masterThesis small Other works Toru Miyama

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4 y K * v T^W M ^L %M L t z

1993 ^r nkt r nx

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3｡3. 3

深層

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海水粒子の L a g r a i i g e 運動

4. 1

粒子追跡法

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4. 2

全体の動き

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4. 3

インドネシア多島海ｲ寸近の粒子の L a g r a ng e 迎動・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

4. 3. 3 mm

4. 4 - f v K^Kt f et t f c ^r f c & ^w i g& w

4. 5 t t i b 23

5 St f t t af i H 24

a m <>K￡f c s ± ＼$￡<& **f c 28

A. I % 4>YW 28

A. 2 W SL W - W 29

B Godf r ey ' s i s l and r ul e

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･ N

& D & U :

ho *<nt z i b, mt nm^^T^<Dm^^^Mt ^n^t z ^<D^mmm^mw^^hi xx^6o - ^*u*

f t ) , %a%*Kf ef r l Zt r ( Mx. l t * mt ) k mmf t *t <Z^<D60l %J f &L X^Z>c ) t z #>, ^n- A

l &&1j f i l <D8! Mi &$; t t J &t m%J &' ? , i & ･4" #$^- C*i ^t ≪t 0 &; *; ￡ W [ Car i s s i mo et al , 1985] ￡ f c

^^S^Tt ' ^r *513

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GOOS ( Gl obal Oc ean Obs er v at i onSy s t em) ･ TOGA ( Tor opi c al Oc eanm Gl obal At mos pher e) ■ WOCE ( Wor l d Oc ean Ci r c ul at i onExper i ment ) Tf t ^ ￡ f t& gI R&y n y x ^ h ￡HJ ￡￡

P^^n. , ^: ＼#- 4>Vf t - j z f t f t %￡*i x- ? t i <o± f f i - i t s R*f r - $f f f l L *i >v t : j mt f Mj ￡2t L X^Z>o

t z >WMnm*ML x, &^mm*%m$z ' r - ) i ' X &mi ^x^z >o

t , ^! ] x. ( ^ i : ^#i f i l j f ± ,4t ^J Sr S≫S( Nor t h Equat or i alCur r ent , NEC) ･ f &^i i ? &i i f t ( Sout h Equat or i al

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Cur r ent , SEC) ￡) 3&#J j f t T? &*) s MM ･ i t t i f f i L I xM( Nor t h Equat or i alCount er Cur r ent , NECC) ･ j f c i t RM ( Equat or i al Under ur r ent , EUC) <0{ h%; &X- $> h t V^^&î j Uî K I t V>￡o i Wi î

- OK^v T^^^^ML r t i s ^ <f ± Chal l enger " t [ 1874]t CJ : h WJ f e ^^^ f ef L TV^c ^ i : ^

^S[ Cox, 1975; Tak ano 1975] ^i f ^TWc o L ^L x ^t &^( ; >f > K ^ *>7M^^/ i ^S $ t l & <t 9

1980 ^f t f Cf i V^o T' f > K^ - >7Bi i i ) t L ^i @ $ t i &

<t

^ ( C^ o? z <Dl ± , 4 > K ^ v TMi KT- Wr f ek

1

2

3

j z ^m - 4>y w <o9i 4>v nt ± ＼n- ? <Dm m ^￡y ) , - ov z / T& m . ￡. xz i & ' VB% .

W 777^X( i , 4>Yf t k j $: ＼f t <nf t M ( % L 4 >Y* f t t m j ZI f f t <O f t $l f r % i f c ' D^XI t Appendi x

At Zt t f t t t o) ! : ^l ^i 4^- xTV^^t ≫^t ^: o Gor don [ 1986]( ± % M U & Sf U >V

f t ^W Z& t f Z& i & f r Vf r ( F i g. 1) i t , 4 >F **s 7& M U f r bf f i Xi - & l k & ＼f t & M <? >i & f t . - ?

4t ^3EL TV≫4o Pi ol aand Gor don [ 1984] t t X＼f t ' 4>Vf t 1X- ? t l <D± J % t Zhox$: t t ) ￡.

EN SO $L 4￡<Df i f 1＼W Zt - - ) ＼' <D% M & f f l } ' C$L g% : X- ) ＼' ･ a & ￡>1TO SJ j ( El N i no and t he

Sout her nO s c i l l at i on , EN SO ) W f i f f ^g^ 1980 ^Ci l t r I Zi f l X, ￨& ^*- XA=& f ^. 4± TS

; W W f f i g? - e& ￡t #A ￡>#- ￡￡ 3Kf c of c [ M c Cr ear y and Ander s on, 1991] OKc W t ^M H

% % & m m W ^F 8? f c & . t f W W i L ooj g( Cf Ki $t - 6 t V^ ? W / 5? ^^CO EN SO f f er * 4 [ Ander s on

and M c Cr ear y , 1985; M as um ot o and Yam agat a, 1990] o i ^H ^^p^r ^^^r S^SSl f ^f f l f Ct i H

^C^#( T) i ! 27Ri ^w ar mw at er pool <DJ & & . & U < ^boTV^ t #x. <bt L ^o H g^, w ar m w at er pool

^Sr l ^f i t EN SO Ki i ^V^^O ^^ [ W r y t k i , 1985] O^CO w ar m w at er pool c O J F ^& K- f ^ K ^

v 7M ^^L ^<t ' 6^^i ^^4! ￡; y i ! , t ' & i ^ar ^^V^[ W y r t k i ! 1989] o ^f c ^ By e and Gor don [ 1982]

≪f c f c ＼#o3Ef c ^i B- s t ^ >F & <om ^% t o& 2<Dm 4m Ri ± & nf am i z & $^ ^t ut m m

Godf r ey and Gol di ng[ 1981]i t , j f l t ＼^H ^i ^i ￡" C& & ! % . $- * f - 7' J Tf f l f i W f f i f i t t Sv er dr up

t Zo t t z <O i i t f 4 >YW <nM $f f l M & ￡ <f f l $? % *>￡ L TV^O Godf r ey [ 1989]( ± Sv er dr up<D

W $k *W M L , % C^^^- t t r ) ^& ￡^r f c i ^M ￡; ￡#>￡^- e#& Sv er dr up m odel ^f f i V^T

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( Godf r ey ' s i s l and r ul e^ Appendi x BK 4 y Y * - >7R$i f f i Et f ) ? t t ￡ 16 ± 4Su￡J L I f f - 3 f c o t f c >

n- 6 L eeuwi n f f <&f i ^$￡l i 3<' C" &￡ t #x t t l TV^ [ Godf r ey and Ri dgway , 1985; Godf r ey and Weav er , 1991] O L eeuwi n r f c ^^t ^ t ^Wl f f i l l i Ml ≪] K^^( Oi : , ^f 6] # T$>% Z. t

X- &Zo ^^ L eeuwi n mf f i V$gt ￡&M^<n*1l - X&i t PXT&M*) ( Godf r ey and Weav er [ 1991] Kl Zt i L M) *, 4 y y *v T^Mf f i <V^M^^￡ ^Xt - X h 7 V7<Dn&^%&t &^%<V

Kel v i n &<Di Kf f i t ^t l ^<ni ^<VRos s hy R. <DMi &, t ^Y 7 U 7f f i / ￡- Ct f ) ? f oM>7&￡&J &

^, ; g[ pl ￡c Oi j f c *t a*! ￡￡- t ￡o$<b^s Hi r s t and Godf r ey [ 1993]f i ^MH^r ' ^^f f l V^r s - f VK

^v 7#^≫^^i - ^^^t L ^v ^^r i i - ^^^c O^L ^^7^^^^9^^

･ 7**7^f &^￡^^<4 4o

7≫s ( ^x. ^o

4. war m wat er r out e Gor don [ 1986] l $m$<V7&&f r Vr f r b, ^K. <DI 0t ￡M$t f &%$&f f i %＼&L t z o i t XnW^^^^t z ^m^t St ommel and Ar ons [ 1960]t f m^t t } l Z7F L t z ￡ ? KMBM1≪￡

&f r b± w#￡mz >&*T＼ ± ＼f t f r %4 y v *i / T&&m*M^r 4 y v mz Tf c t i &As V^z i f m

i P&Z>h%k . ? >2> ( " I g^C^- b^ war m wat er r out e" ) o Br oec k er[ 1991] ( i i ^MSS^ " =≫>^7 ･

^<; l / h" ^J x. TV^ ( F i g. 2) o Semt ner and Cher v i n [ 1988]f i ^S&GCM T; t t l *&5%L , " ^t K

; p- h≫ ≪■" 4 VK#. %? ? ( I ndi an Oc ean Expr es s ) "^^#^t ^ ^ ･^^Ml ^^f f l ^^^' M^M^ L

