced spoonbill was
established in an early phase of avian tandem duplication. With the exception of the CR, the
other genes in the duplicated sequence were identical to the original corresponding gene.
Even though both CR1 and CR2 contain functional blocks, such as a poly-C site, a goose
hairpin and a TAS-like structure in Domain I, the 3’ end of CR1 was followed by a 112 bp
sequence (“non-coding region”) that was not found in CR2 or in sequence homology analysis
of similar genes. Meanwhile, CR2 ended in a complicated repeat sequence. The upper
Domain I and the lower Domain I of the two CRs were also quite different: Region A was
highly variable between CR1 and CR2 in the same individuals, while Region B was almost
identical between them, which indicates concerted evolution. Duplication of CR was detected
8 Feb. Poster
Optimal resource allocation in the plant-fungi symbiosis for an exponentially
growing system
成長する植物と菌根菌の共生系における最適
資源分配
*Kouki Uchinomiya (Kyusyu University) / 内之宮光紀 九州大学
Yoh Iwasa (Kyusyu University) / 巌佐庸 九州大学
Many terrestrial plants have mutualistic relation with soil fungi. The plant supplies carbon obtained by photosynthesis to the fungi. The fungi also allocate some of the soil nutrition such as phosphorus to the plant. This is important for the survivorship and the growth rate of a small plant (i.e. seedling). By using mathematical method, we discuss the optimal allocation of resources by each player (plant and fungus) when the whole system is growing exponentially.
In this study we assume one plant-one fungus system. In addition they can get more resource when they are grown. When plant gets carbon, plant decides how much allocate it to the fungus. On the other hand, fungus allocates phosphorus to the plant. We first analyse the optimal allocation fraction of resources to the opponent that maximize the speed of the growth of the whole system. As a result, there are 3 types of allocation: allocating all resource, allocating a part of resource and allocating no resource. Allocating all resource is interpreted as investment. By allocating all resource, plant or fungus can encourage the growth of the partner. The partner will give more resource in the future.
8 Feb. Poster
Experimental and phylogeny-based comparison of diet selection by shika deer
using 24 woody species varying growth and defensive leaf traits
成長と防御の葉の形質を変える
24
樹種を用いたシカによる餌選択の実験と系統
に基づく比較
Hironobu Kanemitsu (Kyushu University) /
金光
浩伸
(
九州大学
)
Deer diet selection is known to depend on nutrients and defense chemicals of
plant leaves that provide benefits and costs to deer. On the other hand, a trade-off is
expected between plant’s allocation to growth and defensive traits. Here, I focus on this
trade-off and show that its seasonally deference largely determines deer preference. I
conducted field experiment to determine sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae)
preference for 24 woody species, and quantified the amount of crude protein and
defensive physical and chemical leaf traits. I constructed molecular phylogenetic tree to
test correlations with the independent contrast method.
Deer preference increased with the amount of crude protein and decreased
with the amount of condensed tannins and leaf tensile strength. In June, here was a
trade-off between the amount of crude protein and condensed tannins and between
crude protein and leaf tensile strength. However, the former trade-off decreased in
September, and the effect of crude protein on deer preference disappeared. In general,
sika deer preferred deciduous tree species with larger amounts of crude protein, and
avoided evergreen tree species with higher levels of physical and chemical defense.
While larger amount of crude protein enables plants to grow faster, higher levels of
physical and chemical defense result in decreasing allocation to crude protein. However,
this relationship is weakened with phenology. This seasonal change of plant trait
8 Feb. Poster
An approach to population mitochondrial genomics of ayu fish using next generation
sequencing
次世代シーォンシングによるアユの集団ミトコンドリアオノミクスへのアプロ
ーチ
Hirohiko TAKESHIMA
(U Tokyo)
武島弘彦 東京大
Complete mitochondrial DNA (mitogenome) analysis has been greatly contributed to
large scale phylogenetic studies of various animals. However, mitogenomic analysis of
population genetics within species and study of natural selection on mitogenome have
been rarely conducted, except for model organisms (eg. human). Fortunately, next
generation sequencing (NGS) technology have made it possible to generate huge
amount of DNA data much more efficiently. The NGS technology enables us to increase
the number of samples analyzed, and accordingly it will open the door of population
mitogenomic study of nonmodel organisms. Here, we employed a novel approach, NGS
technology, to obtain a large number of mitogenome of ayu fish. On the basis of the
sequence data sets, we performed population genetic analysis and test of natural
selection.
