2.2.2.1 Analysis of Table 2.3 shows the 2012. Figure 2.6 paddy field. In 2012, paddy field. The inc the existence of the in 2012. Spatial dist Figure 2.7. It is show urban area in the S the past one and transformation, repr the urban landsca agricultural land-use areas. This has pose agriculture ecosyst Table 2.3Paddy fi
Land-use v Land-use changed
Name Area (ha) Name Area (ha) Area (%)
Paddy field 4935
Crop field 209 4.2
Fishpond 214 4.3
Forest 0 0.0
Garden field 211 4.3
Mangrove forest 37 0.7
Shrub field 129 2.6
Swamp field 170 3.4
Urban 1581 32.0
Water 136 2.8
Total 2687 54.4
rison of land-use values of the Makassar region 2.2.2 Detail analysis of land-use changes
sis of land-use change of paddy field
s the paddy field in 1997 changed to other land 2.6 shows the comparative the land-use chan
2012, urban area increased to occupy 32.0% of increasing phenomena of urban area from 1997 the crop fields (4.2%), fishponds (4.3%) and sw distribution of paddy fields converted into urba s shown in the maps that agricultural fields are m
South and East part of the Makassar City. Thi nd half decade, Makassar City has experie represented by significant changes and large-ndscape over the agricultural fields. Declines i -use and farmland abandonment have been di s posed additional challenges for the prese
ystems.
field converted into other land-use values in 2012
use value Land-use chang
Area (ha) Name Are Area (%)
4935
Crop field 4.2
Fishpond 4.3
Forest 0.0
Garden field 4.3
Mangrove forest 0.7
Shrub field 2.6
Swamp field 3.4
Urban 32.0
Water 2.8
Total 54.4
on in 1997 and 2012 2.2.2 Detail analysis of land-use changes
and-use categories in hanged in 2012 from of the total area of 1997 to 2012 leaded to nd swamp fields (3.4%) ban areas is shown in e mostly occupied by his is because during rienced rapid urban e-scale expansion of in the intensity of n discovered in many servation of natural
n 2012
Land-use value nged
Name Area (ha) Name rea (ha) Area (%)
Paddy field 4935
Crop field 209 4.2
Fishpond 214 4.3
Forest 0 0.0
Garden field 211 4.3
Mangrove forest 37 0.7
Shrub field 129 2.6
Swamp field 170 3.4
Urban 1581 32.0
Water 136 2.8
Total 2687 54.4
Fig. 2.6Comparison of the land-use changed in 2012 from paddy field
Fig. 2.7Spatial distribution of paddy field converted into urban area
209 214 0
211 37
129 170
1581 136
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Crop field
Fishpond Forest Garden field Mangrove forest Shrub field Swamp field Urban Water
Area (ha)
Moreover, from the land-use transition analysis, it can be noted that in 1997, agriculture played a predominant role, particularly in the plain area in the Makassar region. The availability of water from the river to agriculture irrigation has determined the agriculture development pattern. The population in 1997 was small and distributed in the agricultural villages established to take advantage of the possibilities of irrigation from the Tallo River Area. The population of some sub-districts reflected the urban settlements in the Makassar region. All of the sub-district development was carved out of potentially useful agricultural land and garden land; although the area was very large that has dominated the sub-districts at this time.
2.2.2.2 Analysis of land-use change of garden field
Table 2.4shows the garden field in 1997 changed to other land-use categories in 2012. Figure 2.8 shows the comparative the land-use changed in 2012 from garden field. It is depicts that the garden fields of 1997 have large changed to other land-use categories in 2012. From the land-use transition analysis, it is found that about 41.3% of garden fields have changed into urban areas. At the same time, some of garden fields converted into paddy fields (10.2%). The increasing phenomena of urban area from 1997 to 2012 have leaded to the existence of crop field (6.9%), fishpond (6.4%), mangrove forest (2.4%) and swamp field (2.3%) land covers in 2012.
Spatial distribution of garden fields converted into urban areas is shown in Figure 2.9. It is shown in the map that urban area spread evenly in the area of garden field in the Makassar region. However, urban expansion can lead to a rise in the off-farm garden opportunities and the resulting food shortage in the garden.