^of c t v ^^f e*^ [ J ^i l f ,1992] O

5. ^! J %^ - 1*>K * *>7#^f f e*i s i ^I r ^[ Mur r ay and Ar i ef , 1988] ･ 40- 50 BMI f J [ Semt ner and Cher v i n, 1992] ･ &$&&} [ Wy r t k i , 1961; Wy r t k i , 1987] ･ ENSO i Z＼b$>%i l &f t &f f l } [ Wy r t k i , 1987] t ￡t ° m*t z nnK>r - f r X*m$} t z >o ^7V7*y x- y <n&m- ? &%Wk Wj z *^o t w#j ￡ X t ± ^f f l l Z￡ ■ ? Xm. <D＼ul 2t f $i BL , *t l l Z￡v Xf f i . t L <D＼t t } ￡i >$L $￡- t Z>[ Wy r t k i , 1961; Mas umot o and Yamagat a 1993] O f f i m3&&&- : Wf f i <n&%1￡l " ＼#J J § W≫/ j ^ & ■ ^ ･ f f i &K i ^H

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&V> [ Mur r ay and Ar i ef , 1988] O Si ^/ r f c f i J F ^f c f c t t **＼#*& A > Kv ^^M^BI n >9￡ Tabl e 1f c TF t o - f O- f i f i - . 1. 75u[ Wy r t k i , 1961] 3&>i b20Su [ Tak ano, 1975] t ^l i f ^^^^^o $r " K box model s i nv er s e &&J 3 Wc f l j j 1^ [ Pi ol aand Gor don, 1984; F i ne, 1985; F u, 1986; Tool e et al . 1988] Xi i , l i t ^f 0^ 14Su￡V^9$Mr &f i ￡t ' &o - ^. MS' ^^T' ^ ( Gener al Ci r c ul at i onModel , GCM) * J f l wf c f l F ? ￡[ Cox,1975; Tak ano, 1975; Semt ner and Cher v i n 1988, 1992; F uj i o et al . , 1992a] X＼t , RM&)

￡ML f c l i ( f a20Sv ) Wi bt L TV^&o i c O0f L M: ( i s box model ( 2￡t i i nv er s e &) - t f Qbt l t z MZ*) i >

± %^*o t t z" Godf r ey ' s I s l and r ul e" ￡f f l w￡Sv el dr up model T' ( i N ± ^L f c i ^t C St f i f i 16 ± ASv - e^^} ^ GCM ^J SHJ ￡v ^

box model ( t t z i t i nv er s e v ￡)- e#i bf t ￡^^&J &<? ) j f f i f i ￡

>

GCM ^ Sv el dr upmodel - ? %hf t hj ^ Z￡>( D: $i M￡l ± J K%%: Mt f $>Z><DX＼ W$t %<VW: i i m*^- ^X*%t Zo Zt l t Xc D- X^t L Xt t , box model

^mv eTs et ^ZXi mm^^^' ^XWf ht l f z ^Mi ^M^^^l ^' t ^z . hf l , GCM ( Dt i i ^t &' t % Z> t %z _ bi i x%t z o Zi i t i , GCM^＼ f mme>W C, - i >V *i s T&&B<nMf r î &&*? m+Z> ￡ Z? >t I >＼%L t f wL X＼t *Z>( $] *. { ￡ Semt ner and Cher v i n [ 1988] ) ￡ V> 9WM&t f b o t ^f . t ^4o - " <Of c i 6s ^J ^^^^î - S^^^J ^^^/ J ^Hi l i U- C, t H￡S: 56*^: § v ^c 0^t #xi b^T^f c o Godf r ey [ 1989]<0 Sv er dr up model f e^Ô %t i L %. L X＼t *XM$k - C&Z>o ; t <D%z _ Z3￡&i - h X >) l Z! &￡>t l X%t z <Dl ± Kmd＼e et al . [ 1989]<9j &￡- ? *&o ^( i TK^^^l ^^^^^Î l L / i r educ ed gr av i t y model ￡f f l WT 7. 55w ￡^

■ 5box model Kj ￡v ＼ GCM J : 0 f e/ >? V^=t #TV^o

L ^L s SSc ot f l i f l i H- i ^ ^>K^v 7M^^^i ) i L l ; ^{ i aGCMO' f i ( Ci S; v ^§ ^^r ' f i ^v ^^

#x. ￡bn- ^J : ? i : 4oT^o ■ f f Dxi f F i euxet al . [ 1992]f i . &! Kf t ^( - J : ^ 1989 ^≪S^ 17- 18St )

^J ￡^I SMT' 3t f #$i r ^^: ^ i aE￡t A^^/ i t i - nt f , T- r t &- t ? box model ^^i L i i ^^^^^^c or *

*6 9^? l or oSf t t L TI t box model GOt f j f ^mKOTWi . ± i W*^$t L t V^i t ^f x

*bi T" 5 ( Tabl e l ) q ± M<0&*#$. ￡ L X^t z <Di t , Wy r t k i [ 1987]- ^ Mur r ay and Ar i ef [ 1988] O$F 5￡T

^i r a^t ^4' L Tv ^t ^Al bt L T^f c ^l br A4o l ^l , ^^^f i ^J f o^f t ^f e^r ^^v ^t

t l l f , f f i O^^^' V^t #x. f , t l ^ GCM ^Sv er dr up model CO^f t i ^> box model T*#￡*M: ( i ^^@( C&4 ￡%' z _ bt l &o ^^f i ^t , Ki ndl e et al . [ 1989]#* r educ ed gr av i t y model - e#/ i ^￡f i

^box model ￡ M ￡ < &% V^f i . r educ ed gr av i t y model O' J &#=￡UTf ^V^t C: ^t O^L ^f i f e^^ i T- 6

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f r bt z t ^oZ- k f c t e&o - MJ § Wi %t i Z＼' ML Xl t ,W$L <O$t M*- r f r [ Ki ndl eet al . , 1989;I noue and Wel s h, 1993, Mas umot o and Yamagat a, 1993] K

≪to XZ<0f f i $t &. &W

bf r f c ￡ t t oo￡>&#＼ f J MO^i : ￡ 5t f >t Rgj t l l W" ef c V>o Ki ndl eet al . [ 1989] t I noue and Wel s h[ 1993] t ± r eduded gr av i t y model " C*4 I , Mas umot o and Yamagat a [ 1993] i i $8M>^f t . ＼- } &&*f f i f t L t z GCM T&￡^ ^^f c Of t ESf c 0 t

U 4 y Y *i / 7m$f a<nm￡&f t t z t f *i ￡&X^hf r hXhha U: ^ot , - OK*v 7M≫i ￡￡<f c

* / : , box model *? i nv er s e^( C i ^X%. i b hi Xi > 4 VY * v 7 Mi S≫i E( O^g( ± . Mi ^^I f ≪ Oi ^^T

^v 7J i J gi ^c r ) ô^L ^- m^^t ^- ^^t t ( f ôT< - 6O L f c ^t , - <VK ^' >7i S^≫i ￡Aô? at

^^^^^^/ c ^H [ e. g. ,Rei d, 1965; Ts uc hi y a, 1968; Donguy et al . , 1982; Del c r oi x et al . , 1987] . 4 >

^R( i ± ^ <m^- oX^^ ( Appendi x A#, W, ) O L t z &v Xi t J s &Wnf ot f t j ^&nf r t f Pn<f c 0 ( - L r - f >K#( " A^r v ^<c o^r % - Yv K V>7Mi f t <af Ki ± : *: ￡ <^￡oT<&0 z nt z t b* <i >Y* i ' T*MMf f i ( O$i ! i - &. <Df f i &&Mf f l } / ) i ! l t Uk } Q*? i ' ^o^J x. t f >Tool e et al . [ 1988] ( ± box model ^f c ^K/ h

5 4f i 0. 75u*#r v ^o ^^j l ^f i Mur r ay and Ar i ef [ 1988]^L ombok ^Hi j f eTi f / z ^j I i i i 0f e/ h$Wo %

<ni i %i %m&x t s ; ^m. *Wz - m*, of ^v 7^^f [ c oi ^Ki a^ 33. 5 Ps u t ^i z <%m&<*v &

V^T( i WHi [ F f i el d and Gor don, 1992] ≪t0 f e#^t C/ h5 t t ^hQi f eL t z i t t Cc t 4O uWi ^t l , box model ^^t ≪s ( f ^o<- H^U, - <>K^v 7i ai R5KWf eoi Mi : ^^0/ r : ^#$***- 5i : S*>t L - ￡. o

i *L *l 9^t : i - 4f c J 6H( i s ^>K^v 7J i M&f L ^S? . t ^^^^^^^^^^O7Dn- i r ^^B^P3^^L

^^^^^^I ^^P^^I - ^^: ^^, F f i el dand Gor don [ 1992] *±TS ^ - f T? V A ^^^Kt f c ^^^ t

%%%<Dt i ￡. &*%&&&* Qm&<o&L ^t z %? i ± ^&z <Di m<Df f i mi & >x7f i mt e^&

&<nz t i f z o

―^. GCM - et i ^E^i ^S&i bn. *^ ± ^C0

≪t

^ ( C box model ^ i nv er s e j ￡( l<t - 5^1: t ( Dgt f j z *

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W( : I ^J : *) i >, L agr ange f f ^Z^Hj ^ML X^^ [ F l i er l ,1981; Awaj i et al . , 1991] O #! ] ; U￡>l t ± ' B

* L agr angi an s t r eam t UTf f l ? L ≪t 9￡i ￡! ￡&; &*&￡f t TV* & [ Shaw and Ros s by , 1984; Bower and Ros s by , 1989] O ^i J F ^5- C^^^^- r - ; l / - C*W- i bf t ^^￨^*ov ^T L agr ange f t KWf f c f i ^o