Mitogenomes (ca. 16500 bp) of a total of 90 individuals of ayu and subspecies
Ryukyu-ayu, from Japanese archipelago, Amami-Oshima Island, Korean Peninsula, and
China, were enriched by two long-range PCR. PTS protocol (Meyer et al. 2008) was
applied to barcode each individuals for sample identification. After pooling multiple
barcoded samples, sequencing was conducted on 454 GS Jr. (Roche). As a result of
sequencing,
the number of reads (on average 450 bp) per individual varied between
about 270 and 2500. The reads for each of the 90 samples were mapped to the reference
sequence. The coverage across the mitogenome was enough to determine the 90
samples of mitogenome of ayu on a single 454 GS Jr. run. In this presentation, we report
the results of population genetic analysis and test of natural selection based on
a large
8 Feb. Poster
Estimation of abundance of the invasive alien plant Solidago altissima in moist tall
grassland using hyperspectral imagery
ハイパースペクトルリモートセンシングを用いた侵略的外来植物セイタカアワ
ダチソウの分布推定
Jun Ishii and Izumi Washitani (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo) / 石井潤・鷲谷いづみ 東京大学大学院農学生命科学研究科
We assessed the capability of airborne hyperspectral imagery for detecting and mapping the early invasion by Solidago altissima of understorey vegetation in moist tall grassland. Two sources of ground truth Solidago data were utilized: one, density records in fifteen classes for 10,937 quadrats (10×10 m), and another, density/cover records in 92 quadrats (5×5 m). For each data source, half of the samples, chosen randomly, were used to develop generalized linear models predicting Solidago abundance from hyperspecral data, and the other half were used to validate the models. Transformed Solidago data for presence-absence and three-class density/cover were utilized as dependent variables, and MNF (Minimum Noise Fraction) transformed hyperspectral data were utilized as independent variables.
Models constructed from the 5×5 m quadrat data had higher accuracy for the validation dataset than those from the 10×10 m quadrat data to estimate Solidago abundance, while accuracy was higher for the presence-absence models than for the three-class density/cover ones in both quadrat data. Moran’s I values, calculted from Solidago presence-absence map obtained using the best model, gradually decreased up to forty-five meters, and were less than half of the maximum at the distance of more than 7.5 meters.
When a sample size for costructing models increased, model accuracy estimated using the validation dataset improved for both quadrat data. However, the improvement was limited beyond a sample size of 500 for the 10×10 m quadrat data.
8 Feb. Poster
Challenges for understanding underwater sound detection mechanism in
cephalopods using Laser Doppler vibrometer techniques
レーザードップラー振動計を用いた頭足類の水中音関知メカニズムの解明への
試み
Kenzo Kaifu (University of Tokyo) / 海部健三 東京大学農学生命科学研究科
Ever since the myth that cephalopods are deaf was disproved at the end of the 20th century, researches have revealed several aspects of their “hearing” abilities. The poster will briefly review the
accomplishments of these studies and show our resent challenges to understand their perception mechanism using Laser Doppler vibrometer techniques.
Cephalopods respond to particle motion but not to sound pressure.
- An empirical study using a behavioral approach showed that the cephalopod statocyst could detect particle motion, which was then confirmed by an electro-physiological approach.
- The perception threshold of the cephalopod statocyst can be explained by the forced oscillation model, which assumed the statosyst organ as a simple harmonic oscillator.
- Although the biological significance of their particle motion perception is still unclear, there are some evidences indicate their sensory systems can be related with predation avoidance.
- The laser Doppler vibrometer techniques have recently opened the possibility to measure whole body vibration (distance, velocity and acceleration) as a direct stimulus eliciting statocyst response. This novel method can provide us a new level of understanding of the particle motion perception mechanism of cephalopods.
