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(1)

Expressiveness in

mimetic syntax 

Quantitative evidence from Japanese and English

Kimi Akita Osaka University Grammar of Mimetics Workshop

SOAS, U of London 05/10/2013

1. Introduction 

! This paper:

corpus-based examination of the correlation b/w mimetic morphosyntax & expressiveness (! Mark’s talk)

! Corpora:

web corpora (J+E) & earthquake archives (J) (Akita/Dingemanse, in prep)

1. Introduction 

! Road map:

§2: previous studies

§3: web corpora

§4: earthquake corpus

§5: conclusion

2. Previous studies 

3

2. Previous studies 

2.1. The iconicity hypothesis (Akita 2009: Part 2): lexical iconicity syntactic independence

high ! high

low ! low

4

2. Previous studies 

! The lexical iconicity hierarchy (LIH) (Akita 2013): superexpressives (e.g., zuQkyuuN ‘baang’)

V

voice-phonomimes/giseigo (e.g., piyopiyo ‘tweeting’) V

noise-phonomimes/giongo (e.g., patipati ‘clapping’) V

phenomimes/gitaigo (e.g., nikoniko ‘smiling’) V

psychomimes/gizyoogo (e.g., iraira ‘irritated’) V

non-mimetics (e.g., issyookenmei ‘hard’)

5

2. Previous studies 

! (1) Japanese:

a. Phonomimic:

*Hiyoko-ga piyopiyo-si-te i-ta. chick-NOM MIM-do-CONJ be-PST ‘A chick was tweeting.’ b. Phenomimic:

Himiko-ga {*sutasuta/burabura}-si-te i-ta.

-NOM MIM -do-CONJ be-PST

‘Himiko was {brisk-walking/strolling}.’ c. Psychomimic:

Himiko-ga kuyokuyo-si-te i-ta. -NOM MIM-do-CONJ be-PST

‘Himiko was regretting.’

6

2. Previous studies 

! (2) English (Akita 2009: 260-261): a. Superexpressive:

A cat is {(?)rreeeowrling/crying rreeeowrl} outside the house. b. Phonomimic:

A cat is {yowling/??crying yowl} outside the house. c. Phenomimic(?):

Stars are {twinkling/*shining twinkle} in the sky.

7

2. Previous studies 

! Problem in the LIH (S. Uehara, pc):

superexpressives > voice-phonomimes > noise- phonomimes > phenomimes > psychomimes > non-mimetics

This is not “lexical”!

8

(2)

2. Previous studies 

2.2. Morphosyntax-expressiveness correlation (Dingemanse 2011: Ch. 6, today): syntactic integration expressive morphology low (adv, attrib) ! more likely

high (adj, pred) ! less likely based on his field data in Siwu

(see also Akita & Matsumoto, forthc; Zwicky & Pullum 1987)

2. Previous studies 

2.3. The same phenomenon from opposite angles: not just correlation but causation?

Dingemanse

morphosyntactic expressiveness independence Akita (2a)?



2. Previous studies 

! This study:

a. Quantitative reinforcement of the correlation b. Reconsideration of the LIH

3. Web corpora 

12

3. Web corpora 

! Corpus:

-  Google on WebCorp (see Hundt et al. 2007) http://www.webcorp.org.uk/live/

- Searched: J: 01/15/2013 E: 01/14/2013

13

3. Web corpora 

! Mimetics searched:

J: 212 Q-ending mimetics in Kakehi et al. (1996) (e.g., kuwaQ ‘quack’) (in hiragana & katakana) ! expressivizable in more than one way E: 178 “onomatopoeic” words in Kloe (1977)

(e.g., quack)

14

3. Web corpora 

! Expressive forms considered:

J: a. Partial reduplication (e.g., kuwakuwaQ) b. Partial triplication (e.g., kuwakuwakuwaQ) E: a. Repetition (e.g., quack quack)

b. Vowel lengthening (e.g., quaaack)

(see Hamano 1998; Nasu 2002)

15

3. Web corpora 

! Morphosyntactic environments considered:

16

Syn indep Verbal low

Quotative high J MIM-to-si-te

[MIM-QUOT-do-CONJ] (e.g., kuwaQ-to-si-te)

MIM-to (V) [MIM-QUOT] (e.g., kuwaQ-to) E MIM-ed

(e.g., quacked)

went MIM (e.g., went quack)

3. Web corpora 

! Prediction:

%V: plain > expressive

17

(3)

3. Web corpora 

! Actual examples: (3) Japanese: a. Plain, verbal:

Syokuba-no dooryoo (isei)-to, me-ga at-ta toki- nado-ni-mo, aisatu-gawari-ni nikoQ-to-si-te mi- ru-to i-i-de-syoo.