>Af c &mt Mm￡&*

≪t

1) &<mi f t i - Z>t z ) t >l Z^ I 11f c 3f r f c i f t &&Kf t ^￡&AL pas s i v e t r ac erf c L Ti &f aW( Ci i j aPi " &V*f e*9) 4 Eul er - L agr ange & [ Awaj i et al , 1980] ￡J Ev *T＼ 4 > K^ v T^/ $r f c i $J S; S

^^/ ^S- Cf e. M^^^^^. ^M^SM^RMi i C/ Ti - - t ^- C^- &o Eul er - L agr ange^W^I J j S( ±

. &T- ￡≫M1- ￡^t ＼ L agr ange WKE^*^<0 ( j gag ■ J Si i ^^^^i 6/ i ) j ef f l Wi SI ^*

Eul er - L agr ange&K≪t ￡J i 7F 22f ± ^^F f *) $f c <^? Pj f eTCO$J v ￡[ Awaj i et al . , 1980;I mas at o et al . , 1980] . f c / #; f c ￡^$j 7j c ￡>i &^- [ I mas at oand Qi u, 1987; Qi u et al . , 1988, Awaj i et al . , 1991] . f c &Y± t f $f f mU [ Ak i t omo, 1988] , &＼&￡>$$$&: [ F uj i oandI mas at o, 1991] . ^￨c ? f t f ￡o8! J gf && [ F uj i oet al . , 1992b]

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KOTSt U ^f c 3^￡^^ t ￡^KJ &#j L T^&o t t z ^ L oz i er and Ri s er[ 1990] i t Eul er - L agr ange

t - 6o ^4^- eUL agr ange WH^^- r >K^i / r i i ^^^ov ^r i E- <^c ^ 5 ^" C^^: ^^ f c≫6f c #&

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J ≫ _f _ -

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St f l ^vu

t f f f i 3f r ? % ^t z % M *r j ＼' { m & , m odel t w & ) <nw Q . m & $4>v ^>7#i i t o/ ^^^

＼#･ - f v K #■ ? *￡, f g& i : L T> f t t Ct ± 40oN ^<b65° Ss J TO Kf i 10oE^<b60° W ￡ f c ot ( F i g.

3) o ^r ; uc o^j f j f - ^( ± , 7X^( c ( i o. 5° xo. 5° s l & Et - i i 9J Rt o/ i ( SW SB^* i ^i l <B^^*6

[ C 1000m J t Cl O l t ^ ^gt : ( i 20j n> ^^T' t i 500m O J f * f c^ / c ) o i & M <O T- ? l $, DBDB5

[ N at i onalGeophy s i c al Dat a Cent er , Boul der , Col or ado]t f f l V^Tf ^^L f c o - t O l ^ - 1" >K ^z / T& M M

O M <v m % L % Tabl el <DRt f t l ( ? f c , RTI J gi Ra' J S^L f c CF i g. 3b) o ^^T' ^^I Si l i - Ct i , *- Xf 7' J

<n) W B& f t *f f f i . 1- Z>Z- t t f & % k Z><> Zi M U ^^K^v r i Si ^i i f L O ^J i ^^^^^f t ^U / c M as um ot o

and Yam agat a [ 1993] K＼$t ￡＼t ^& ' ? h& Q

r i gi d- l i d i ￡^ ･ Bous s i nes q & X ･ B^& & U ^7o ￡^^? <7) ￡*l 5^f i . & J . T<O af i 0 o

uv t an 4>

dv _ dt

a

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+ L v -

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oz

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+ L S=; 7( S*- S) + F S

dp

dx

+ F x

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￡￡■ ? . u, v , w t t ^f i ^t i M , i t , ± f t ￡c o≫f c & ;oi i U i Z; s i ± % f r ' t t t $$? r $; Pi t J ± t ) : p*i ? &

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&o L i t

1

9 , v

― ( u/ i c os <￡ ) ] +

7 = 7oI s i n0￨

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dwf i

i ^^r ) ＼s W± W0M. *W&t Z>± $k f r $>^ " T&t f t Wf f i *- ? bn ( r obus t di agnos t i c model ) ￡$f f i L f c o

￡*Ud＼ Sar mi ent o and Br y an [ 1982] #4￨Pl L f c f c<7>" C* * o " J i ^^^KTr ^r ^" ^f ± . ^( 5) t ( 6) O

^s c 7v f c &hf t z nwA*- ) ＼>^&t &f t *i mm. ( o＼ s *) i - f c ^w&m ( 7^) t f &t t i x^

F uj i o and I mas at o [ 1991] sF uj i o et al . [ 1992a] ( i , ￡￡>; ￡&￡f f i v *t ＼' &%<& " J K&i ^f f ^r ' J U" ( TC0

* 1/ ( 1 =＼) Ht o ? S& ( ( ? " ) t J t g^ ( S- ) <r >RM＼$L tL t ( ± L ev i t us [ 1982] W7*- ^- f ey h*f f l v ^f c o

^F f i ^^- i ￡^^^^/ î - o 7K＼^^[ WM^s f f i t f c 0&&*± - e- ^- r ^3x 103m2/ S, 1 x103m2/ s * f f l V≫f c o^Hf ei î f î i Pac anows k i and Phi l ander [ 1981]Kl hJ *1? ** ' J - t f - V a >WU; O t W

VZMJ 5%￡&1± UNESCO[ 1978] <DI nt er nat i onal Equat i onof St at e 80 * Br y an and Cox [ 1972]C0#￡=￡

St - ^^7 7 7^^f i ^ ± 2^/ ^ 30 B<0B#R3^^- - Ô Newt oni an dampi ng <D^X^k t z o WS J j i t I l el l er man and Ros ens t ei n [ 1983]O^^^J f - 9 ^#x t z o 4 VK ^' >7#î t O^- ･ ^ ･ E ■ c c OJ I Uc ^^Î j * F i g.4^/ ^t o

･ j ￨l M open boundar y

^^i ^≫l ￡ ( Ant ar c t i c Ci r c umpol er Cur r ent . ACC) *f f i ^l bgt ￡A^ ; M^≫f L t t l - ? 4x. ￡o &fSf i ^

￨pC ≪t&1*―￡K L . I B31I J S:f ci : f - 130Su [ Whi t wor t h et al . , 1982] t L t z o 1^1^^' i ￡t i F uj i o and I mas at o [ 1991] Ci oTf f l V^^ i C^^W^^^&Wf t ^K^^L TV^o

･ ^t open boundar y

no- s l i p^f t - o

･ Me

f r ee- s l i p^{ ^o

(12)

3. 2m m ^ht i t z W j Zt m i & f c Lx, f r ＼- & ＼<nm f r ^ Ci / 2° 1/ 20) ^r ^- c ^ x % - w #w ＼&

(13)

^; U Ti #e>t i / dl j f i I

3. 1 ￡f t f i 1j f c *I S

t r m odel m R^<n^% f c & hf t & m $Rt k t of f l & *f f i % - f c f f i & - t z >o % - - m - w - & <o$t f i m

1000k m . $＼$ 30 B<7) W M i - & t y L l Z￡Z>$i <n C$>Z> [ " L egec k i s W av e" ; L egec k i s ,1977] O- 5& ^>^- XA

( i , Zc om f t M f a^N ECC ￡SECl Z￡Z>i s 7- f t t ￡M l Zt . Zt % } L t >t i X^Z> ( e. g. Cox, 1980) o ^bf c

N ECC' SEC^Bf bT- o f c - Z} 7V7<D^f c l t L eeuv r m M : f l i L & f i i ＼a＼% l l Zf f i , t l X＼<*Z> ( f ￡1 ￨￡#

･

% . - O Kv ^- Cf i N EC ( ￡J 5° N ) - SEC( ￡j l O ° S) ^f c ^I ^E ( & J 5° S) i f i j & i XX^ho Som al i

W $L & t M ] k ＼% T& Zo ; CT#t f >3f r l Tf i " L egec k i s W av e" ( C t f c4 ? 2& ^( 0≫ESi & ^Bi bt t 4o

h*^60#J i ( ZP^<i J i J S. t Cj : 4f c ( O T^ " W y r t k i J et " t I I ^( f t U TV^ ^ O f J ) ^ [ W y r t k i , 1973] O C

￡ - f > K #- C4t [ p] # CO Som al i f S& f C^^ <b *t ￡o

(14)

" ^

. & W 4 ^Kf ^J t r - W y r t k i J et t f & bt l & o ^W f ^^i t " ^* " L egec k i s W av e" SCt f ct a1

NEC ± ^450mK#; f i Ei - *K 18° N; &≫$>10° N<Z>E5l f i ] ￡<af f i E*l o NECC ± J f 450mt C^Ei - *^ 10° Nf r h 3° N c O^[ r i ] ^C0i St ￡t t o EUC _ t J g450mK#￡i - ￡K 3° N ^<b 3° SO^f qj i W^t L o SEC ± @ 450m( Cf f f et h^ 6° N ^^ 10° SW^f R] ^ c oi ) t ￡t i 0

180° E - CVf r t l - f r t Mnt f L wi ^f f c &i t * F i g.7^/ r c t ( 18O° E Kf f l r e^ .^ .g .^s f c &^f f i ￡ F i g.