8 Feb. Poster
Abstract
Core site report from Ito Campus
Seasonal movements of the Japanese pond turtle and mammals
Dai Suzuki and Misako Kuroe(Kyushu University)
Ito campus is one of the core field sites for our GCOE program. The first
large-scale research of fauna and flora and a transplant experiment were conducted
before land development. Our program focus on plenty environment of natural resource
in this area, drawing a research plan by comparing the monitoring data before and after
the university’s moving. For example, pollination system, distribution pattern of
mammals and amphibians and individual movement of reptiles were intensively
surveyed in this decade. We introduce two researches conducted in this year. One is a
seasonal movement of the Japanese pond turtles Mauremys japonica. And the other is
seasonal land-use change of wild boar Sus scrofa and badger Meles meles anakuma at
local scale.
The Japanese pond turtle is an endemic species to Japan and it was often
observed around Ito Campus. We have recognized 179 individuals and captured them
723 times in total since 2000 by mark-recapture method. For all individuals except
juveniles, the number of female was almost two times more than that of male, which
were 100 and 52 individuals, respectively. In this poster presentation, we focused on the
population dynamics of the Japanese pond turtle.
We also focused seasonal movement of wild boar Sus scrofa and badger Meles
meles anakuma which have been reported as agricultural-damaging mammals. 80
censer cameras were used to demonstrate its appearance frequency at agricultural land.
In high frequency period of appearance, distance from forest edge and presence/absence
of agricultural residue determined the frequency of both species. Agricultural land
which are located near the forest should be well manage not to leave agricultural
9 Feb. 9:00 - 9:20
Restoration of degraded rangeland in the Northeast Asia:
Core site report from Mongolia
北東アジアにおける荒廃草原の回復：モンゴルコアサイト活動報告
Toshiya Okuro, Tomoo Okayasu, Kaoru Kakinuma, Asuka Koyama (The University of Tokyo) and Undarmaa Jamsran (Mongolian State University of Agriculture) / 大黒俊哉、岡安智生、柿沼薫、小山 明日香 東京大学 、ウンダルマ・ジホムスラン 国立モンゴル農業大学
In Mongolia, a very steep climatic gradient exists, from taiga cold forest in the northernmost are to hyper-arid desert in the southernmost area. It provides various valuable study sites for rangeland ecology and management. Around 40 % of Mongolian population depends on animal production, which again relies upon plant resources. Therefore, establishment of sustainable rangeland management is essential for Mongolian people’s well-being. Historically Mongolian herders practiced traditional sustainable rangeland use. However, recent drastic change of surrounding environment, political regime change, population growth, global economy, and resulting desertification or land degradation in particular, is threatening traditional rangeland use which was optimized to the past situation.
We have three core sites in Mongolia along climatic gradient and have been implemented several research projects which aimed to provide guidelines for the ecosystem restoration and the sustainable resource use in the rangelands of North-East Asia.
Khustai National Park: This site contains Khustai National Park and surrounding area. Annual average rainfall is around 250 mm. Ecosystem is a mixture of steppe and forest steppe, where forest exists near the top of hills. This site is in typical desertified area, near to main roads to the capital city Ulanbator, where herders concentrate for the convenience of market, education and medical facilities. On the contrary, grazing is prohibited in the Khustai National Park, so there exists steep gradient of grazing intensities and resulting desertification or land degradation. Khustai National Park is also a good study site for wildlife, as wild horse Tahi represents.
Mandalgovi: Mandalgovi city is located at the boundary of steppe and desert-steppe. Annual rainfall is around 170 mm, but recently it rapidly decreases. Drought impact is significant in this region where there are no high mountains for stable water supply. Together with the drought impact, herders can presently not practice the traditional seasonal pasture use. This especially threaten the livestock survival in harsh winter, as well as the sustainability of rangeland ecosystem.