‘I would recommend beaming when you meet your colleague (of the opposite sex)’s gaze.’ (http://www.americaeast.org/01/0003.html)

3. Web corpora 

(3) b. Plain, quotative:

Hazime-wa kintyoo-si-te-ta-kedo, sugu-ni rirakkusu-si-te, nikoQ-to warat-te kure-masi-ta.

‘[The baby] was nervous at first, but soon got relaxed and smiled beamingly at me.’ (http://contest.swimava.jp/category/ 2297721-1.html)

3. Web corpora 

(3) c. Expressive, verbal:

…sono ko-wa totyuu-kara nikonikonikoQ-to-si- te, “Kan-san, Yakushima-ni ik-u-to i-i-des-u-yo. Yakusima-ni Kan-san-o mat-te i-ru ki-ga ari-mas- u-kara.

‘…the girl then beam-beam-beamed and [said]

“Kan-san, why don’t you visit the Yakushima Island? There is a tree that is waiting for you in Yakushima.”’

(http://www.wonderful-world-syokurin.org/ wecan/?p=5474)

3. Web corpora 

(3) d. Expressive, quotative:

Pikatyuu-taikei-de (tumari maru-gata-de) kurikuri-si-ta me-de nikonikonikoQ-to warat-te…

‘[She] smiled beam-beam-beamingly with a Pikachu-shaped (that is, chubby) body and round eyes, and …’

(http://to06002.blog129.fc2.com/blog- entry-234.html)

21

3. Web corpora 

(4) English: a. Plain, verbal:

Likely not liking our proximity, it [= a great horned owl] then spread its massive wings and swooshed away.

(http://oook.ca/2012/05/a-drawing-a-day-by- margo-yacheshyn/)



22

3. Web corpora 

(4) b. Plain, quotative:

I was rummaging in boxes when I spied

something that looked a little familiar. As I picked it up things went swoosh. I’d swear it really was a swoosh.

(http://thecraftysisters.com/2011/08/05/no- crying-over-spilt-milk/)



23

3. Web corpora 

(4) c. Expressive, verbal:

i. …and all the sudden a big fat bus flys passed me going 100mph (like really 25mph but it felt like 100) my hair even swooooshed (flip hair back) like that.

(http://www.barefootblonde.com/p/about- me.html)

ii. …wildflowers with a large stick that swoosh- swooshed through the air

(http://www.kevinpkeating.blogspot.com/)

24

3. Web corpora 

(4) d. Expressive, quotative:

i. His robe went “swoooosh” and his hand pointed to... (http://m.uesp.net/wiki/Daggerfall:A_Tale_of_Kieran) ii. But your mind works like a sharp blade in slow motion. Swoosh-swoosh. … Yesterday my mind went swoosh-swoosh.

(http://alairene.ro/2011/03/ cheat-bloom-swoosh/)

25

3. Web corpora 

! Results (%V): a. plain > expressive b. reduplication > triplication

! the more expressive, the more independent (= Dingemanse 2011)

26

#V

#V + #Q×100

Plain nikoQ quack

Vowel lengthening quaaack

Reduplication nikonikoQ quack quack

Triplication nikonikonikoQ

J 11.98% (242,950,932)

 9.36%

(21,363,098)

2.74% (2,447,949) E 99.37%

(420,617,710)

59.83% (1,019)

43.63% (22,119)



(total #instances in parentheses)

>* >***



>*** >***



Expressive

(4)

4. The earthquake corpus 

(A “preview” of Akita/Dingemanse, in prep)

4. Earthquake corpus 

! NHK East Japan Great Earthquake Archives: http://www9.nhk.or.jp/311shogen/

! 214 edited interviews (5-15 min) w/ victims & rescuers (02/28/2013)

! 10,413 sentences w/ 728 mimetics

! Transcripts + videos available

! Speakers: INterviewees, NArrators/newscasters

! Info: "IN: name, age, sex, occupation "interview: place, date

! Ex 1:

IN: W !ba^N h 6 /g jd#Y U0+0 n(^6"+%1lCD9#p5 'O/CD9!k0@E=J

#4!sR#O 1(#oP! i (g#F 0j(0#_P

!{ba |>EDzF ;=<+I+AD

 1#g$CD9#ym5t

1($+?B?B :E:E  +X03`$66J x!+ &1 0+wTwT([U3]