nec i i f L J i bi Wf t ￡f c i ^ r ^i S^c t J i o. 5H r ^f f i / ht &&0

nec c ^f i ( i ^[ f i j § t c i o^r %^^: i : ^≫) , 5^r ^^ht ^4o ^t S^h^^^^f i . NECCf i j W

SEC ≪i ￡R( i Hl RjSC2^ r ^f ^t ^: >3,7 J ! ( C≪￡g^^/ >^5S: o f c ^, 9 f t r ^f 2 c o t f - ^ ￡ f c

hM & t i : f f i & ' ? & Z>o t t z ^ XI f W ^j f s ^. m W , ^H ^. t L t z ^^r ^X' & h Phi l ander et al . [ 1987]<O

j j j l ± oj : a t c Nm odel - c & bt i t z f f i j m i u ± ＼n ･ - i >v n<& m Rf t & i <m LL x^& o v xr

3. 2 - f >F * v Tf i i ^c o^J l

F i g. 9 ￡8. 5° S ( F i g. 3<Dj m ) ￡M t ￡ - f VK * - >7M ^i f c : S<0^gf t ￡*1- o i t Sc o^W j f i l t

＼% % K% J l Q Sv T& Zo Z<7) i & t $l & ￡; <D GCM ^f ^t L ^l H ^^ ^! l x. t f Sem t ner and Cher v i n[ 1992] ≫±

17Su#TV^ ( Tabl e 1 #$i ) ° ^n i ^' f Sf i ^ Sv er dr upm odel T " Godf r ey ' s i s l andr ul e" ( Appendi x

B#J I ? , ) m ^X Godf r ey [ 1989]a<#f c H 16 ± 4Su￡>￡' ＼, $i ? Sf ] i ^/ : ^7' ; H ± i *T, t , W ^F ^gi 0

VK ^ v 7^/ i r & W ^f i *± <> o ￡- & f t : f t j & " Godf r ey ' s i s l and r ul e" Tf t i oTV>4 t ^k hf l ho

(15)

l ^- e& ^f c i ^t - ^at ^f & i g^^j t i f f i ^- CdbSo Tabl e 2 t i M O DEL ￡J i <￡>i i H ￡#5￡s S 9 c O & t f i t , ￡

･ WM l ev el1 f r h l ev el 5 o l l l f ^f l c Ot ^f ^t t r o

･ ^H l ev el 6 ^Pj l ev el 10o MW^/ h ￡■ ￡*><>Wy r t k i [ 1961] ( J ￡<^￡￡ - f > K#^f b - Y > K^

^( C3t L TV^^$- C** ( Appendi x A#, ^) o

. - M M l ev el11 m v ￡o w f c Bw f ef c f c - gt r o & ＼- W r ' i i f f M t pm f t t f ^M f c m L X^z >? % Z' e& z ,

( Appendi x A^i KO o

f f l ] [ Wy r t k i , 1987; Mur r ay and Ar i ef , 1988]T^ 4 >Y * y 7^^WM^ <& h i Z- of l X^M

300m ma) K&4>L - CV*af c #; c P>*t T￡f c o W^^x^T' *>i ￡f ￡^￡ht z *)( D^M. ( St Sf ^f f i 1- <&o) *M- 6t ^S<4- 6( Conr ^. t Sc ( C/ >$<^^- Cv ^o L ^L MODEL ^^4^^, - 6 t s l ev el 11/ i

C0^^^i / ^^^r o' t t ￡b^- 60 f l J x. ^ i i - e^HL f c ￨￡RO^! ES: ( i 9. 12Sv C. Ki ndl eet al . [ 1989] / / r educ ed- gr av i t y model T' f f ^dl t CS' i SV ( Tabl e l ) o L / ^t , Ki ndl e et al . [ 1989] f D^f J Ut D^MH^/ b

MODEL <D- i VY *i s 7W$f t i L <n$i J k <D^Wi $c M&± 4Sv - ? &Z> ( F i g. 9) o U^^Wl ± C^h<Di t ^^

^t o^j &^H^^t r - e^t j . i i i / hn^*o( ± J t ^^w^- eabs o F i g.i ot ± model - et f ^t t ^L ombok r Pj f e￡Mt 4^S f c HSf f l l J[ Mur r ay and Ar i ef , 1988] T#i b; f t f c %S*J f c $L f c f cO- e￡>￡o i i ￡f i ( O^t J i f ± Ml Hi W3- 4^- Ci ' 5o MODEL t f s ]D J :3f c ^F l Bt i Ki ndl eet al . [ 1989] O- t xVKC ^B' i ^- ô Mur r ay et al . [ 1989]f i , Ki ndl eetal . [ 1989] ( f t *? ) ＼><O0. 5° X 0. 7° O^#f J i r *± L or nbok f ^^ ( ^≪t f a f ± ^j 30k m) ^^^- C^^VÔTL ombok r Sl I i j l l Oi i ) S^Pf ] î - ^Vc ^^ J : *) ^( OXRS^^T- 5 t #xTV≫4o

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t - y & m t bxi <^- c w ￡ ( 09& H T. : i t & <Dm Xi U & - - ＼k ＼$k <v m z & j : i l z t j : 2>) o u^of , m odel

3. 3 <>k* *s t & m M i & ( n>yf c m m <j ) ^m ' ￡M

J l - C& ^f c [ M J ･ [ $M ] ■F W J Zt l ＼t l t t $￡t Z> 35m ･ 300m ･ 1250m O St & ^KoW TE&

3. 3. 1 H H

F i g. H i t Z5m U O % L $i % i <DqL f f i k % 7s i i - o i 5f t & & t iM j c O i f & ￡ [ W y r t k i , 1961, F i g. 12] i f o<D% t M r

f r t Dgf f i <Df f i % L [ M as um ot o and Yam agat a, 1993] k l i & m $<Df t $L t f & ht L X＼' *& a

2>t L T ( F i g. 4) s - f ^K^v r ^^f Sw î t ^f c r W ^0f r ^J ! S^c i or ≫{ ￡i ^( O f pJ #î ! ￡i EKL T^/ ô #! ￨

% . & % - & & & $. *: > A- >t , Zt t 1& L X J av af f e- F l or es r f c - Banda ? $r f i i SS￡^( ± Bl nJ ^ T^b - 5. ^. gH ( ±

^J I ^^- VKM J f c L Tj t t f t ^t ' & ^o r a^f - N ew Gui nea ^^^Bf ut L ^- i - ^- T? & #^l ( N ew

Gui nea Coas t al Cur r ent , N GCC) t t % f c & W l M 1j f t ＼f c $i t l Z>& ( 135° E 10° S r ^0. 3m / s ) s St Ct i ^t H

^[ Sl KaEt t a ( 135° E1O ° ST^J O . 1 ? n/ s o Sl W N GCC ±N ew Gui nea ^f c - C^KL T^t C^- 6^ - SB

i H al m aher ar l Sl i 3TU r ^>K^' >7#^f ^^Ao 4 ##J S) o F ^V^^^^n- f ei Ec O f S] ^ t ^^ o 1"

U ^L ^^f b, M ak as s ar m % *M W t & i l i f r ＼t U - i 3 ) W t ^& b& T& X$>Z>o % k . ＼f KK＼t ^ ^t l pj ^

O j H Tab- 6^ l Ô i ^r Sf e^l Rj ^CO Êt L î i l V^ ( ^J 0. 477i / s ) o ^t m M ak as s ar f f ef t f eW ^t t ^n-

i 3) Vt ￡y x- >＼Z<O f r % U Zf r X^& f r W V& t ￡＼<^k W ￡t Z>o M ] l ) ^@ ^I ^^f ^h^ M ak as s ar y f e

M i ndanao ? f w ? l ￡ ( M C) t M ak as s ar $l î j KL <9o￡r i M ^VÔ L / ; ôT M ak as s ar ^^Ti ' ^' i t S

3& ^§ V≫OL ^L ^ ^t Cf i N ECC. ^: ( i N GCC^i <^^ ( 3. l f i j 5##OO t * M C ( i ^t L i bc O r S^^^r

t : I ^J ; ? ( : i ^c L f ^' c t M ak as s ar r ^^^i ^Tt ^^t Sf i / h? <^- ￡o ^j t f U s K t c oU y ^^H r

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3. 3. 2 4" J 1

c : *: ￡; &*) . ^- Ki S/ Mc f c * ( 3. i Sp#, ^) o i t L f i . m± ＼f t m&<of f i Rn$&2<D$mmb<nt i *>? $>z >o EUC^g^f l f i ^f c Kf c f c &oT. 4 VK * v 7^$J ^4l / i f *#$p' ￡- f t 1- ￡o %- f c ^ EUC^5gv *t

#t C( ± > EUC ￡ MCnnw^J ^( ± S§ <% i t C- a- ^- 7? &^^≫i ￡ ( New Gui nea Coas t al Under c ur r ent s NGCUC) A<EUC O{ J t *&2S- Cab4o MC *± EUC f c f f i t L &t r f r t o t y( c N Mak as s ar UW&1&l : *t %>Wn* Mu- f bo Z<D^<r >: t f L t l t t , %- l Z f ± MC^f > Mak as s ar r gl ^t C^^^t r d f c<&￡ ^%m<D: t f i L t l t± Z <^