Table 2.4Garden field converted into other land-use values in 2012
Land-use value Land-use changed
Name Area (ha) Name Area (ha) Area (%)
Garden field 4745
Crop field 327 6.9
Fishpond 303 6.4
Forest 38 0.8
Mangrove forest 483 10.2
Shrub field 193 4.1
Swamp field 111 2.3
Urban 1962 41.3
Water 65 1.4
Total 3482 73.4
Fig. 2.8Comparison of the land-use changed in 2012 from garden field
Fig. 2.9Spatial distribution of garden field converted into urban area
327 303 38
116
483 193 111
1962 65
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Crop field Fishpond Forest Mangrove forest Paddy field Shrub field Swamp field Urban Water
Area (ha)
2.2.2.3 Analysis of land-use change of mangrove forest
Table 2.5shows the mangrove forest in 1997 changed to other land-use categories in 2012. It is an importance of understanding the dynamic of land-use changes of the Makassar region in a spatial and temporal way to the protection of the degradation of mangrove environment which has been hugely changed into fishpond.Figure 2.10 shows the comparative the land-use changed in 2012 from mangrove forest. Based on the land-use transition analysis, it is found that about 79.1% mangrove forests have changed into fishpond areas. At the same time, some of mangrove forests have converted into urban areas (4.6%). The Makassar region has lost around 2036 hectares (ha) of mangroves since 2012, equivalent to 96.7% loss of total mangrove areas according to land-use changes assessment study.
Table 2.5Mangrove forest converted into other land-use values in 2012
Land-use value Land-use changed
Name Area (ha) Name Area (ha) Area (%)
Mangrove forest 2106
Crop field 21 1.0
Fishpond 1666 79.1
Forest 0 0.0
Garden field 32 1.5
Shrub field 36 1.7
Swamp field 19 0.9
Urban 97 4.6
Water 113 5.4
Total 1984 94.2
Fig. 2.10Comparison of the land-use changed in 2012 from mangrove forest
21
1666 0
32 52 36 19
97 113
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Crop field
Fishpond Forest Garden field Paddy field Shrub field Swamp field Urban Water
Area (ha)
Fig. 2.11Spatial distribution of mangrove forest converted into fishpond areas
In the land-use map of 2012, large fishpond area is developed due to conversion of mangrove forest for local peoples to do fishery. It is perhaps that in the recent year, the impact of large scale of regular flooding in the vicinity of Tallo river basin as natural drainage area which supported the local peoples to make the fishpond as a livelihood. It is noted that in the Eastern part of Makassar region, the surface land area was bordered by the sea, some of the sea area was assumed as future reclaimed land. Moreover, spatial distribution of mangrove forest converted into fishpond areas is shown inFigure 2.11.
2.2.2.4 Analysis of land-use values converted into urban areas
Table 2.6 shows that the land-use values in 1997 converted into urban area in 2012. From the land-use transition analysis, it can be noted that in 2012, garden fields (24.2%) and paddy field (19.5%) are mostly occupied by urban areas of the Makassar City. Comparison of the land-use changed from land-use values to
urban areas in 2012 can be seen in Figure 2.12. Spatial distribution of land-use values in 1997 converted into urban areas in 2012 is shown inFigure 2.13.
It is illustrated that most of areas in the Makassar region occupied by urban settlement since 2012. Increased economic development and population pressure on Makassar region are the major drivers for the transformation of land-use values to urban areas. Moreover, the influences of cross-regional migration in the Mamminasata Metropolitan Area are recent issues. The Mamminasata Metropolitan Area is covering the city of Makassar and the regencies of Gowa, Maros, and Takalar with a population of about 2.5 million which expected to grow to around 2.9 million in 2020 (Parasati, 2013).
Table 2.6Land-use values in 1997 converted into urban area in 2012
Land-use value Land-use changed
Name Area (ha) Area (%) Name Area (ha)
Crop field 0 0.0
Urban 3806
Fishpond 0 0.0
Forest 1 0.0
Garden field 1962 24.2
Mangrove forest 97 1.2
Paddy field 1581 19.5
Shrub field 56 0.7
Swamp field 0 0.0
Water 109 1.3
Total 3806 100.0
Fig. 2.12Comparison of the land-uses in 1997 changed into urban in 2012
0 0 1
1962 97
1581 56
0 109
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Crop field Fishpond Forest Garden field Mangrove forest Paddy field Shrub field Swamp field Water
Area (ha)
Fig. 2.13Spatial distribution of other land-use values in 1997 converted into urban area in 2012
2.3Zone Analysis of Land-Use Changes in Tallo River Area