IN: E.O. (64, F)

Program: “On that day, I…” Place: Ofunato, Iwate

Date: 06/14/2011

http://www9.nhk.or.jp/311shogen/map/#/evidence/detail/D0007010008_00000

4. Earthquake corpus 

! Ex 1 (trans):

IN: When [I] got home, [I] heard the voice saying, “A tsunami has come.” And I looked [at it] and, thinking [it] would be so far away in the sea, [it] had already come around here, y’know. [I] was astonished and ran, untying the doggie’s chain and saying to the doggie, “House, boy,” and then [we?] entered [the house] with a rush, and… And there as a two-floored house here and [we] went (in)to (one of) its room(s). And when I was looking from above this, [the tsunami] went running up with a whomp to the main house of this (house), and sashes and all other things just went ”boom” and… After that, [I] didn’t let go of the collar all the time and… Then, like rip-rip and roar-roar, [we] were rocked, more and more water came in (lit. water came in more and more) and rained down on [my] head, but [I] did like this and tried [my] best and best.

30

4. Earthquake corpus 

31

! Ex 2:

IN: \r#H777777777777) I

3 */ v IMK I[q K 0 

h  VHue 6#F!F

-G5f0)2+Z0 !c3 8EEE=(#Y!Q  3  .E1L(7777777 S# ](!(}~ 0 6,  [U57]

http://www9.nhk.or.jp/311shogen/map/#/evidence/detail/D0007010092_00000 IN: E.K. (44, M)

Program: “Witness records: EJGE” Place: Rikuzen-Takata, Iwate

Date: 11/17/2011

4. Earthquake corpus 

! Ex 2 (trans):

IN: In the dark, [I] heard a squeaking sound like gagagagagagagagagagagaga [12x] for, I don’t know, dozens of minutes or hours. Because [I] had a flashlight, [I] climbed on this and lit down like this, and then, obviously, the flow spread guuuQ over here again, and debris moved sloowly like this and drew back gagagagagagaga [7x], which was [repeated], well, more than 2 and 3 times, I guess.

32

4. Earthquake corpus 

33

431

7 161

9 59

5 30

9

12 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

IN NA

n cop v adv0 adv1

! Morphosyntactic independence (Akita & Usuki 2012):

***

***

2 (4) = 45.54, p < .001)

integ indep

>

MIM-do MIM-φ()V MIM-QUOT

! Further analysis of IN

4. Earthquake corpus 

34

! Expressive morphology: a.Vowel lengthening

(dooN)

b.Partial multiplication

(dododoN) c.Stem repetition

(doN-doN-doN-doN) cf. plain

(doN ‘bam’) Replicating §3 #

153 101

55 30 291

62 5 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

adv1 adv0 v cop

expressive plain

2 (3) = 124.14, p < .001)

***

***

*** ***

indep integ

35

4. Earthquake corpus 

2 (3) = 50.65, p < .001) 216

53

6 7 134

66

41 18

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

adv1 adv0 v cop

no

*** yes

*** *

! Paralinguistic features: a. Iconic gesture:

indep integ

(5)

4. Earthquake corpus 

2 (3) = 99.62, p < .001) 315

86

16 2 115

75

45

28

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

adv1 adv0 v cop

no

*** yes

*

***

*** b. Prosodic foregrounding:

indep integ

2 (3) = 74.43, p < .001) 135

5 4 0

295

156 57 30

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

adv1 adv0 v cop

no yes

***

*** ** **

4. Earthquake corpus 

c. Special types of phonation (e.g., creaky voice, whisper):

indep integ

5. Conclusion 

5. Conclusion 

! Summary:

a. Quantitative support for the morphosyntax- expressiveness correlation in J & E mimetics b. Its paralinguistic correlates

39

5. Conclusion 

! Speculation (next hypothesis):

Q: Why does iconicity appear to account for mimetic morphosyntax in Japanese, etc.? (!§2)

A: The expressive function of mimetic morphosyntax has been “lexicalized” in particular languages?

(cf. Saji & Imai 2013)

40

5. Conclusion 

! Remaining question:

Where does the syntax-expressiveness correlation come from?

! “Mimesis”? (Güldemann 2008)

! “Depiction”? (Dingemanse 2011)

! “(Ideo)phonic force”? (Feist 2013; Toratani 2013)

! “Iconicity” after all? (cf. Van Valin & LaPolla 1997)

41

Thank you! 

! https://sites.google.com/site/akitambo/ (bibliog, etc.)

42

参照

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