&oTV>&0 $^P, SC^- 5[ Cot L r x EUC^j i K^' St ^ MCf i EUC t S&<i l § O￡f t <≪t^f - ^- ^a MC Wf f i f f i geO^i ^ Cel ebesr f ed^t L ^t r ≪t? CMi ^ #＼ ( S f c A^ f ** Cel ebesr S- CK^F l t HI ! ) K S *>o T＼ i : ＼#f : I ^t l / ^ ( 4. 3. 2bi j #^) o ^C0^? i ( ± EUC^gt *) i &J 64$l c ^- e^<o - ^s NGCUCf i l ^

^s Ri S] ^f ^^o i *L f i t l SUOi ( S*t - i : i - * [ L i nds t r omet al . , 1987] O NGCUC t ± ^&%L bZ$Hi l &

4 VV ^UT&Mf oMUt ot i L &t t Mak as s ar ^J f e^^L ^J : *) / >$^ ( l O- 2m/ s O^" - ^- ) o ^^i Kl t C

^i ^EUC WSSv ^^P>i ; t - *i - . F l or es l f e^' b Bandaf i W0^*S^ Hal maher a ? &*i &t s EUC t - O^

^Si t L ^^t So i f c ^ Bandar ^^f i f i WUl ^t Ol i ' ^^B^^^o - ￡, EUC ^^V^^^^- t C^t

T( ± , Banda^^Mmf i S^Ht [ g] ^^W^B' b^' 6o 11 NGCUC ^- ^^ Hal mal i er a ? f e=J : ^l Pj #K 5J L t L ^^t l ^- i ? ^L s I I al maher a^*H#t t I l l ' 3î ^*t i ^<: f f ; &t So ^^^^( i s Cer am gj <Df t f e<D t J 6H^ Bandat i ^#î : ^KUr v ô Banda r &J t *^^- ( E) <7>Rt l #Ht [ I ]0 C^f MU' ? ) ( 0#^{ ± % i t ^ ( $) #) ( Ci - 6f e( 0- C*4t #î b^4o F l or es r f ef ± Bandaf &Of f i #( 0? ! i ￡t L t 5￡Sf i L T± 3>J NBanda

QQ Q 2SB

T^^^^K^v T^^^r t Cf i ^g ･4I I gWc t ^^^^: ^^l i j ^! i i J j t ± W￡U^' / ^ F i g. 14f ± 1250m

^- - . ￡OBanda^? r J t Ti " - 6^^ ( 125° E 0° ST0. 01m/ s ) CoôTVô 3. 2g[ I TÛf c ≪t 9 f - ^ i / i E^

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3. 4 $￡#>

M O DEL <D^m i % i t $. m of f i % : t $' <<n} m & Z>l >t >, - f >F **/ T& g} f c ? <Dt f m <O & f f i $t W } % ￡<

≫t ￡^^s f f l l J t #<CO ^- i S^^f eot V^C: i : ( i , ^^1^- f ^^i ^- c O L agr angeW ( C^, f c i E) § W

^l i J ^l i t - ei i Xf f - ^W ■ - < > K^c of ^7K3^^^y n- f er i ( L om bok r f 5i i i ^ ^r - f i ^S^^P^M t i

(19)

I B4j p.

M ^M r f - ( D Lagr ange j l l l i

#^TI ± f t 1￡L T*f c f c Bf c & J & K& - f ￡& A L L agr ange Kj ^^^i " ^ i t t ＼ - f >K ^' / Tj i S^s KH

4. 1 S^j i Bf r S

I T

= u

X = Xoat t = 0

( 4. 1)

( 4. 2)

f i f c ￡t i ＼ M O DEL T? ^^J I ≫^( : t ￡^& ^￡l Bds Sf c f l S^U ^c O ^I ^J j l ^r . g L T#￡o ^S-

i f e￡<ai j i ￡j g^ M O DEL c o^' U 7 K W ^^t ^J ^M I i g L T^- 6O ^W ^^t ' ^o/ j ^^v ^ 9 ^^ &

f CS^f c ^ ( f l F J g- Cf i Tf c ^F ^' J y Kw i ^t oEE^ r ^i Si t ^^- Cf i ^H l ev el I f <o1/ 4 ^Eggt ) ( i .

4. 2 ￡f t 0) l i #

<4>V* t s 7& & f c V<Df f i & $3& l $& f c M t l Z>1§ l f c ^ M O DEL ^i ^T? ^i - T- c O ≫^^M ^- ^M Ti 3 < o

F i g.15I ± #J J 8K 35m v ￡K& AL f c & T- W 365 U f R<nW l $f - C& & o f t l , ^^^T' f i ^l p^I - oX^f i i ) ^

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t i L Tt t z y ot & J f c f ef f r L X^& o <DM t L X, ; W #180° VW 20° N 20° t c ^L f c f e^O S f L EF

F i g. 16^^t o M l ≫￡ ≪t - 6Ek m an j f f i f c t *> f c ^T- ^M t i ^t St H f ^^- S^j t ^^SC J : o TJ KT- f i 3

( Î D^^ ( I nt erTr opi c alCov er genc eZone, I TCZ) A^J l L h^^Êi - * t J 6^ 4t ^^c ( C Ek m an Ô l R^

^^^? ^^^^^- e*- 6o M I 19W ( - ^ S^5- 60N - CSt l ^3& <i Si oTV/ Ô f ± I TCZî ^Êf ^

f U ^Cl ^Ek m ani i ￡W J i X5￨i ^Ct i 4^l b- C**o i ef f l l J ( *≪t t L ^ : w ^C{ i ^7n>b^4

L Ti 5^ [ W y r t k i and Ki l ons k i , 1984] , ^W ± i ≪7D>' bw W : ^ <^^ot v ^; H ^

t t i s J f c i c SS^W ^f r W ' f c ^m ***^*^, F i g. 17( i ^DJ ( C7X^35m O ^^^#- m i : ＼#- ^>K

*i ^≫ SEC f Ci ^W 5t t - 6O 2 ^l l f i gO ^t i M adagas c ar i i ^T- J i f ^>o - O Kf ^Ct f c ^f c ^i 1^-

gg( i ^ t - Xl * 7 l ; r oH ? ￡: STL TL eeuw i nf l S￡^- ≫i ￡i 1' ^2s ^･CV^o

4. 3 O K* v T^f l f M ^f f i ^i ^CQ L agr ange J i g)

W ^^f ef f i gi - ^o <r >t t X>K- $M ■ m ■ $$m *t t ￡. t Z> M m ･ 3007n ･ 1250m^KSAL f c f t ^K

4. 3. 1 t t M

F i g. 18d＼ #J J ! Sf c Zbm m ^xXl - W & O f r ^f t t i ZTf i i - o 0F - & - R' 1f f c <0f t =? - t t t i ? M BM l Z

#& ＼& ( np) ■r t t W ( s p) ■ 4y Yi ' T$' & n ( i n) - J y y f t do) O 7f c - eof c i t *^i - o

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t t z &i W. ) t h&i n { i n) f r hSH ( 9%) *t ^*f c ? - <O0Uf c f c F i g. 19Oa ( b) K^t o

t , J t mi Sj ^WNGCC f c : ] t WU￡<9SEC#l 40oE&<- ef t r ￡U NP t SP Wt f - f i l ^U f c j &^f c f c WWL a} ￡*i ￡ ( F i g. i 8b, c ) o #± ＼Wf c A<? t z Zt i b<D&＼i U z <nmR<v i k ＼$&' C<DMM, &± z > OEk man^￡^CJ : - ^r ^g^C^S#U^ ￡i b￡: ￨b￡j I t f f U, o NP t SP^f l ^ - ^^^43■ r ^ Hal maher a

^^Mi danao^CO^f j CO^l ^' 1- t t Ti <r a- ^t ^ ( F i gs . 18d, e, f , g) o4t ± L t f e^O 1Sgl ± NNEC t

J Mf c f f i ^i l ^i Si c ^^^j i ^^S- Cr t TK^WCl t KW *&- C*4￡ t t J :<M$L t V^ [ Webb and Ki ng, 1989] O

SECî ^^9*> 140° Er ^t ± L 4ôf c i K: ? - ( ± % SKI i NGCC^^Ml p] ￡￡￡&￡≪>> ? e>f C M^St t f o - ec Of eT- ^^ <( i New Gui nea ≪Ri K" ej ^￨s L % Hal maher a ^^^ ôo. NECC Kf i EAl "

So L ^L , l g￨S( i Hal maher af f e^i f c t t Tl i TU, NPWt T- i ^L ^^ ^ >K ^' >r ^^r ^^SB≪ Bandaf S^Bi L ^t S ( F i gs . 18d, e) o &&, Hal maher a f of r b Banda r i ^r l ^T L - < > Kv ^t ' t &t t S ^ >K

^J OI M VK^t C^t ' SMt - N c C^t i Hal maher a f St ^≫i ￡^f i ^t f n] § ( - i ei bSoZVt z t b^ i Et C Banda ? $

^^f ? l i : ￨f f l ^t v Kc t 9( ^^ ( F i g. l Sf ) o f eI l ^j ￨&U*4t , NP t SPOSf l ± ' >UL