9 Feb. 9:20 - 9:40
Core site report from Mikata Five Lakes: conservation researches and activities
コアサイト報告：三方五湖
の保全研究と自然再生
Takehito Yoshida, Kenzo Kaifu, Hirohiko Takeshima & Izumi Washitani (U Tokyo)
吉田 人・海部健三・武島弘彦・鷲谷いづみ 東京大
Conservation researches and Nature Restoration
In collaboration with local community and governments, we have been supporting the conservation activities in this area by sharing scientific knowledge, developing restoration measures and stimulating collaborations among stakeholders. During the last several years, we were involved in the development of conservation and restoration activities including the establishment of Mikata Five Lakes Nature Restoration Committee in May, 2011 based on the legal framework of ecological restoration in Japan, and those activities were significantly supported by the GCOE program. Our research outcomes such as the multiple effects of water chestnut that covered the most part of the lake surface, the existence of endemic lineages of crucian carp that seemed to have different spawning behavior from other lineages, the newly found invasion of bluegill sunfish, the user-friendly web GIS gathering the information of the past environment and biodiversity, etc. were used to make the Overall Plan (March, 2012) and the Implementation Plan (March, 2013), on which several working groups to implement the restoration plans were established. For the adaptive management based on the PDCA concept, we are expected to be involved continuously, and the close collaboration between the local community and science should be the key to realize the living in harmony with nature, the vision of the CBD strategic plan 2011-2020.
GCOE field course
Japanese eel comes back home
Biotelemetry study was conducted on Japanese eels Anguilla japonica using ultrasonic transmitters and receivers in Mikata-Goko lake system during September 2012 to March 2013. Sixteen wild fish were captured in brackish water area of Mikata Lake. Of the fish captured, 13 were released at upper reaches of the area where they had been captured and 3 were released at lower reaches. Ultrasonic signals from all 16 individuals were recorded at least one time at the area where they had been captured. To our knowledge, this is the first to provide direct evidence that captive Japanese eels go back where they had been.
9 Feb. 9:40 - 10:00
Memories and summary of the field trips of GCOE freshwater fish group
GCOE
淡水魚グループ実習まとめ
Yuichi Kano (Kyushu University) et al. / 鹿野雄一 九州大学 ほか多数
屋久島実習
2010/4/20-29：佐藤辰郎 九 ，加藤史弘 九 ，
飯田碧 東
Kano Y, Iida M, Tetsuka K, Saitoh T, Kato F, Sato T, Nishida S (2014) Effect of waterfalls on fluvial fish distribution and landlocked Rhinogobius brunneus populations on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ichthyological Research (in press)
サラワク・マレーシア実習
2013/9/17-10/2：野下浩司 九 ，會津光博 九
中国太湖流域実習
2010/5/22-5/31：廣田峻 九 ，別所和博 九
2010/9/17-9/26：松本知高 九 ，佐藤辰郎 九
2011/5/20-5/28：富山雄太 九
Kano Y, Sato T, Huang L, Wood C, Bessho K, Matsumoto T, Shimatani Y, Nakajima J. (2013). Navigation disturbance and its impact on fish assemblage in the East Tiaoxi River, China. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 9: 289-298
Li J, Huang L, Zou L, Kano Y, Sato T & Yahara T. 2012. Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 403-417
Li J, Huang L, Sato T, Zou L, Jiang K, Yahara T, Kano Y (2013) Distribution pattern, threats and conservation of fish biodiversity in the East Tiaoxi, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes 96: 519-533
Sato T, Nakajima J, Huang L, Shimatani Y, Hirota KS, Wood C & Kano Y. (2011). Distribution pattern of loaches (Teleostei: Cobitoidea) in the East Tiaoxi River, China. Folia Zoologica 60: 328-334
Nakajima J, Sato T, Kano Y, Huang L, Kitamura J, Li J & Shimatani Y. (2013) Fishes of the East Tiaoxi River in the Zhejiang Province, China. Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters 23: 327-343
半島マレーシア実習
2010/10/23-11/1：宮崎 介 東 ，満行知花 九 ，
富山雄太 九
2012/9/14-10/5：白井一正 九
2013/2/4-26：富山雄太 九
2013/9/26-10/5：藤井智久 九 ，田中亘 九
Miyazaki Y, Kano Y, Tomiyama Y, Mitsuyuki C, Rashid ZA (2013) Ichthyofaunal assessment of the Gelami and Tinggi Rivers, Pahang River System,eastern Malay Peninsula, following construction of an adjacent building complex. Check List 9: 1035-1042
9 Feb. 10:10 - 10:30
Activities in Yakushima Core Site
Tetsukazu Yahara(Kyusyu University)
In Yakushima (Yaku Island), yakushika, an endemic subspecies of shika deer (Cervus
nippon yakushimae) is rapidly increasing and providing damage to agriculture and
ecosystem. Among the damage, loss of understory vegetation and decrease of threatened
plant species are particularly serious from the view point of biodiversity conservation.