^^>K^y 7^I ≫: ? ^^V≫ ( F i g. 18g) o 1 ^f e^ Banda f gO NP <O^<n1^- ＼t 46- f @. SP ￡0

>J c C ^J 13° N t c ^Mi " * NECâ^^*i T- i Ef j ôv ^r i E- <ô Hl S] ô nec 4*o np <r >$k l r i t 7 J U t f >m^^t ± 1" Si l ≪! at l t Ti - SMCt ^l l ! ￡t So MCH^- KL / dKT- W- gf S**, î " e( I ( i , Cel ebes r l t - AS ( F i gs . 18b, c ) o ^t L i bONPeOi K: ^^ M<DM^M^' , Mak as s ar r f e*^- L ombok r Sl ^^t f c ^t ^

- OKf ^HAS ( F i gs . 18d, e) o - ^^ Cel ebes? f e■ Mak as s ar ^f ef e･ L ombok ^J f e*i t ≫)

^

- OK^dt f et t

^- C^>} . " Wi f r - y " i I ? &1* o￡&V＼> i W@V≫l i #f i l J Wf c *( C, *≪CCMak as s ar ^^≫i ￡^^J ￡KL

So HGSU 144^c o NPc o^î T- ^M>K#Âo- CÔ. " ^^; l ^- h" ￡0#i ^- J : ^( ± &75^c #v ≫o ≪f f i

û- h" r - ONPî ^- c o^j ^^^Wi i ^f i ^ Hc o^^t ) ^T- eS) ô np c a&T- o{ &&i Ei t >af eS mc **

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3. 3. l t f f ' Cf t ' <f c . f c 5C I t oi N ECC t ( F i g. 18f h ^Kf i N GCC t ( F i g. 18e) 5& <*￡W ￡, M C f r

t ^^^Sc A^^f c ^aEr ^W ^f f i t Ct i i l i ^O ^V^ ( W oodi ng et al . ,1990: F i g. 20) ￡≪t <M L T^

c oI o ( c ^^i ; j : ^x L om bok r ^^^i i S^1- ^^T- ^￨3^^^^ w - c , L om bok ? f ei ￨^*3i as i - 4 - f > K

Si j i c t f i t f , L om bok m k <n$U % <o& f r t t & f r *M % <om f f i ^k t z i t v & M W v ￡% ^Z% ^^k i

i " *i t ^#^$n- CV^ ( W y r t k i , 1961, F i g. 2l ) o

■ F i g. l 8h( i 2^^c o^T- ^f ￡f ^î - o " f f i Û - h" ￡^ 2^^- Cf e N P ^^L Âot ^ TV≫4v o

- 5- nt f W ^K) ^. " ^^; P- h" ^( i . $t ^5: ￨a^05S57l c ^Aor § TV^o N P O ^≪0^r ^( i 39

m , SPO ^CO ^T- f i 69^> - f >K#W W ^5T- f ± 32^^Banda^^*At ) ^^- CV^o $<b( C^ i t L t

CO & ^- f J Bandar f c - t N U O J ; 9 ^t f l ^ ( F i g. 19) *? f f i . t l <O & $$$& b<nf c l & f c ￡ <U & Zt l Z>o F f i el d and

Gor don [ 1992] t t Tk Sl l ^f f c J o t ＼ " f f i ^J l ' -h " ^O ^^f i t i t A, m t & ＼f f ￡ $>k i 3＼ " ^f r - Y" *

4. 3. 2 4>J f

F i g. 22f i , & m ￡$0t onf f l z W <L t 3￡: ? - <r >& ＼f r 1r i 7F i - o t & ( E) " ? & ￡＼E ( I E) f r hZH

( 9 n) t ^<D^L =f - <O ^m ^ F i g. 23C73 a ( b) I ZTf i t a - % m t l $^^ ≪f f i ^; U - b " - <0 M C <^t K^^

( i ^- t Cî ô di m . 3^- ej i E^f c J : ? t - > M C t M ak as s ar r i f ef eW ^^t ^î O ^f i i J t l SSv ^^- C*

^o EU C t f & f r h& t h i Z^f l X M C 4^^ N P O ^T- i i EU C W ^t C? J i ￡t t * J : ? ! : *^ g￡( ± M ak as s ar

J ^± ^^t " i f c ^<r ^<s M ak as s ar f f S^^^^^' Cv K N P W ^r ^t i y ? v f " Dc t C^$ t L ( F i g. 22b W

M ak as s ar ･/ i m ^^^i i ' - ) o f f i gt ^^f i s " ^j ^- h" ( C N P ≪j S^( O ^& ? ^VM Sf ^( ± s Sul u ? $<? ) % &

J - ( f f i O Xk ^) AM ak as s ar ? f ej f et ^TL t #r v ^i i : - e*4o i c O ^t L ^/ c ^^7 - T- ^K^St L f c N P

(23)

^ >

<D%L ? { ^( DUl - ) **$&$. $t l Z>o F i g. 13 *%. &&￡*)

^

Mak as s ar r &&￡Mi - ￡f i ￡&K^f ; : <f c 4

± ￡t ￡&^t t t c ^- t i K J l i § 1- ^7Xc o￨a^( i ^; ^ <J ￡&￡O 300m$S<aj 5t o&f i 35m*￡<^f L ; 3U 0f c at ^f c af c ^ f f i ^- hc oMl f t f f l f e^KJ ^- c gv ^s l ^&Kt i NP w￨0( Hv K#CA^ ( F i g. 22c ) o i s - I S

OV>t ^! ) [ Wy r t k i , 1961] n t i 1? ^L f c ^y ^^WTKO^^^- f - ^- B&St 1*^ ^ 11>*f r f r Z>o

^*^t t t > mHt C^f Kc ^^t ^^' bm/ uT' VKo t f c . 2^@( C Mak as s ar ^l Uj f eâi Û^^î ^-

<O- SB ( 23- 10) a, L ombok r S^^t &^- f t C, F l or es m^' M^M^' Cî a 1^@ ^ 2^Bt ^Wi f t ^ f j ^^^L ^^^f i ^ ^( Ot e^^^J ^f i S^l ^Bt 2^ST; i 9f c ≪>t ? *' 6o F l or es f / l t ^^î i t j ' ^T- O#Ê( i . F f i el dand Gor don [ 1992] #Banda i CAc T < 4 NP COt Kc O^^^―O- e^ ^> t f i t V^

" bac k door pat hway " *%. Wi Z> & <OV h ha

s pwj ôj gî ^ i wî ^- ef i ' f >K^' >r ^^^c t ± AoTCi i v ≫ ( F i g. 22) O - e^^^>9. euc <? 5 t ≫: ôt V^0 <l W&- ￡! 2＼￨￨f f l O$^f c ^W^^^≪bL i nds t r omet al . [ 1987]^r ^Wt ' l l EÔ^

f c [ EUC c O^± ^7f C( i NGCUC ^￨a^. T^- 6J i :V^ Ts uc hi y a[ 1968] Wl EI &f c i &f t j K^df L TVi &o

>f>K^' >7^J i r t et - I ^^C￡F #W^^<AoTCl 4V*f c W: 5i t ( i L i nds t r omet al . [ 1987] - ef c ^O^T

ôf c ^- e*^ *c f ? E- ei OJ 6- CM' b^t i : of c o ^^^êESBandar f et C^Âo- CCl t V^t t i ^ C, EUCî f i V^^C>i : ( C^t j - - Cf i BandaM^ EUC^TKî ^t at - 5) ( ^^W) o

4. 3. 3 7% M

F i g. 24t f ＼ & J f f l K1250m m Kf l ZXL t z % L 3- <r >f r ＼f r f t *7F t o t t z 1 ≪<0≫W ≪￡ F i g. 25K^

^( O M I i ^J & Zf t X^Zi o 2^- W l ( F i g. 24b) K*￡s 53- ( @ t N PCO ^O ^T- t 18 ≫ SP c o^c o^^

t - i f c t i o ^J xt f . Van Bennek om [ 1988] *±Si t b U ―9―t L T^f ^t ^^t w ^^^^^TV^

( F i g. 26) O ―^. ^/ i - ^/ g- c i S^- e^of c " 0^; i / - h" ( i 1000m i ( } f c ^v ^f e^ ￡c o? ￡￡- ef ± ￡h￡

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4. 4 - f > K j ^d& l t t z & M M U ^oi M M i ^

F i g.mz 4 y V^" y r ^%U^h4 >K#KAof c *￡^>#v f i T￡^t o ' f ^K^c Aof c f eT- ^ #/ l O° S

￡<0<t ? ^- < VKf ^W^^CD^^- CO^T^f j ^^B' &^^^N ^13^ 80° E CO20° N ^^ 20° S t CÂ L î T- î ^^^f L ^^L ^^^^F i g. 28- es >- 6o j t - W^W( " t ± 20( ) SJ f i ; <i %TL r ＼/ ^^T- f eB

[ Mol i nar iet al , 1990]( Cf c B' bt L ^o

t c O^^^STf i Ek man^^l ^^S' ^t TV^o f f i t ^HI * F i g. 29^^t a ^K( ± N ^^^" b^? f f l # OT^- >^<O i W^^WEk mangE^t i f i j ^^** ( F i g. 29a) o Et - *± s r S#^>b^Cl ^f P] § ^^ V

*- ^#*Pf c <o t Wt ^C0Ek man^￡l ± Sj f t i ] § - C&4 ( F i g. 29b) o ^t ^t ^f i ^ ^ V^- VW$f t ^9( C*f c

^5S- hwMJ Sl ^i Dj Ul ^^^n. ( ≪Wy r t k i J et ' ＼ 3. l l i t i #M) ^J ￡" f ^ ( F i g. 29c ) o J ^J i W ￡ 5 &i f c *UC

^10oS ^J 30° Sr *( ± ^^^ H[ S] ^î Er *^ô Uf c ôTEk man^f i F ( 3[ Sj ^- C**o ￡- ￡l i 10° S&

^t T? ^t l S] ^( OEk man^- e*- &^f >. ^ 10° Sr ≫≪i X^￨6^L . nS#**^ t h ( F i g. 29a) o 10° S#5￡ i t s ^^W^- f ^Kr î ' Ao/ i TKoi i î t - e^^SEC^^Î t t T' ^f } , %- i z z <Dm&- ? $Mt ' Cf r t f

40° S#&Ci l ^4) HJ H' r *S^i pEk man≫i E( i 4t f f i l ^- C*- 6o l ot 20° S / j ^ 30° S T' U^^^J K^

#T( ± S( - ^9t - ^*i I t f ^t " V^- 6 t Wf e^L TV≫5 [ Hs i unget al . , 1987] O t t z ^ Has t er nr at hand Gr ei s c har

^W^1: ^J 1A- CV^O f f c Ek man&t ^J ￨^t ^^t o^f e^mi - ^t #X^^^^^K#^4] l l J t - ef i ^

T^#î b^t ; Ô^77 7 ^*t i ￡K*# < =i 4 [ Has t er nr at h and Gr ei s c har ,1993] O i ^>￡ 9^^ Î p

(25)

4. 5 Si : ≫

f t - KXbo " Kf ^- h" <o& ≪[ W i J f c t ￡f t & <,$L#^- e& & o " R^; u- h" i z i m x^- f t v & <? >] ￡A

(26)

Bs M

St t bt

- A* f f f l

^r - ^^o mi : § *L f c i i i ￡S^± - f v K^y 7^^? f ew^f l f f i ei E&*i <s aUf c o t f c s t m^t L ^t ^^

^ef ; i / - e#i b^f c >f >K^y 7i l 3aS￡oa￡51: t ± i 9± 45v C*>&0 Z( O$L &t ± , 4 v V**s 7%r %%<n*＼*

%%&ZM$L L f z GCMc o- &i Mt t t t A, W5＼￡X*$>Z>o Z<n1f e%: i u 4 >V *t s 7&MM<nMi ± ^ 4v Y

^. 4) o &￡? ><, 4 y h' ^i / 7 M^hi t ^t ^t t " Godf r ey ' s i s l and r ul e"[ Godf r ey , 1989] T&t o TV^

>K^y 7i i J a%W≫t ￡2: *^M- f f l Si " ' 6^t H5: 4o GCM X%hf t t z ^l ^i ) Hl k <nm' ^X' %hf i t z ^l W^

^f c ^C^V^f i t i s dC0v ^t 7) ^a^S^L r v ^t #x' bt L - 6o Br oec k er et al . [ 1986]f i Mol uc c a r i ^ t Banda r S^P3<0 s i l lT' 0. 2 - 0. 25m/ s( OSf i v ^f 6] ^ WJ j Kt t *Mf f l UL t i / ^o ^ t , SSO￨! I f f l U[ Cr es s wel l et al . , 1993] - C*± ,Ti mor W%%$L &? 2>' $L R<0 1 ± ><D50%i t 350m%&&T*W, t l 2> t ^^v $$; WX^ z >o L f z t f ^xm? j <v f am^^t w 1 <ot ± i nmR. <v ^z t x$>&o

(27)

4 y V **s 7& % W & <nf a& <n& f f i ^kt t $f o＼1t M ^^<? ) L agr ange j & W ) f r h, 4>h' - >TM

4- f t î " - 6 35m･ 300m - 1250mKi S^L f c & Ô S& V^j ^J U S: F i g-30( - î " o f t l ^t U Df f i ZVi f e

･ BM ^ F i g. 30a

A >K *Z/ TM M t <VBE. & m % U & ^f r b% . f c f r i t X<D M C V& Z>o M C f r h<Di M $ Cel ebes

m , M akas s ar W u L om bok r f i W Sr i i oT ( " H ^; ! ' - ^" ) ^ ･<VK^t Ct f ei t ^o " c ^^- h" ^J i

･ f ol k F i g. 30b

EU C^§ V≫O t W B￨, M C CO ^CO ^c S- ^f i M ak as s ar f oRU Z% L t L & t t o i & f r h' M . t Zf r l fX EU C l $? A

<i ￡ho Z^f f i ^ M C<Df r l $E＼J Ci z m . i ＼l 2t l & o i C0^^i ^f j ( C#9. M ak as s ar ^f ef et C M C CO

^% l & t r R#f l 5t i ＼ ^g^i f c ^T@ V≫o L ^^oT M ak as s ar Bm z f f i . t L j L A, t z l ＼3: ＼f f <nf ot t

^o^SpSESf r ■ em l 5( w ^Sf c ! ￡: ^^t ^3& *' b^ - f >K#w s ec - e$i b( c H ( ; 5i t Po

- ^ ] t i : ＼#t 07K( ± ^: <^v K^v 7^^^^Aor ^^v ^0 0[ 6]§ o N GCU C c oTKf i , 1^

^R f i s ^bf c 5! 2^^1^^ ( N or t h Pac i f i c I nt er m edi at e W at er ) ^H i E^TK^^' l i T^j i i - ^f ^? " Cab^ s

･ j ￡ J j . F i g. 30c

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7Wi &l t &J &#^>s <$^^T* [ F f i el dand Gor don, 1992] , ^MUSf l f l c a ? *>￡≪￡<&W. I ZW&Z

l $%l ± X＼&' ? f l $&$l Mf t ( Ant ar c t i c I nt er medi at eWat er ) &W><Vf r l ) WM. ￡} ￡i &i %$ " Cab t U

%t i &i %l ± i t - J s : ＼f f <V&i >,J t ^^f ^c OTf c ^, - OY' m^^^X^L f i h^t ^^L X^ho L ^U ≪&

Ô^^- Cf i MUi - ^^^l l L ôô L - Û Eul er âgr ange&T' U^^WdKU Ô^J gEf l

" J K&i ^- f ' J l ' " t Eul er - L agr ange￡￡f f l V*f c ≪F 3f eKJ : ≫K ; W# t ^ > Kt Ô^SI RR*^* O^t ^î - - &i t ^t ' ^^/ A Vô^f l . ' J M^f eM' b^ô l ^l i , MODEL Vf f i bt l t z L ombok f f i $i ( O&f f i f i L Mi ( 8- 125i ; ) i t , $. f f l - ? &bt l f z $. [ Mur r ay and Ar i ef , 1988]<D 3 4 ＼%￡t t h ^ <hTf c ￡o ^

COJ KH( i n MODEL c O^*t gc O f c * L ombok T^^^' l ' M^J At f t r f c t t Ct i f e^/ f t f e #x. e>*L 4U MODEL t ￨gi i l J t l f i ^9^^^^f f l ^B' Cv ^c o^' b^nt L ^v ^ ( MODEL ( ± ^^i *f f l V^TV≫4^ ≫l j ( ± 1985^- 1986 ^Wi p- ^J f ^k <7) T ￡>￡) oJ EI St i i : f c ^<

^

f e L L ombok r f ≪^t M^ o t ^*: ^^

L ombok J Sdj I t O^f i T^f c oTf e. ' ^<n: t i $&&1bt *) Rf t . L t f ; ^t %z . t >t l Z>o L t z t f i X%f f l $Z<Of f i % i . 0f eTi mor ! f ^Sav ur f S: &i i î t ' 5^1: ^Â^T^^ô U: ôt , ≪f f i ^l / - h≫ ^Mj SL T^V

K#^A" 6^K( i . L ombok f PMj I &l : ^^ ^f c >}^ F l or es r & " Banda MI ot , Ti mor M ･ Sav u l i ^l b^f >K^( - A4 ( 4. 3. 2^*e5E^<f c > ＼/ *t >$>hbac k door pat hway [ F f i el dand Gor don, 1992] ) %%M

i f onf f l Ml t , $*mi M>Z>t l Z>o n＼＼- ? l $<{ y Yf f - f r h Banda r c t COa^' N^J AôTW*. [ Wy r t k i , 1961] OL ^ L . ^J f ÊoSî i Sl F COj g^- ef i : ^ t t t : M￡' t ^>i 9 ^ - f > K #^ f > Banda ^^c Of i T" ^^ Sl l J J L ￡>*L &V*o i ^>j *^KL T( ± Wy r t k i [ 1961] ( i 02^/ >/ i ^ Banda r f ^^MAf i r S' ^7Bn- f eXC X 4<>W/ : t ^r v ô MODEL t l 4^t ^&I t K; t f c ^l &r ( i § ￡i a- C^4v ^^l f e<7) 7' n- t ^^Bi or v ^

ho L t z t f v XW&<n^Rt ￡7n^A! t t mf t ' f t X' m^%X^ht %l &o

^f f l f t X' i * 4VY* v 7R^^c O^^^Mi - ov ^T, S14WCUi ^i - A ￡i : t C^^j L f c o^^ Eul er -