Therefore, the population of yakushika is being controlled by hunting under the
supervision of the science committee for the world natural heritage area. As a result,
the increasing number of yakushika has been hunted; 302, 493, 2029, 2795, and 4982
individuals in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Even under this increasing
hunting pressure, however, estimated population of yakushika increased from 16, 015
in H20-21 (2008-2009) to 18,677 in H24 (2012).
In the GCOE Asian conservation program, we carried out a field course in Yakushima
focusing on this yakushika. In addition, Yakushima Research Station was established in
April 2013 as a field station for various research in Yakushima. Using this station, we
carried out a series of research covering the following subjects; the relationship between
local population density and nutrient condition of yakushika, the relationship between
preference of yakushika and plant traits, the influence of yakushika preference on the
rapid spread of an alien tree, and effects of herbivory by yakushika on forest
regeneration. Primary findings of those studies are summarized as follows.
(1) Even in high density area where understory vegetation is mostly lost, some
yakushika individuals are maintaining large body size and considerable amount of
stored fats. This good condition under high density may be maintained by high
productivity along roads, frequent falling of branches with green leaves caused by
strong wind, abundant fruits and seeds fallen onto understory.
(2) It is reported that yakushika prefers yellowed or red-colored fallen leaves to green
fallen leaves. However, choice experiments in the field showed that yakushika prefers
green leaves to colored leaves.
(3) Preference of yakushika varies with season under seasonal changes of relative
allocation of plant resource to growth and defence.
(4) An alien tree Vernicia cordata is spreading because yakushika avoid feeding on
seedlings of this species.
(5) Yakushika particularly prefers Cinnamomum tenuifolium, giving serious damages to
9 Feb. 10:30 - 10:50
GCOE activities in Cambodia
カンボジアにおける
GCOE
プログラム活動報告
Fumiko Iwanaga, Hironori Toyama, Shingo Hosoishi, Tsuyoshi Kajisa, Yuichi Kano (Kyushu University)/ 岩永 史子、遠山 弘法、細石 真吾、加治佐 剛、鹿野 雄一 九大
For the last 5 years, our group focused plant and ants diversity inside forest, forest water cycling and, carbon stocks and growth of several forest types. Additionally, fish diversity is also evaluated in Mekong River within several countries.
Plant diversity in seven regions, Cambodia (Dr. Toyama): To improve our knowledge of the flora of Cambodia, we conducted plot and transect surveys in seven regions. In this presentation, I show the summary result of plant diversity in whole region of Cambodia, and focus on the results in Kampong Thom (plot) and Bokor National park (transect).
Ants from the southwestern parts of Cambodia (Dr. Hosoishi): In the course of my recent examination on ant specimens collected from Cambodia, I found a unique species which is new to science and described as a new species. Not only morphological description, DNA barcoding was also carried out for the correct identification in the future. I also report the ground and arboreal ant diversity along an elevational gradient in Phnom Bokor National Park.
Tree water use traits of deciduous forest (Dr. Iwanaga): To reveal tree water use in Monsoon tropical region, we monitored soil water condition, and tree water relations; sap flux, leaf photosynthesis traits and leaf solute contents of community forest trees in Kg. Chhnang, Cambodia. The seasonal trend of tree water use traits in relation with soil water condition will be mainly reported.
Biomass growth of several forest types on several regions (Dr. Kajisa): I will report that the growth of forest stand biomass within several forest types on different regions based on the continuous measurement of permanent sample plots. I also analyse the individual tree growth of 2 native coppicing species in community forestry.