(29)

(30)

Appendi x A

j t <> k >$ t m ± m $( D 7m

m T^E& t i , W y r t ki [ 1961] ^i b3Si & L ￡f c W ? *& o

A. i m - r >K>＼

%4>Yi $ ( 88° E^ 11° S 4° N) <nWk <nf t ^%Y＼%. k UZ. 7F ' $- o

￡5H￡; k ( 34. 6 36. 0ps u) T &￡Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er i t 50 100m <r >＼%$i W%l &Kf t &t

￡o F i g. A2￡ Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er <0i &f t <ni $. ＼f t J $t : 7F t o f c ^l t t Wl O 2 *D<D: ￡Vt <D' &i ￡. f r i P m^wt r x^Zo ^j 5° s ( D&i &f t n2n<of c &%$L i i z t t mu $m<ni t <o#&f t t t wn<r >f c %Kmz t t

J &L TV*a. f c $- C￡>' &o i ^TK^l a^f i Ar abi an r ^T% - < > K^^j S^i ^^t f C ￡ o T≫i ￡$*L T i t v ^ t

- f c OI l TCf i ^ ( 34. 8- 35. 0ps u) f c j f c( 34. 5- 34. 8ps u) <O150m f C± SB^^^' J ^**l , i bt L So t t <9± SBf f i ^S/ J >R≪￨ai RH Bengal i gTf e^o ^W± S^*^J >Rt t SC^^^*L r *f c l ^*l L ? Rt o*i 9t ￡^

A*o/ c ^c J : ? - e*40 ^^^/ h/ Ka^^/ J v / i ( i . 0- 2. 5m/ / / ) t ^R4B8#3&**- So U^L K^^h J g t i ^t t - ^- ^t L Ti S i bTx 150- 200m f ^^^i ^T*B <b*t 4 o

200―300m W^c ^f Cf i s Per s i an Gul f Wat er COc or el ay ert f Wr h&X^&o Per s i an Gul f Wat er ( 1

%$mj z ( 34. 6- 35. l ps u) f c Sg^î ^: ( l . 2- 2. 2m/ / / ) ôt t >50 : oî ^t Ki &^f i - S: L

gl J CO^^a^M ( 0. 4 3. 2m/ / / ) ^400- 500m( C^&i - 4o Sf ei ^t l i i W^^V^ i c o^^^^f i

^^#/ >T- ^) ^f ^^4I i i 7K ( Ant ar c t i c I nt er medi at eWat er , AI W) ( Oj J : At - K# L t v ^o L ^L , i l

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■* s

■■- * .

Red Sea W at er <Dc or el ay er / S*600 800m I Z& t l & o Red Sea W at er t ± i & f t $L X ( >34. 8ps u) t W t

§ f f l / . h ≪2. 1m / / / ) " C3Ei 65t t ^ ^^^^t ^^^/ J ^f i gf i ^- f L f e- ￨f c L W o

1000m ^^<( C^ Tg^- ^^hJ i ( 34. 5- 34. 9ps u) ^L ^t L ^^ ^O Bf M - C( i ^[ C L f r % >ht l t t ^o

J f c ^SBO TSBi ^- ^/ J ^ ^ - 1" > K * ' >7#￡r f c ? > Ti m or ? St- Banda ￨W T- S- O 2CO f i r *$) ≫? ,3 $& $<&

A. 2 W ± ＼- &

^" aJ S^Tt Cl i Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er t f &f t Wz h L XZJ l t l &o $S￡*± 100―20( b7i X*&Z>O j & WAt m^t ^<r >UM' Chho F i g. A2 O Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er T*<0i ￡^; f r &B￡ <t . 35. 5ps u ￡ t x. 4 7R^＼ New Gui nea T&êf L - C- Mf ^f ^' - C^ô 14° N#S^( i , S' J ^l b 35. 2ps u Oî S^^TK^^^ U^ f t

3&t ? f c 2i ￡" e25￡i I t f *l TV*￡o^^ Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er ( S: 34. 8- 35. 2ps u, O2: 3. 7―4. 6m/ / / ) ( ± S ( 0Subt r opi c al L ower Wat er ( S: 35. 0- 35. 6ps u, O2: 3. 2 3. 5m/ / / ) HJ t ^T, j g: ^r - $) ^} ^ ^^^^^- 60

4t O F or mos a W5S<' Ct i ^^^/ h ( 34. l - 34. 5ps u) ^- UbWr W/ i Tk ( Nor t h Pac i f i cI nt er medi at e Wat er , NPI W) ^600m I Z&b f l &o t f l i Zpf J ^L X 900m ^i t ^m^W^M ( 1. 2- 2 Ami / I ) t f &bt l ho Zt l b 2 OC0 Cor e l ay er i ± $M" f i < t C L f : ^t ± #L , ^^i l ^^L ^^- f t i Sc O^^^ 300- 400mV^

New Gui nea W^- ^^^^/ h ( 34. 45- 34. 6ps u) t ? *4 AI W ^TOO- QOOm^f CB' bi T' So 1000m f r h 1200m ^( i mSBK^^J ^S ( 2. 0- 2. 4m/ / / ) A**4O i i T- ' b 2 OCO c or e l ay ert t ^T <^ Uf c ^of T

^L , NPI W4>TKt et ￡1- &o NPI W t AI W^D^St l i , 2oc o^i g7Rc o^#t t T, ^^- f g^: ･ RE

(32)

Appendi x B

G odf r ey' s i s l and r ul e

J ￡J L T<^5f c f f c l iGodf r ey [ 1989]i Z ￡&t ><DX' &ho

OX pQ

dP 1

- f v = - gi r +

dU dV 1

Po

T( y ) _ y

― = - VUn<f >

oy a

Cl . . ' Q_ .

( B. 2)

( B. 3)

U*i *f c ￡; Xi m&＼ dx = ac os <} >d＼;dy = adf a f i t Col i ol i s^7 ^ - 9; T*± J i U￡^; f f ( ± SL ^J Di i J t ; Po≫±

UTTI i . St ommel [ 1948]^ Munk [ 1950] t f ^k t z l 1^m^^^^^o i " **>*>MJ &^T^f ＼^Ao

? L = J _ r ( o

dl gpo

( B. 4)

U i t m ^l i j ^Do L t z t f - oX, M U ' B ( F i g. Bl ) <D2& <Dj ￡3) m ± , & A t & B <D& t ) ￡t t ,

Pb- Pa = ―

<J Po

J a

( B. 5)

^r - p^r W i L . SB. 3≫^t N ^c ^^#<bt L 4o

0V =

―c ur l r

Po

( B. 6)

(33)

0? =f ￡; c ur / r =( ^- ^ + i 7- C*>t an^) ) ot f t **Sv er dr up & ! % & & ' ? *>& o ￡ B. 6^^ B. l f c f t A

Pc - Pb = -

gpo

―f c ur l r ldx o

Pf - Pd

9 VPo I

TV>dl + f F To]

J def J

( B. 8)

: : r ＼ r oi def & % M . T& i - 2>￡M B; ＼ f F & ef & <d& $. <dCol i ol i s ^7>- 9- c 4O

W ^t bZ^ W X- XY- YZ<Z>J Gi Cf f l W . & ￡ ( F i g. Bl ) ^ S^^- ^^^r ^E^M Pz - Av f i ^ B. 91

Pz - Pw = ―

J WXYZ

r ^dl

L ^U r o^0 f c #x. ( b*L 4R#? ) j ￡Q ￡& T ( F i g. Bl )( aJ E￡j M l i ^B. 10i : ￡4o

PQ- PT = - 9

1/ PoJ r .

T^dl +( f T- f Q ) To＼

SRQ J

( B. 9)

( B. 10)

￡ d- t ＼f q - f Tl **t l ＼t l & Q･ T X <T)Cor i ol i s^y *- ? o Ml f r m&t t T ^" b Q^TS ･ SR ･ RQ WJ f l l

Pt - Pq

Q Pa J t

Pq( / q - I t )

r ^dl o

o

/ J t ,_SRQ

r ^dl

( B. l l )

( B. 12)

f f i f t $$t t TSRQ <Df f l t t z % ￡f f i ' ? >Z>o Z<D￡, l z ￡v XM <Dt f r t ) <0$l M . & t b2>Z￡& t t i & 2>0 ￡- &

" Godf r e; s I s l and Rul e" " ? **, ,

(34)

= * ＼

nm

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Ak i t omo, K. , A numer i ac al s t udy ofa s hal l ows ea f r ont gener at ed by t he buoy anc y f l ux- Wat er exc hange c aus ed by f l uc t uat i onsoft he f r ont , J . Oc eanogr . Soc . J apan, J 4> 171- 188, 1988.

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Hi r s t , A. C, and J . S. Godf r ey , The r ol e of t he I ndones i an Thr oughf l ow i n a gl obal GCM, J . Pk y s ,

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= ■*

- 5 _

Oc eanogr . , S3, 1057- 1086, 1993,

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- >

- v

1978.

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de Noumea, Noumea, New Cal edoni a,1989.

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